Polymer Composites for Electrical Engineering E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 706

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

Explore the diverse electrical engineering application of polymer composite materials with this in-depth collection edited by leaders in the field Polymer Composites for Electrical Engineering delivers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental principles, state-of-the-art research, and future challenges of polymer composites. Written from the perspective of electrical engineering applications, like electrical and thermal energy storage, high temperature applications, fire retardance, power cables, electric stress control, and others, the book covers all major application branches of these widely used materials. Rather than focus on polymer composite materials themselves, the distinguished editors have chosen to collect contributions from industry leaders in the area of real and practical electrical engineering applications of polymer composites. The book s relevance will only increase as advanced polymer composites receive more attention and interest in the area of advanced electronic devices and electric power equipment. Unique amongst its peers, Polymer Composites for Electrical Engineering offers readers a collection of practical and insightful materials that will be of great interest to both academic and industrial audiences. Those resources include: * A comprehensive discussion of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites for power equipment, including GIS, bushing, transformers, and more) * Explorations of polymer composites for capacitors, outdoor insulation, electric stress control, power cable insulation, electrical and thermal energy storage, and high temperature applications * A treatment of semi-conductive polymer composites for power cables * In-depth analysis of fire-retardant polymer composites for electrical engineering * An examination of polymer composite conductors Perfect for postgraduate students and researchers working in the fields of electrical, electronic, and polymer engineering, Polymer Composites for Electrical Engineering will also earn a place in the libraries of those working in the areas of composite materials, energy science and technology, and nanotechnology.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

1 Polymer Composites for Electrical Energy Storage

1.1 Introduction

1.2 General Considerations

1.3 Effect of Nanofiller Dimension

1.4 Orientation of Nanofillers

1.5 Surface Modification of Nanofillers

1.6 Polymer Composites with Multiple Nanofillers

1.7 Multilayer‐structured Polymer Composites

1.8 Conclusion

References

2 Polymer Composites for Thermal Energy Storage

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Shape‐stabilized Polymeric Phase Change Composites

2.3 Thermally Conductive Polymeric Phase Change Composites

2.4 Energy Conversion and Storage Based on Polymeric Phase Change Composites

2.5 Emerging Applications of Polymeric Phase Change Composites

2.6 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

3 Polymer Composites for High‐Temperature Applications

3.1 Applications of Polymer Composite Materials in High‐Temperature Electrical Insulation

3.2 High‐Temperature Applications for Electrical Energy Storage

3.3 Applications of High‐Temperature Polymer in Electronic Packaging

3.4 Applications of Polymer Composite Materials in the Field of High‐Temperature Wave‐Transmitting and Wave‐Absorbing Electrical Fields

3.5 Summary

References

4 Fire‐Retardant Polymer Composites forElectrical Engineering

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Fire‐Retardant Cables and Wires

4.3 Fire‐Retardant Polymer Composites for Electrical Equipment

4.4 Fire‐Retardant Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

4.5 Conclusion and Outlook

References

5 Polymer Composites for Power Cable Insulation

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Trend in Nanocomposite Materials for Cable Insulation

5.3 Factors Influencing Properties

5.4 Issues in Nanocomposite Insulation Materials Research

5.5 Understanding Dielectric and Insulation Phenomena

References

6 Semi‐conductive Polymer Composites for Power Cables

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Conductive Mechanism of Semi‐conductive Polymer Composites

6.3 Effect of Polymer Matrix on Semi‐conductivity

6.4 Effect of Conductive Fillers on Semi‐conductivity

6.5 Effect of Semi‐conductive Composites on Space Charge Injection

6.6 Conclusions

References

7 Polymer Composites for Electric Stress Control

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Functionally Graded Solid Insulators and Their Effect on Reducing Electric Field Stress

7.3 Practical Application of ε‐FGMs to GIS Spacer

7.4 Application to Power Apparatus

References

8 Composite Materials Used in Outdoor Insulation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Overview of SIR Materials

8.3 New External Insulation Materials

8.4 Summary

References

9 Polymer Composites for Embedded Capacitors

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Researches on the Polymer‐Based Dielectric Nanocomposites

9.3 Fabrication Process of Embedded Capacitors

9.4 Reliability Test of Embedded Capacitor Materials

9.5 Conclusions and Perspectives

References

10 Polymer Composites for Generators and Motors

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Polymer Composite in High‐Voltage Rotating Machines

10.3 Ground Wall Insulation

10.4 Polymer Nanocomposite for Rotating Machine

10.5 Stress‐Grading System of Rotating Machines

References

11 Polymer Composite Conductors and Lightning Damage

11.1 Lightning Environment and Lightning Damage Threat to Composite‐Based Aircraft

11.2 The Dynamic Conductive Characteristics of CFRP

11.3 The Lightning Strike‐Induced Damage of CFRP Strike

11.4 The Simulation of Lightning Strike‐Induced Damage of CFRP

References

12 Polymer Composites for Switchgears

12.1 Introduction

12.2 History of Switchgear

12.3 Typical Insulators in Switchgears

12.4 Materials for Epoxy‐based Composites

12.5 Properties of Epoxy‐based Composites

12.6 Advances of Epoxy‐based Composites for Switchgear

12.7 Conclusion

References

13 Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Compositesfor Power Equipment

13.1 Overview

13.2 Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites

13.3 Application of Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 The features of ideal PCMs feasible for TES.

Table 2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of organic PCMs and inorganic PCMs.

Table 2.3 Thermal conductivities of frequently used organic PCMs and therma...

Table 2.4 Thermal conductivity of polymeric phase change composites.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 The chemical structure and properties of PI derived from molecula...

Table 3.2 Performance of fluorine‐containing PI.

Table 3.3 Performance of triptycene‐containing polymer.

Table 3.4 Dielectric properties of the NH

2

‐POSS/PEEK‐CF

3

‐COOH composite fil...

Table 3.5 Thermal properties of the NH

2

‐POSS/PEEK‐CF

3

‐COOH composite films....

Table 3.6 Properties of the typically reinforced fibers.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 The general fire tests for electrical engineering polymeric compo...

Table 4.2 Basic mechanical and flammability parameters of polymer matrices.

Table 4.3 Synergistic effect of EVA/APP composites.

Table 4.4 Basic combustion profiles of polymeric composites of electrical e...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Technical trend of insulation materials for power cable.

Table 5.2 List of books and reviews about nanocomposites.

Table 5.3 Typical properties of polyethylene and polypropylene.

Table 5.4 Properties of metal oxides and nitrides.

Table 5.5 Properties of nanocarbons.

Table 5.6 Reference list of LDPE and XLPE nanocomposites.

Table 5.7 Reference list of polypropylene nanocomposites.

Table 5.8 Reference list of polyolefin‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane...

Table 5.9 Reference list of polyolefin blend composites and copolymers.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Performance comparison of different insulation material types.

Table 8.2 Comparison of the main specifications of three types of SIR.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Commercially embedded capacitors and their dielectric properties.

Table 9.2 Contents of each component in the BT‐Cu/PVDF composites and dielec...

Table 9.3 Summary on rubber/epoxy composites.

Table 9.4 Mechanical properties of DGEBA/IPDA with different content of nano...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Maximum agglomerate size and volume % of TiO

2

nanofiller of the s...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Application of lightning environment to aircraft zones.

Table 11.2 The parameters of CFRP specimens.

Table 11.3 The parameters of the modulated components corresponding to diffe...

Table 11.4 Waveform parameters and the corresponding lightning damage of spe...

Table 11.5 The material properties of test CFRP laminates.

Table 11.6 The applied lightning components in different test modes and corr...

Table 11.7 The parameters of lightning component waveforms in different test...

Table 11.8 Lightning damage areas (

S

d

) and damage depths (

D

d

) of the CFRP sp...

Table 11.9 The current amplitude

I

p

and the corresponding damage depths

D

d

.

Table 11.10 The contributing percentages of lightning components to the ligh...

Table 11.11 The current electrical action integral

W

and the corresponding da...

Table 11.12 The contributing percentages of the lightning components to the ...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Insulation materials used in switchgear and transformers.

Table 12.2 Characteristics of silica and alumina fillers.

Table 12.3 Silane coupling agents for epoxy resins.

Table 12.4 Limits of temperature and temperature rise for part, materials, a...

Table 12.5 Thermal properties of cured epoxy resin by typical acid anhydride...

Table 12.6 Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of epoxy‐based composites...

Table 12.7 International standards for materials including epoxy‐based compo...

Table 12.8 Comparison of epoxidized linseed oil‐based composites.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Types of glass fiber.

Table 13.2 Chemical compositions of glass fibers in wt%.

Table 13.3 Physical and mechanical properties of glass fiber.

Table 13.4 Properties of glass fiber.

Table 13.5 Typical cured epoxy/glass mechanical properties.

Table 13.6 Basic strand fiber designations and strand counts.

Table 13.7 Characteristics of epoxy resins.

Table 13.8 Types of industrial rigid laminated sheets based on epoxy resins.

Table 13.9 Property requirements of industrial rigid EPGC‐ and EPGM‐laminate...

Table 13.10 Types of industrial round rolled tubes.

Table 13.11 Property requirements for round rolled tubes.

Table 13.12 Property of GFRP pipe for 1100 kV AC composite hollow insulators...

Table 13.13 Recommended specification of insulated pull rod for GIS below 55...

Table 13.14 Recommended specification of insulated pull rod for GIS above 55...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Schematic of typical

D

‐

E

loop of dielectric materials.

Figure 1.2 The breakdown phase propagation simulation based on phase field m...

Figure 1.3 (a) TEM image of 2D TiO

2

nanofillers, (b) atomic force microscopy...

Figure 1.4 (a) TEM image of BNNSs, (b) cross‐section scanning electron micro...

Figure 1.5 3D simulations of microstructure effects on breakdown, (a) breakd...

Figure 1.6 (a) Schematic of film blowing process to align the MMT nanofiller...

Figure 1.7 (a) Schematic illustrating the preparation process of the core‐sh...

Figure 1.8 (a) schematic of the preparation of the core‐shell structured pp‐...

Figure 1.9 (a) Large‐scale cross‐section SEM image of the ternary nanocompos...

Figure 1.10 (a) Schematic of the preparation process of the BT@BN hybrid nan...

Figure 1.11 (a) Schematic of the trilayer‐structured film composed of PVDF/B...

Figure 1.12 (a) Illustration of the fabrication process of sandwich‐structur...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Working principle of PCMs.

Figure 2.2 Classification of PCMs.

Figure 2.3 Illustrations of (a) preparation routes and (b) various architect...

Figure 2.4 Schematic diagrams of the fabrication route of composite phase ch...

Figure 2.5 Microstructures of (a) EVM.(b) EP.(c) diatomite.(d) E...

Figure 2.6 The melting enthalpy and melting temperature ranges for solid–sol...

Figure 2.7 Energy conversion routes associated with polymeric phase change c...

Figure 2.8 Potential applications of polymeric phase change composites. (a) ...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The chemical structures of heat‐resistant polymer insulating mate...

Figure 3.2 The crystal structure of mica.

Figure 3.3 Schematic representation of the microscopic pattern of spherulite...

Figure 3.4 Variations in the thermal conductivity of mechanically flexible a...

Figure 3.5 (a) Summary of dielectric constants (at 1 kHz) of PEI nanocomposi...

Figure 3.6 General methods associated with the design and construction of co...

Figure 3.7 (a) Schematic presents the preparation of

c

‐BCB/BNNS films. (b), ...

Figure 3.8 (a) Discharged energy density and (b) charge–discharge efficiency...

Figure 3.9 Types of crosslinked networks: schematic diagram of crosslinked n...

Figure 3.10 (a) Cross‐sectional SEM image and (b) energy storage performance...

Figure 3.11 Structure of FPI.

Figure 3.12 The chemical structure of polyarylether containing perfluorohexy...

Figure 3.13 The chemical structure of fluorine‐containing PI.

Figure 3.14 The chemical structure of triptycene‐containing polymer.

Figure 3.15 Schematic diagram of (a) p‐PWA/FPEEK hybrid films, (b) mPWA/FPEE...

Figure 3.16 Preparation of silicotungstic acid/polyimide hybrid material.

Figure 3.17 Preparation of silicotungstic acid/polyimide hybrid material.

Figure 3.18 Synthesis of POSS‐containing poly(aryl ether sulfone) hybrid mat...

Figure 3.19 Synthesis of the NH

2

‐POSS/PEEK‐CF

3

‐COOH composite material.

Figure 3.20 Structure of polyaniline.

Figure 3.21 Structure of polypyrrole.

Chapter 4

Scheme 4.1 Schematic illustration of smoke production of PVC.

Scheme 4.2 Surface treatment of ATH and MDH by stearic acid and silane.

Scheme 4.3 Typical morphology of intumescent char structure from (a) EVA/APP...

Figure 4.1 Impact of APP microencapsulation on mechanical property and volum...

Scheme 4.4 Transformation reaction of solid Sb

2

O

3

into gaseous SbCl

3

.

Figure 4.2 Effect of ATO, TOS, SnO

2

@Fe

2

O

3

on LOI, total smoke production (TS...

Scheme 4.5 Schematic illustration of condensed‐phase and gas‐phase fire‐reta...

Scheme 4.6 Fires arrangements of PC chain.

Scheme 4.7 RBXP structure.

Scheme 4.8 Structure of phosphonium sulfonate.

Scheme 4.9 Structure of S‐POSS.

Scheme 4.10 Structure of Cyagard RF 1204.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Schematic image of polyolefins.

Figure 5.2 Some examples of cage complexes.

Figure 5.3 Measurement circuit and conceptual image of Q(t) and I(t). (a) Me...

Figure 5.4

Q

(

t

) profile of AC‐XLPE at room temperature and 60 °C under 60 kV...

Figure 5.5

Q

(

t

m

)/

Q

(0) profile of AC‐XLPE at room temperature and 60 °C under...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Surface smoothness of conventional semi‐conductive shields with f...

Figure 6.2 Surface morphology of the semi‐conductive shields (Borealis LE059...

Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of the volume resistivity varying with the cond...

Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of the volume resistivity varying with temperat...

Figure 6.5 Effect of polymer species on volume resistivity of semi‐conductiv...

Figure 6.6 Volume resistivity of EVA‐based semi‐conductive composites with d...

Figure 6.7 Effect of annealing‐treated on volume resistivity of CB/HDPE semi...

Figure 6.8 Relationships between room temperature resistivity and EVA conten...

Figure 6.9 Effect of carbon black properties on electrical and physical prop...

Figure 6.10 Effect of carbon black properties on electrical and physical pro...

Figure 6.11 Volume resistivity at room temperature and PTC of MWNTs/CB/polym...

Figure 6.12 Specimen dimension and electrode configuration. Specimen A simul...

Figure 6.13 Space charge dynamic behaviors in specimens A, B, and C at 40 kV...

Figure 6.14 Schematic diagrams of the band structures of metal electrode, gr...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Distribution of electric field stress around GIS spacer.

Figure 7.2 Concept of reduction in electric field stress by applying ε‐FGM t...

Figure 7.3 Optimized permittivity distribution in ε‐FGM spacer (HV: high vol...

Figure 7.4 Uniform and ε‐FGM spacer samples for breakdown test. (a) Spacer s...

Figure 7.5 Continuously graded permittivity distribution obtained via centri...

Figure 7.6 BDV of uniform and ε‐FGM spacer samples.

Figure 7.7 Estimated lifetime of uniform and ε‐FGM spacer samples (n is a sl...

Figure 7.8 Conceptual diagram of ε‐FGM whose CTE is as low as that of a meta...

Figure 7.9 Relative permittivity and the CTE for different filler volume fra...

Figure 7.10 Concept of FMC method for ε‐FGM.

Figure 7.11 Cone‐type GIS spacer samples (ε

r

: relative permittivity). (a) Un...

Figure 7.12 Insulation system in power cable termination (HV: high voltage, ...

Figure 7.13 Graded permittivity distribution obtained by topology optimizati...

Figure 7.14 Principle of BaTiO

3

magnetron sputtering.

Figure 7.15 Cross‐section of a high‐voltage (HV) power module and the applic...

Figure 7.16 Conical insulating spacer with height of 10 mm using an alumina ...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Configurations of semiconductor coatings on insulator surfaces. (...

Figure 8.2 Anti‐icing effect of semiconductor SIR‐coated insulators at the l...

Figure 8.3 Onsite anti‐icing effect of semiconductor SIR‐coated insulators i...

Figure 8.4 New type composite insulators. (a) High strength. (b) Operation....

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Capacitors in the integrated circuit. (a) The number proportion o...

Figure 9.2 Schematic illustration of surface‐mounted capacitors and embedded...

Figure 9.3 Fabricating process of printed circuit board with embedded capaci...

Figure 9.4 The schematic illustration of the surface‐modified filler.

Figure 9.5 The hybrid structure of BaTiO

3

‐Ag particles and dielectric permit...

Figure 9.6 Picture and dielectric performance of the embedded capacitor prot...

Figure 9.7 Physical characterization of BT particles. SEM images of (a) pure...

Figure 9.8 Predicted dielectric permittivity by theoretical models. (a) Simu...

Figure 9.9 Reaction mechanisms involved in epoxy modification. (a) Reaction ...

Figure 9.10 Dielectric performance of matrix‐modified composites. Frequency ...

Figure 9.11 Mechanical property of the epoxy modified with different content...

Figure 9.12 Map of fracture toughness of nanoparticles/epoxy nanocomposites ...

Figure 9.13 Typical fabrication process of embedded capacitor materials.

Figure 9.14 Relationship between the thickness of the dielectric layer and t...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 A large‐sized generator and its electrical insulation structure....

Figure 10.2 Mica tape/epoxy insulation.

Figure 10.3 A SEM picture of a cross section of mica/epoxy insulation. (a) M...

Figure 10.4 A SEM picture of the top view of the mica tape layer.

Figure 10.5 Mica/epoxy insulation structure and possible defects.

Figure 10.6 V‐t curve and steps of partial discharge to a final electrical b...

Figure 10.7 Surface profiles of eroded areas due to PDs in the specimens con...

Figure 10.8 PD erosion depth of various epoxy nanocomposites.[14]

Figure 10.9 Comparison of insulation breakdown time due to electrical tree u...

Figure 10.10 Dependence of insulation breakdown time of epoxy nanocomposites...

Figure 10.11 V‐t characteristics of silica‐filled epoxy nanocomposite and ef...

Figure 10.12 Treeing breakdown time for four kinds of filler size of epoxy/s...

Figure 10.13 2‐parameter Weibull distribution of the insulation breakdown li...

Figure 10.14 Effect of agglomerates on PD lifetime in an enclosed void sampl...

Figure 10.15 V‐t curves of nanocomposites with various nanofiller materials....

Figure 10.16 Weibull distribution of breakdown time of mica/epoxy nanocompos...

Figure 10.17 Weibull probability plot of voltage endurance tests at RT with ...

Figure 10.18 V‐t curves of epoxy nanocomposites with two types of fillers an...

Figure 10.19 A typical SEM image of stress‐grading material.[29]

Figure 10.20 Current‐voltage characteristics of stress‐grading materials wit...

Figure 10.21 I–V characteristics across an interface between SiC particles a...

Figure 10.22 Schematic of a turbogenerator and typical insulation structure ...

Figure 10.23 Cross‐section of the end‐turn SG system [30].

Figure 10.24 Potential distribution along the SG system under 30 kV

p

50 Hz v...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Distribution of electrical charge in a typical cumulonimbus clou...

Figure 11.2 The process of aircraft triggered a lightning strike. (a) Steepe...

Figure 11.3 Statistics of aircraft lightning strike accidents. (a) Aircraft ...

Figure 11.4 Lightning strikes zone of transport aircraft.

Figure 11.5 Lightning current components A through D for direct effect testi...

Figure 11.6 Current component A for direct effect testing. (a) Theoretical l...

Figure 11.7 Current component A

h

for direct effect testing. (a) Theoretical ...

Figure 11.8 Current component B for lightning direct effect testing. (a) The...

Figure 11.9 Current component C for direct effect testing.

Figure 11.10 Current component D for direct effect testing. (a) Theoretical ...

Figure 11.11 Application of CFRP in aircraft.

Figure 11.12 Schematic diagram of different damage effects at the lightning ...

Figure 11.13 Tested CFRP specimens: (a) carbon woven fabric/epoxy laminate; ...

Figure 11.14 The specimen fixtures used for clamping the CFRP laminate to me...

Figure 11.15 Lightning current impulse test platform.

Figure 11.16 Lightning impulse waveforms and parameters: lightning impulses ...

Figure 11.17 The surface temperature on the specimen after lightning current...

Figure 11.18 Temperature distributions: (a) before the lightning test; (b) a...

Figure 11.19 Current and voltage impulse waveforms of specimen A1 with diffe...

Figure 11.20 The dynamic volt‐ampere characteristics of specimen A1 in the t...

Figure 11.21 The equivalent conductivity of specimen A1 under the different ...

Figure 11.22 The equivalent conductivities of the 0, 45, and 90° laminated C...

Figure 11.23 Schematic model of the actual carbon fiber network inside the C...

Figure 11.24 Schematic model of the current conduction path in a 90° laminat...

Figure 11.25 The dynamic in‐thickness conductance of CFRP specimen A1.

Figure 11.26 Relationship between the longitudinal conductivity of specimen ...

Figure 11.27 Experimental platform for lightning current component A: (a) ci...

Figure 11.28 Test fixture for CFRP laminates: (a) image of the fixture; (b) ...

Figure 11.29 Lightning strike process recorded by a high‐speed camera at (a1...

Figure 11.30 Images of CFRP specimens under lightning component A with diffe...

Figure 11.31 Surface damage observed by ultrasonic scanning: (a) overall vie...

Figure 11.32 Internal damage process: (a) cross section CT image; (b) pyroly...

Figure 11.33 Evaluation for lightning damage: (a) damage region division bas...

Figure 11.34 Experimental lightning damage areas of CFRP specimens.

Figure 11.35 The multiple lightning direct effect test system for CFRP compo...

Figure 11.36 The lightning damage of a CFRP laminate under lightning compone...

Figure 11.37 The waveforms and parameters of the lightning current component...

Figure 11.38 Continuous lightning test waveform for the “ABCD” test mode.

Figure 11.39 Images of the CFRP laminates after a lightning strike test: (a)...

Figure 11.40 Temperature distribution of specimen B4 after lightning strike:...

Figure 11.41 Descending trend of the CFRP’s surface temperature (specimen B4...

Figure 11.42 Instantaneous temperature of CFRP specimens subjected to differ...

Figure 11.43 Ultrasonic T‐scan images of the lightning damage areas in CFRP ...

Figure 11.44 Ultrasonic C‐scan images of the lightning damage depth in the C...

Figure 11.45 The contributions of individual lightning current components to...

Figure 11.46 The lightning damage of the CFRP laminate under lightning compo...

Figure 11.47 Coupled thermal‐electrical lightning damage simulation model fo...

Figure 11.48 (a) Temperature; and (b) pyrolysis degree at the central node i...

Figure 11.49 Pyrolysis degree

C

and normalized temperature

T

* at the center ...

Figure 11.50 Strain contours (a) on the surface; and (b) in a specimen cross...

Figure 11.51 Simulated in‐plane lightning damage evaluated by the temperatur...

Figure 11.52 Comparison of experimental damage areas and simulated damage ar...

Figure 11.53 Lightning test results of woven fabric/epoxy laminates: (a) dam...

Figure 11.54 Simulated in‐depth lightning damage evaluated by the temperatur...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Electric power distribution in Japan.

Figure 12.2 Transition of high‐voltage power‐receiving switchgears.

Figure 12.3 Molded vacuum interrupter in a solid‐insulated switchgear.

Figure 12.4 Insulation spacer and fiber‐reinforced plastic (FRP) rod in SF

6

‐...

Figure 12.5 Vacuum casing process for insulator manufacturing.

Figure 12.6 Automatic pressure gelation (APG) process of insulator manufactu...

Figure 12.7 Bisphenol A epoxy resin.

Figure 12.8 Epoxy resins with low viscosity.

Figure 12.9 Acid anhydride hardeners.

Figure 12.10 Chemical structures of silane coupling.

Figure 12.11 Fabrication processes of epoxy‐based composites.

Figure 12.12 Necessary properties in epoxy‐based composites in switchgears....

Figure 12.13 Exfoliation at the interface between composite and metal conduc...

Figure 12.14 Insulation breakdown strength of epoxy‐based composites. (a) Ep...

Figure 12.15 (a) SEM image of epoxy‐base composite with spherical SiO2 and c...

Figure 12.16

V

‐

t

characteristic of various epoxy‐based composites.

Figure 12.17 Relative permittivity and volume resistivity of epoxy‐based com...

Figure 12.18 Degradation of SiO

2

and Al

2

O

3

fillers in epoxy‐based composites...

Figure 12.19 Properties of epoxy‐based composites immersed in water at 50 °C...

Figure 12.20 Flexural and tensile strength of epoxy‐based composites with ir...

Figure 12.21 Creep properties of epoxy‐based composite with SiO

2

fillers. (a...

Figure 12.22 Improvement of insulation properties by nano‐filler dispersion....

Figure 12.23 Component model of solid insulated switchgear (SIS) insulated w...

Figure 12.24 SEM image and properties of high thermal conductive composite. ...

Figure 12.25 Comparison of temperature‐rise analysis in 40.5 kV/2500 A solid...

Figure 12.26 Insulation spacer with permittivity gradient and simulation of ...

Figure 12.27 Improvement of breakdown voltage in insulation spacer with perm...

Figure 12.28 Evaluation of material degradation and estimate of the remainin...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Glass fiber and glass fabric. (1) Conventional roving; (2) Woven...

Figure 13.2 Horizontal glue‐dipping machine. 1‐cloth roll, 2‐guide roll, 3‐t...

Figure 13.3 Three types of devices to control the amount of glue. 1‐extrusio...

Figure 13.4 The glue tape processing.

Figure 13.5 Hand lay‐up molding process.

Figure 13.6 Spray‐up technique. 1‐laminated compound, 2‐gel coat, 3‐mold dis...

Figure 13.7 Compression molding process. (a) Preparation. (b) Plastic fillin...

Figure 13.8 Forming technique of vacuum bag with die. 1‐mold, 2‐roughcast, 3...

Figure 13.9 Autoclave structure diagram. 1‐Tank, 2‐Heating, 3‐Pressurizing, ...

Figure 13.10 Filament winding molding process.

Figure 13.11 Schematic diagram of wet pultrusion. 1‐fiber rack, 2‐preforming...

Figure 13.12 Schematic diagram of dry pultrusion.

Figure 13.13 Hollow‐core insulator‐manufacturing process.

Figure 13.14 EPGC201‐laminated sheets.

Figure 13.15 Composite long rod insulator.

Figure 13.16 Two types of insulation pull rod for UHV GIS. (a) Solid platy i...

Figure 13.17 TE Axicom hollow tubular insulation pull rod.

Figure 13.18 China XD tubular and solid platy insulation pull rod.

Figure 13.19 Hitachi ABB power grids’ composite utility poles.

Figure 13.20 Typical composite utility pole installed in energized power tra...

Figure 13.21 Comparison between the ACCC/TW (left) and the ACSR (right) cond...

Figure 13.22 Composite station post insulators.

Figure 13.23 1000kV GIS layout of UHV AC power system from Zhebei to Fuzhou....

Figure 13.24 The insulating crossarm. It consists of four insulating members...

Figure 13.25 Assembled 132 kV ICA (left) and three ICAs installed on one cir...

Figure 13.26 T‐Pylon for 400 kV composite tower. (a) Comparison between T‐Py...

Figure 13.27 AC750 kV composite tower (a) 3D model of a 750 kV composite tow...

Figure 13.28 Composite crossarm of 750 kV AC overhead transmission line.

Figure 13.29 1000 kV composite tower and its composite crossarm.

Figure 13.30 Real picture of composite crossarm of 1000 kV AC overhead trans...

Guide

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

Wiley End User License Agreement

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Polymer Composites for Electrical Engineering

Edited by

Xingyi Huang

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

Toshikatsu Tanaka

Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

This edition first published 2022© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for:

[HB ISBN: 9781119719601]

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List of Contributors

Lu BaiCollege of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China

Rui‐Ying BaoCollege of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China

Qiannan CaiKey Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education. College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China

Xue‐Meng CaoChina‐Spain Collaborative Research Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China

Yu ChenSchool of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

Boxue DuKey Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Chang‐Ping FengCollege of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China

Tao HanKey Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Takahiro ImaiInfrastructure Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation, Toshiba‐cho, Fuchu‐shi,Tokyo, Japan

Muneaki KurimotoNagoya University, Furo‐cho, Chikusa‐ku, Nagoya, Japan

Zhi LiChina‐Spain Collaborative Research Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China

Zhonglei LiKey Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Wang LimingEngineering Laboratory of Power Equipment Reliability in Complicated Coastal Environments, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Suibin LuoShenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

Takahiro MabuchiAdvanced Technology Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki‐shi, Tokyo, Japan

Hirotaka MutoAdvanced Technology Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki‐shi, Tokyo, Japan

Sen NiuKey Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education. College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China

Yoitsu SekiguchiSumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan

Rong SunShenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

En TangChina‐Spain Collaborative Research Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China

Takahiro UmemotoAdvanced Technology Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki‐shi, Tokyo, Japan

Wang XilinEngineering Laboratory of Power Equipment Reliability in Complicated Coastal Environments, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Jie YangCollege of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China

Ming‐Bo YangCollege of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China

Wei YangCollege of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China

Shuhui YuShenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

Riming WangShenzhen Institute of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

Xueling YaoSchool of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

Yunhe ZhangKey Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education. College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China

Yutong ZhaoKey Laboratory of Smart Grid of Education Ministry, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Jia ZhidongEngineering Laboratory of Power Equipment Reliability in Complicated Coastal Environments, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Yao ZhouDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Lixue ZhuKey Laboratory of High Performance Plastics (Jilin University), Ministry of Education. College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China

Preface

Power grid is an indispensable infrastructure in modern society. With the increasingly severe climate change, the transmission of clean energy becomes more and more important, which puts forward higher requirements for the safe operation of power grid and power supply quality. On the other hand, the sending end of clean energy is far away from the receiving end of big cities and industrial areas, so it is necessary to develop Ultra‐High Voltage (UHV), long‐distance and large capacity transmission technology, as well as distributed generation technology to form modern smart micro grids.

To effectively improve the performance of power grid, especially the acceptance of clean energy by UHV power grid, advanced smart power equipment is needed. The performance of power equipment made of traditional materials is restricted by the electrical characteristics of materials, so it is difficult to meet the development needs of smart grid. Therefore, it is necessary to develop emerging high‐performance power equipment materials.

Although metal materials, ceramic materials, and polymer materials are widely used in power equipment, composite materials are more widely used. This is mainly because polymer composites not only have the characteristics of easy processing, lightweight, and low cost of polymers but also have the versatility of other components, which account for an increasing proportion in power equipment. In recent years, with the wide use of clean energy and the development of UHV flexible direct current (DC) transmission technology, some emerging polymer composites (especially nanocomposites) have appeared and been used in engineering practice. Therefore, polymer composites for electrical engineering have been developed rapidly.

This book consists of 13 chapters, which are all contributed by well‐recognized experts in electrical engineering or composite materials. Chapters 1 and 2 review the electrical and thermal energy storage of polymer composites, respectively, and Chapters 3 and 4 deal with the thermal properties of polymer composites in electrical engineering, including high temperature endurance and fire‐retardant performance. Chapters 5, 6, 9, 10, and 12 focus on the applications of polymer composites in power cables, capacitors, motors, generators, and switchgears. The polymer composites for electric stress control and outer door insulation applications are covered in Chapters 7 and 8, respectively. Chapter 11 provides a detailed overview on design, analysis, and performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites in lightning environment. Chapter 13 reviews the preparation, processing, and application of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites in electrical engineering.

As such, this book is well‐structured with basics and application to transfer sufficient coordinated knowledge not only to experts in electrical engineering and material science but also to university students who intend to work in this field in near future.

We greatly thank all contributors for bringing this wonderful book to the community, which is the first comprehensive book focusing on the design, fabrication, processing, analysis, and applications of polymer composites in electrical engineering. Xingyi Huang, one of the coeditors, would like to thank Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging and National Natural Science Foundation of China for their long‐time support.