Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 36 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Plant Breeding Reviews
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1041

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Plant Breeding Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on plant genetics and the breeding of all types of crops by both traditional means and molecular methods. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base; understanding and preserving crop genetic resources is vital to the security of food systems worldwide. The emphasis of the series is on methodology, a fundamental understanding of crop genetics, and applications to major crops. It is a serial title that appears in the form of one or two volumes per year.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Contributers

Chapter 1: Dedication: Rodomiro Ortiz Plant Breeder, Catalyst for Agricultural Development

I. Preamble

II. Early Years

III. Research Career

IV. The Man

V. The Scientist

VI. The Mentor, Inspirer, Manager, and Multiplier

VII. The Future

Acknowledgments

Publications of Rodomiro Ortiz

Germplasm Registrations

Chapter 2: Phenotyping, Genetic Dissection, and Breeding for Drought and Heat Tolerance in Common Wheat: Status and Prospects

Abbreviations

I. Introduction

II. Target Environments

III. Traits and Parameters to Measure Drought and Heat Tolerance and Their Genetic Dissection in Wheat

IV. Synergy Among Stress-Adaptive Traits

V. Crop Modeling for Drought and Heat Tolerance

VI. High-Throughput Phenotyping

VII. Strategies for Developing Drought- and Heat-Tolerant Wheat Genotypes

VIII. Outlook

Acknowledgments

Literature Cited

Chapter 3: Nutritionally Enhanced Staple Food Crops

Abbreviations

I. Introduction

II. Biomarkers for Assessing Nutritional Status

III. Micronutrient Bioavailability

IV. Phenotypic Screens

V. Mining Germplasm Collections for Natural Variation for Seed Iron, Zinc, and Phytate

VI. Exploiting Natural Genetic Variation to Breed for Seed Mineral-Dense Cultivars

VII. Enhancing Seed Iron, Zinc, and B-Carotene Using Transgene(S)

VIII. Outlook

Acknowledgments

Literature Cited

Chapter 4: Genetic Management of Virus Diseases in Peanut

Abbreviations

I. Introduction

II. Virus Diseases

III. Breeding for Resistance to Virus Diseases

IV. The Future

Literature Cited

Chapter 5: Common Bean Breeding in the Tropics

I. Introduction

II. A Brief History

III. The Tropical Context

IV. Origins and Genetic Resources

V. Biotic Constraints

VI. Abiotic Constraints

VII. Yield Potential

VIII. Nutritional Quality

IX. Climbing Beans

X. Progress by Market Classes

XI. The Institutional Context

XII. Future Priorities, Challenges, and Opportunities

Acknowledgments

Literature Cited

Chapter 6: New Approaches to Cassava Breeding

I. Introduction

II. Genetic Resources

III. Cassava Breeding

IV. Conventional and Molecular Genetics

V. Future Prospects

Literature Cited

Color Plates

Subject Index

Cumulative Subject Index

Cumulative Contributor Index

Plant Breeding Reviews is sponsored by:

American Society for Horticultural Science

Crop Science Society of America

Society of American Foresters

National Council of Commercial Plant Breeders

Editorial Board, Volume 36

I. L. Goldman

C. H. Michler

Rodomiro Ortiz

Copyright © 2012 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved.

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Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-118-34584-9

ISSN 0730-2207

Contributers

Meike S. Andersson, HarvestPlus, c/o Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia.

H. S. Balyan, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS University, Meerut 250004, UP, India.

Luis Augusto Becerra-López-Lavalle, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia.

Steven Beebe, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia.

Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Matthew W. Blair, Department of Plant Breeding, 242 Emerson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Hernán Ceballos, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia.

Jonathan H. Crouch, Agrinovis Ltd., London, UK.

Sangam L. Dwivedi, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

V. Gahlaut, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS University, Meerut 250004, UP, India.

P. K. Gupta, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CCS University, Meerut 250004, UP, India.

Clair Hershey, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia.

P. L. Kulwal, State Level Biotechnology Centre, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri 413 722, Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

S. N. Nigam, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Wolfgang Pfeiffer, HarvestPlus, c/o Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia.

R. D. V. J. Prasada Rao, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kedar N. Rai, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kanwar L. Sahrawat, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

K. K. Sharma, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Rodomiro Ortiz

Chapter 1

Dedication: Rodomiro Ortiz Plant Breeder, Catalyst for Agricultural Development

Jonathan H. Crouch

Agrinovis Ltd. London, UK

I. Preamble

Rodomiro Ortiz stands in a field of plantains in the Niger delta surrounded by a small group of young Nigerian technicians and the air is charged with excitement. His face drips with sweat in the heavy humidity and his legs are spread wide to ensure nothing unsettles his decisiveness. This is selection time, Ortiz-style!

He is armed with a clipboard, pencil, and the all important short ruler while Josephine Okoro and Boniface Dumpe each shout out their designated data classes in rapid succession. And to one side, Mark Yamah waits to deliver the single swing of his machete that would mark the end of yet another genotype based on just one word from the boss: “cut”! And woe betide any one who gave the wrong data or if Mark misheard that heavy Spanglish pronunciation of the alternative command: “keep”! For there was no turning back once the machete was in flight, just a split second pause while gravity took hold and the 10 ft tall giant crashed to the ground. Not pausing for breath, they move straight on to the next, for they have at least another 200 genotypes to get through that day. Ortiz would drive his team through that field with the precision and timing of a military operation: at the end of it all, you could be forgiven for thinking that a hurricane had passed through. For breeding is a numbers game and Rodomiro was not about to compromise his experimental designs just because of the size of the plantain crop.

These were the early days of the Ortiz era in the Plantain and Banana Improvement Program (PBIP) of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) at Onne Station, southeast Nigeria. From this scene, anyone would have thought Rodomiro had been doing this all his life, but in fact this was the first season he had done selections on his own. And like so many of his reincarnations to come, he had hit the ground running, and the seismic waves of change were not far behind. I too was in that crowd alongside Josphine and Boniface, a fresh postdoc just landed in Africa looking for the impossible: a rigorous scientific environment, meaningful impacts for the poor, and a bit of adventure. For my luck, Rodomiro was dispensing it all by the truckload, and from the very first moment we met I was in awe of this intellectual giant and his swashbuckling taming of Musa breeding and genetics. Southeast Nigeria was a tough posting by anyone's standards but for me this baptism by fire into the world of international agriculture and tropical crop breeding could not have been more exhilarating. And Rodomiro's relentless night and day toil in that humid rain forest would soon bring him global recognition through his role in the team winning the King Baudouin Award in 1994 and through reaching the finals of the Prince Asturias Award in 1997 for his personal achievements.

So how did a Peruvian son of a civil servant, brother of two lawyers and an accountant find himself in a field of plantains in Nigeria? The story of how he got there is almost as incredible as the man himself, only surpassed by the career he carved for himself over the following two decades. Rodomiro was fascinated by mathematics, logic, and perfection from a very early age but drawn to the field of biology as a teenager and from there into genetics, statistics, and plant breeding. Driven to fight for his political ideology at university in ways few of us can imagine yet then motivated to spend the rest of his life trying to help resource-poor small-scale farmers across the developing world, especially in Africa. What Rodomiro has achieved in the last 20 years since finishing his Ph.D., few of us dare dream of achieving in our entire lifetime. And thus, it is fitting that he should receive the accolade of a dedicatory chapter at a time when we fully expect to see at least another 20 years of reaching ever new heights of achievement.

Rodomiro Ortiz is well known by so many across such a broad range of research topics, that his area of expertise almost defies definition. He has been involved in basic, strategic and applied research in 27 species although a large proportion of his publications have been associated with his primary passion for genetics, genetic resources, and crop improvement. Rodomiro has worked on cereals (maize, barley, wheat, sorghum, pearl millet), legumes (chickpea, groundnut, cowpea, soybean, pigeonpea, white lupin), Solanaceae (Capsicum pepper, potato, tomato), clonal crops (sweetpotato, cassava, yam, plantain, banana), fruits (blueberry, cranberry, lingonberry, sweet cherry), as well as Brassica, Napier grass, annatto, and quinoa.

Rodomiro's major research achievements range from the definition of core collections of genetic resources for eight different crop species, elucidating the genetic basis of more than 20 agronomic traits in Musa, determining meiotic behavior during interploidy crosses in three different genera, and, introgression of pest and disease resistance from wild species to cultivated germplasm in two different crop groups. In addition, he has developed biometrical models to dissect quantitative trait variation in polyploid species and evaluated the gene action underlying economically important traits in order to develop new techniques to improve breeding efficiency. Finally, he has formulated evolutionary crop breeding approaches using landraces and wild species for the genetic betterment of cultivated gene pools of Musa and tuber-bearing Solanum. These research activities have led to over 250 journal papers, including over 100 as first author and nearly 30 in Theoretical and Applied Genetics. In addition, he has authored over 100 book chapters, monographs and policy briefs, over 200 conference proceedings papers and abstracts, and over 150 newsletter and technical articles (including manuals and bulletins).

Rodomiro's breeding efforts have concentrated on the utilization of wild species and landraces for the development of elite progenitors and cultivars adapted to the environmental conditions in which they would be grown. This included selection for quality traits, disease and pest resistance, and efficient mineral nutrient uptake in addition to yield parameters. He has employed conventional, modified, and novel techniques for germplasm enhancement. Throughout the last decade he has pursued an active interest in the application of molecular biology and genetic transformation in crop improvement. This has led him to author many reviews on modern plant breeding techniques and to appear in many newspaper, radio, and television reports and interviews on the subject. He has become especially renowned for his simple and unbiased perspectives on the pros and cons of genetically modified (GM) food.