Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 812

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Various plant metabolites are useful for human life, and the induction and reduction of these metabolites using modern biotechnical technique is of enormous potential important especially in the fields of agriculture and health. Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology describes the biosynthetic pathways of plant metabolites, their function in plants, and some applications for biotechnology. Topics covered include: * biosynthesis and metabolism of starch and sugars * lipid biosynthesis * symbiotic nitrogen fixation * sulfur metabolism * nucleotide metabolism * purine alkaloid metabolism * nicotine biosynthesis * terpenoid biosynthesis * benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis * monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis * flavonoid biosynthesis * pigment biosynthesis: anthocyanins, betacyanins and carotenoids * metabolomics in biotechnology Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology is an essential guide to this important field for researchers and students of biochemistry, plant biology, metabolic engineering, biotechnology, food science, agriculture, and medicine.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1: Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Starch and Sugars

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Carbon Partitioning in Mesophyll Cells

1.3 Sucrose Biosynthesis in Source Leaves

1.4 Starch Metabolism in Source Leaves

1.5 Sucrose to Starch Conversion in Storage Organs

1.6 Metabolic Engineering of Carbohydrate Metabolism

1.7 Engineering Soluble Sugars

1.8 Production of Novel Carbohydrates in Transgenic Plants

1.9 Network Analysis of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Acknowledgements

Chapter 2: Lipid Biosynthesis

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Fatty Acid Synthesis

2.3 Fatty Acid Desaturases

2.4 Lipid Signals

2.5 Algae

2.6 Membrane Synthesis

2.7 TAG Biosynthesis

2.8 Genetic Engineering of Oilseed for Industrial Uses

2.9 Plant Oils as a Renewable Resource

Acknowledgements

Chapter 3: Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation

3.1 Nitrogen Fixing Organisms and the Nitrogenase System

3.2 Symbiotic Nodule Formation in Legume Plants

3.3 Mutual Interactions between Host Cells and Bacteroids in Legume Nodules

3.4 Molecular Genetic Approaches to the Host Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation

Acknowledgements

Chapter 4: Sulfur Metabolism

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Sulfate Transport

4.3 Sulfate Reduction

4.4 Cysteine Biosynthesis

4.5 Methionine Biosynthesis

4.6 Regulators for Coordination of Sulfur Metabolism

Chapter 5: Nucleotide Metabolism

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Pyrimidine Metabolism

5.3 Purine Metabolism

5.4 Pyridine Metabolism

5.5 Biotechnological Approaches

Chapter 6: Purine Alkaloid Metabolism

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Classification of Purine Alkaloids

6.3 Occurrence of Purine Alkaloids

6.4 Biosynthesis of Caffeine

6.5 Catabolism of Caffeine

6.6 Physiological and Ecological Aspects of Purine Alkaloid Metabolism in Plants

6.7 Metabolic Engineering of Caffeine In Planta

Chapter 7: Nicotine Biosynthesis

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Pathways and Enzymes

7.3 Compartmentation and Trafficking

7.4 Gene Regulation

7.5 Metabolic Engineering

7.6 Recent Developments

7.7 Summary

Chapter 8: Terpenoid Biosynthesis

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Terpenoid Diversity

8.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Terpenoid Biogenesis

8.4 Terpene Synthase – Structure, Evolution and Engineering

8.5 Two Distinct Pathways for Isopentenyl Diphosphate (IPP) Biosynthesis

8.6 Subcellular and Cellular Compartmentalisations of Terpenoid Metabolism

8.7 Gene Clusters in Terpenoid Metabolism

8.8 Metabolic Engineering of Terpenoid Metabolism

8.9 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 9: Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Biosynthesis

9.3 Localisation and Transport of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids and their Biosynthetic Enzymes

9.4 Regulation

9.5 Application to Biotechnology

9.6 Conclusions

Chapter 10: Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid (MIA) Biosynthesis

10.3 MIA Pathway Gene Discovery will be Enhanced by Large-Scale Sequencing and Comparative Analyses

10.4 Developmental and Environmental Regulation of MIA Biosynthesis

10.5 Metabolic Engineering using Enzymes with Altered Substrate Specificity

10.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Chapter 11: Flavonoid Biosynthesis

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Advances in Molecular Approaches for Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Elucidation

11.3 The Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway as it is Today

11.4 Conclusions

Chapter 12: Pigment Biosynthesis I. Anthocyanins

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway

12.3 Glycosylation of Anthocyanidins

12.4 Acylation of Anthocyanin Glycosides

12.5 Transport of Anthocyanins from Cytosol to Vacuoles

12.6 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 13: Pigment Biosynthesis II: Betacyanins and Carotenoids

13.1 Betacyanins

13.2 Carotenoids

13.3 Metabolic Engineering of Carotenoids

Chapter 14: Metabolomics in Plant Biotechnology

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Analytical Technologies

14.3 Informatics Techniques

14.4 Biotechnological Application

Acknowledgement

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Plant metabolism and biotechnology / edited by Hiroshi Ashihara, Alan Crozier, Atsushi Komamine. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-74703-2 (hardback) 1. Plants--Metabolism. 2. Plant biotechnology. I. Ashihara, Hiroshi. II. Crozier, Alan. III. Komamine, Atsushi, 1929– QK881.P534 2011 660.6–dc22 2010049393

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470747032 ePDF ISBN: 9781119991328 oBook ISBN: 9781119991311 ePub ISBN: 9781119993223 eMobi ISBN: 9781119993230

List of Contributors

Yutaka Abe, Division of Food Additives, The National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501 Japan.

Hiroshi Ashihara, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610 Japan.

Frederik Börnke, Department Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraβe 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

Alan Crozier, Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Graham Kerr Building, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.

Vincenzo De Luca, Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1.

Isabel Desgagné-Penix, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4.

Peter J. Facchini, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4.

Takashi Hashimoto, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101 Japan.

David Hildebrand, 403 Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA.

Indu B. Jaganath, Biotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research Institute, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia.

Atsushi Komamine, The Research Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-0098 Japan

Hiroshi Kouchi, Department of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, 305-8602 Japan.

Miyako Kusano, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan.

Yuki Matsuba, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588 Japan.

Fumio Matsuda, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan.

Shinjiro Ogita, Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, 939-0398 Japan.

Akira Oikawa, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan.

Yozo Okazaki, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan.

Akemi Ohmiya, National Institute of Floricultural Science, Fujimoto 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8519 Japan.

Yoshihiro Ozeki, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588 Japan.

Dae-Kyun Ro, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N IN4.

Kazuki Saito, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan, and RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan.

Masaaki Sakuta, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8610 Japan.

Nobuhiro Sasaki, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588 Japan.

Tsubasa Shoji, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101 Japan.

Sophia Sonnewald, Department Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraβe 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

Hideki Takahashi, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 209 Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA.

Naoyuki Umemoto, Central Laboratories for Frontier Technology, Kirin Holding CO., Ltd., Sakura, Tochigi, 329-1414 Japan.

Rita Zrenner, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 14979 Groβbeeren, Germany.

Preface

There have been significant advances in the basic and applied studies related to plant metabolism over the last two decades. Most of the metabolic pathways are now elucidated at the molecular level using genomic information. This book describes current knowledge on the plant metabolism, primary metabolism and the biosynthetic pathways of various secondary plant metabolites. The function of individual pathways in planta and applications for biotechnology are included, where appropriate examples are available. Although not all chapters contain a description of biotechnology, the results from basic studies that are discussed will be useful for future application. Emphasis is placed on explanation of metabolism of various metabolites in plants which are important in planta, as well as for potential exploitation for human use.

We selected several metabolic pathways of important compounds in plant metabolism. Chapters 1 to 5 cover basic metabolism including carbohydrate metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, sulphur metabolism and nucleotide metabolism. Some examples of the use of genetic engineering to alter the content and quality of starch and to make industrial-use oilseeds are included. The following two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7) describe the biosynthesis of caffeine and nicotine, which are popular secondary metabolites. The production of transgenic decaffeinated coffee beans is discussed, as well as caffeine-producing tobacco plants in which the purine alkaloid acts as a natural pesticide. Possible mechanisms to reduce nicotine production are also proposed. Reviews on the biosynthesis of terpenoid (Chapter 8), benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (Chapter 9) and monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (Chapter 10) include actual and potential applications in the production of medicines. The biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins, as well as betacyanins and carotenoids, are reviewed in Chapters 11, 12 and 13, respectively. Finally, the use of metabolomics in plant biotechnology is described in Chapter 14.

There are several books on plant biotechnology but these mainly describe techniques, and there is a lack of basic information on plant metabolism. This book provides concise descriptions of various aspects of plant metabolism and biotechnology by experts in the field. The book will, therefore, be more attractive to students and lecturers than the traditional textbooks on plant metabolism. We anticipate that it will also be of value to researchers in applied fields such as agriculture, biotechnology, and medical and pharmacological sciences.