Polyethylene-Based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Thermoplastic Bionanocomposites Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 746

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Biodegradable polymers have experienced a growing interest in recent years for applications in packaging, agriculture, automotive, medicine, and other areas. One of the drivers for this development is the great quantity of synthetic plastic discarded improperly in the environment. Therefore, R&D in industry and in academic research centers, search for materials that are reprocessable and biodegradable. This unique book comprises 12 chapters written by subject specialists and is a state-of-the-art look at all types of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. It includes deep discussion on the preparation, characterisation and applications of composites and nanocomposites of polyethylene-based biomaterials such as cellulose, chitin, starch, soy protein, PLA, casein, hemicellulose, PHA and bacterial cellulose.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Polyethylene-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities

1.1 Introduction

1.2 History of the Synthesis of Polyethylene: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Chemicals

1.3 Commercial Significance of PE and Bio(nano) Composites

1.4 State-of-the-Art

1.5 Preparation Methods for Nanocomposites and Bionanocomposites

1.6 Environmental Concerns with Regard to Nanoparticles

1.7 Challenges and Opportunities

References

Chapter 2: Polyethylene/Chitin-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Preparation of Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

2.3 Characterization of Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

2.4 Applications

2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

Chapter 3: Polyethylene/Starch-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Polyethylene/Starch-based Composite

3.3 Conclusion

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 4: Polyethylene/Soy Protein-based Biocomposites: Properties, Applications, Challenges and Opportunities

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Processing of Soy Protein

4.3 Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Polyethylene/Soy Protein-based Biocomposites

4.4 Opportunity and Challenges

References

Chapter 5: Polyethylene/Hemicellulose-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Hemicellulose Structure

5.3 Hemicellulose Properties

5.4 Hemicellulose-based Biocomposites

5.5 Hemicellulose-based Bionanocomposites

5.6 Hemicellulose Applications

5.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6: Polyethylene/Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Polyethylene/Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

6.3 Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 7: Polyethylene/Other Biomaterials-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Polyethylene/Lignin-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

7.3 Polyethylene/Alginate-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

7.4 Polyethylene/Casein-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

7.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Studies of Polyethylene-based Biocomposites, Bionanocomposites and Other Non-Biobased Nanocomposites

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Studies of Polyethylene-based Biocomposites

8.3 Studies of Polyethylene-based Bionanocomposites

8.4 Studies of Polyethylene and Other Non-biobased Nanocomposites

8.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 9: Biodegradation Study of Polyethylene-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Biopolymer-based Biocomposites

9.3 Biopolymer-based Bionanocomposites

9.4 Applications of Biopolymer-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

9.5 Biodegradation

9.6 Biodegradation Study of Cellulose-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites

9.7 Biodegradation Study of Chitin-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites

9.8 Biodegradation Study of Starch-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites

9.9 Biodegradation Study of Hemicellulose-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites

9.10 Biodegradation Study of Polylactic Acid-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites

9.11 Biodegradation Study of Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites

9.12 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10: Polyethylene-based Bio- and Nanocomposites for Packaging Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Polyethylene-based Nanocomposites

10.3 Polyethylene-based Biocomposites

10.4 Polyethylene-based Bionanocomposites

10.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: Properties and Utilization of Plant Fibers and Nanocellulose for Thermoplastic Composites

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Plant Fibers

11.3 Nanocellulose

11.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Modification of Poly(lactic acid) Matrix by Chemically Modified Flax Fiber Bundles and Poly(ethylene glycol) Plasticizer

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Experimental

12.3 Results and Discussion

12.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Classification of PE [48, 52].

Table 1.2

Estimated shares in production capacities for biopolymers in 2019 based on a total capacitiy of 7,850,000 tons [68].

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Composite and nanocomposite compositions.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Chemical band of PE/starch obtained from IR spectra [7, 26, 60].

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Tensile properties of LLDPE/soya powder blends.

Table 4.2

Thermal properties of LLDPE/soya powder blends.

Table 4.3

TGA data for pure LLDPE and LLDPE/soya powder blends.

Table 4.4

Retention of tensile properties for LLDPE/soya powder blends after 1 year weathering.

Table 4.5

DSC results of LLDPE and LLDPE/soya powder blends after different periods of natural weathering.

Table 4.6

Weight loss of compatibilized and uncompatibilized LLDPE/soya powder blends.

Table 4.7

DSC results of LLDPE and LLDPE/soya powder blends after different periods of soil burial test.

Table 4.8

Retention of tensile properties for LLDPE/soya powder blends after 1 year soil burial test.

Table 4.9

Weight loss of compatibilized and uncompatibilized LLDPE/soya powder blends.

Table 4.10

Thermal properties of LLDPE/soya powder blends.

Table 4.11

TGA data for neat LLDPE and LLDPE/soya powder blends.

Table 4.12

Retention of tensile properties for uncompatibilized and compatibilized blends after 1 year outdoor exposure.

Table 4.13

DSC results of uncompatibilized and compatibilized LLDPE/soya powder blends after different periods of weathering testing.

Table 4.14

Retention of tensile properties for LLDPE/soya powder blends after 1 year soil burial test.

Table 4.15

DSC data for the uncompatibilized and ENR 50-compatibilized blends over 1 year natural soil burial.

Table 4.16

Comparison of weight loss for uncompatibilized and ENR 50-compatibilized blends after 1 year natural soil burial.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Sugar composition (weight % of total weight hemicellulose) of wheat straw samples subjected to different organic solvent pretreatments

a

.

Table 5.2

The main types of polysaccharides present in hemicellulose [5, 12, 60].

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Tensile, bending, impact strength and hardness of linear low density polyethylene and its biocomposite (10 wt% fiber) [88].

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Summary of the works done related to LDPE and starch.

Table 8.2

Chemical compositions of various natural fibers [40, 41].

Table 8.3

Development of hybrid composites.

Table 8.4

Development of polyethylene-based carbon nanotube nanocomposites.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

List of important plant fibers. (Reprinted with permission from [9])

Table 11.2

Annual dry matter (ADM) and pulp yield of various plant fibers. (Reprinted with permission from [10])

Table 11.3

Comparison of physical and chemical properties of plant fibers with those of wood raw materials. (Reprinted with permission from [14])

Table 11.4

Mechanical properties of fibers as compared to conventional polymers. (Reprinted with permission from [9])

Table 11.5

Some typical representative commercial coupling agents. (Reprinted with permission from [1])

Table 11.6

Mechanical properties of various materials. (Reprinted with permission from [50])

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Average contact angle values obtained with EG for untreated fibers and after treating fibers in water/ethanol solvent medium for different reaction times with different fiber/silane weight ratios.

Table 12.2

Thermal transitions and the degree of crystallinity,

X

c

, of neat PLA and plasticized polymers.

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Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Polyethylene-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

Edited by

Visakh. P. M.

Sigrid Lüftl

Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Beverly, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Cover design by Russell Richardson

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-119-03845-0

Preface

Many of the recent research accomplishments in the area of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites are summarized in this book, Polyethylene-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites. The topics covered include the state of the art, new challenges and opportunities regarding polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites; polyethylene/chitin- and polyethylene/starch-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites; the properties, applications, challenges and opportunities regarding polyethylene/soy protein-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites; polyethylene/hemicellulose-, polyethylene/polyhydroxyalkanoates- and polyethylene/other biomaterials-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites; studies of polyethylene-based biocomposites, bionanocomposites and other non-biobased nanocomposites; biodegradation study of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites; polyethylene-based bionanocomposites for packaging applications; properties and utilization of plant fibers and nanocellulose for thermoplastic composites; and modification of poly(lactic acid) matrix by chemically modified flax fiber bundles and poly(ethylene glycol) plasticizer. As indicated by its title, the emphasis of the book is on various aspects of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites and their preparation, characterization and applications. It is intended to serve as a “one-stop” reference resource for important research accomplishments in the area of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites.

This book will be a very valuable reference source for university and college faculties, professionals, post-doctoral research fellows, senior graduate students, and researchers from R&D laboratories working in the area of polyethylene and its biocomposites and bionanocomposites. The various chapters, which were contributed by prominent researchers from industry, academia and government/private research laboratories across the globe, are an up-to-date record of the major findings and observations in the field of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites.

Chapter 1 covers the history of the synthesis of polyethylene, the commercial significance of polyethylene (PE) and bio(nano)composites, the state of the art, preparation methods for nanocomposites and bionanocomposites, environmental concerns regarding nanoparticles, and related challenges and opportunities. The next chapter addresses the topic of chitin and nanochitin chemical extraction and its effect on the mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene, the synthetic polymer most used in the industrial field. The application of chitin in different fields is also discussed. Polyethylene/starch-based composites are discussed in Chapter 3. Different methods for their polymerization and fabrication are presented, along with their chemical and mechanical properties. Although the most important application of polyethylene/starch composites is in packaging, their biomedical applications are also presented. The optimization of polyethylene/starch composites for their application in packaging, particularly in the food industry, is discussed. In Chapter 4, the properties, application, challenges and opportunities of polyethylene/soy protein-based biocomposites are discussed and a complete overview is given of natural polymer sources researched for packaging applications and the industry techniques involved in packaging production.

Discussed in the following chapter on polyethylene/hemicellulose-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites are the different types of composites based on hemicellulose and hemicellulose derivatives. In addition to explaining the types of hemicellulose derivatives and their structures and properties, the effect of the structure of hemicellulose and its derivatives is briefly explained. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the application of hemicellulose-based biocomposites. Chapter 6 on polyethylene/polyhydroxyalkanoates-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites summarizes many of the recent research accomplishments in the area such as the state of the art in different preparation methods. Different characterization techniques are discussed, along with their biomedical, packaging, structural, military, coating, fire retardant, aerospace and optical applications. Recycling and lifetime studies are also presented. The next chapter discusses the structure of polyethylene/other biomaterials-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. Many recent works on lignin, alginate and casein membranes are provided, along with their properties such as permeability, degradability, transparency and solubility. Chapter 8 on studies of polyethylene-based biocomposites, bionanocomposites and other non-biobased nanocomposites discusses many major topics such as studies of polyethylene-based biocomposites, polyethylene-based bionanocomposites, carbon nanotubes and their preparation and characterizations. The biodegradation study of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites is presented in Chapter 9, in which the author provides an overview of the biodegradability of cellulose-, hemicellulose-, chitin-, starch-, polylactic acid-, and polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. In this chapter, several approaches to enhance the biodegradability of biocomposites and bionanocomposites are mentioned. Chapter 10 introduces the main concepts and examples for understanding these novel materials such as polyethylene-based nanocomposites, polyethylene-based biocomposites, and polyethylene-based bionanocomposites. The properties and utilization of plant fibers and nanocellulose for thermoplastic composites are discussed in Chapter 11. In this chapter the authors cover many recent advances in the use of plant fibers. The source, types, yield, chemical composition, mechanical properties, and modification of plant fibers are presented. Nanocellulose, microfibrillated cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose are also discussed. The final chapter is on the modification of poly(lactic acid) matrix by chemically modified flax fiber bundles and poly(ethylene glycol) plasticizer. It reports on experimental flax fiber surface modification and characterization, compounding, processing and characterization of PLA/flax fibers composites and PLA/PEG blends, matrix modification with silane-treated fibers and PLA matrix modification with PEG.

In conclusion, the editors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the contributors of this book, whose excellent support and enthusiasm made the successful completion of this venture possible. We are grateful to them for the commitment and sincerity they showed regarding their contributions, without which the compilation of a book would not have been possible. We would like to thank all the reviewers who have taken their valuable time to make critical comments on each chapter. We would also like to thank the publisher, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. and Scrivener Publishing, for recognizing the demand for such a book, for realizing the increasing importance of the area of Polyethylene-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites, and for starting such a new project, which has not yet been handled by many other publishers.

Visakh. P. M.Sigrid LüftlJuly 2016