Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems E-Book

Bin Wu

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 509

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The book presents the latest power conversion and control technology in modern wind energy systems. It has nine chapters, covering technology overview and market survey, electric generators and modeling, power converters and modulation techniques, wind turbine characteristics and configurations, and control schemes for fixed- and variable-speed wind energy systems. The book also provides in-depth steady-state and dynamic analysis of squirrel cage induction generator, doubly fed induction generator, and synchronous generator based wind energy systems. To illustrate the key concepts and help the reader tackle real-world issues, the book contains more than 30 case studies and 100 solved problems in addition to simulations and experiments. The book serves as a comprehensive reference for academic researchers and practicing engineers. It can also be used as a textbook for graduate students and final year undergraduate students.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

List of Symbols

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

1.3 Wind Turbine Technology

1.4 Wind Energy Conversion System Configurations

1.5 Grid Code

1.6 Summary

References

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Wind Energy Conversion System Control

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Wind Turbine Components

2.3 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics

2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Control

2.5 Summary

References

Chapter 3: Wind Generators and Modeling

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Reference Frame Transformation

3.3 Induction Generator Models

3.4 Synchronous Generators

3.5 Summary

References

Chapter 4: Power Converters in Wind Energy Conversion Systems

4.1 Introduction

4.2 AC Voltage Controllers (Soft Starters)

4.3 Interleaved Boost Converters

4.4 Two-Level Voltage Source Converters

4.5 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converters

4.6 PWM Current Source Converters

4.7 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter

4.8 Summary

References

Chapter 5: Wind Energy System Configurations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fixed-Speed Wecs

5.3 Variable-Speed Induction Generator WECS

5.4 Variable-Speed Synchronous Generator WECS

5.5 Summary

References

Chapter 6: Fixed-Speed Induction Generator WECS

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Configuration of Fixed-Speed Wind Energy Systems

6.3 Operation Principle

6.4 Grid Connection with Soft Starter

6.5 Reactive Power Compensation

6.6 Summary

References

Chapter 7: Variable-Speed Wind Energy Systems with Squirrel Cage Induction Generators

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Direct Field Oriented Control

7.3 Indirect Field Oriented Control

7.4 Direct Torque Control

7.5 Control of Current Source Converter Interfaced WECS

7.6 Summary

References

Chapter 8: Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based WECS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Super- and Subsynchronous Operation of DFIG

8.3 Unity Power Factor Operation of DFIG

8.4 Leading and Lagging Power Factor Operation

8.5 Stator Voltage Oriented Control of DFIG WECS

8.6 DFIG WECS Start-Up and Experiments

8.7 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Variable-Speed Wind Energy Systems with Synchronous Generators

9.1 Introduction

9.2 System Configuration

9.3 Control of Synchronous Generators

9.4 SG Wind Energy System with Back-To-Back VSC

9.5 DC/DC Boost Converter Interfaced SG Wind Energy System

9.6 Reactive Power Control of SG WECS

9.7 Current Source Converter Based SG Wind Energy Systems

9.8 Summary

References

Appendix A: Per-Unit System

Appendix B: Generator Parameters

B.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generators

B.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators

B.3 Synchronous Generators

Appendix C: Problems and Solutions

Problems and Answers for Chapter 3—Wind Generators and Modeling

Problems and Answers for Chapter 4—Power Converters in Wind Energy Conversion Systems

Problems and Answers for Chapter 6—Fixed-Speed Induction Generator WECS

Problems and Answers for Chapter 7—Variable-Speed Induction Generator Based WECS

Problems and Answers for Chapter 8—Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based WECS

Problems and Answers for Chapter 9—Variable-Speed Wind Energy Systems with Synchronous Generators

Index

IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering

POWER CONVERSION AND CONTROL OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS

IEEE Press

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Piscataway, NJ 08855

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief

R. Abhari

J. Anderson

G. W. Arnold

F. Canavero

M. El-Hawary

B-M. Hammerli

M. Lanzerotti

D. Jacobson

O. P. Malik

S. Nahavandi

T. Samad

G. Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Copyright © 2011 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Power conversion and control of wind energy systems / Bin Wu … [et al.]. p. cm. — (IEEE Press series on power engineering; 74) Summary: “The book covers a wide range of topics on wind energy conversion and control from the electrical engineering aspect. It includes wind generators and modeling, power converters and modulation schemes, operating principle of fixed and variable speed wind turbines, advanced generator control schemes, active and reactive power controls of individual wind and is a valuable reference book for academic researchers, practicing engineers, and other professionals. The book can also be used as a textbook for graduate level and final year undergraduate-level courses”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-59365-3 (hardback) 1. Wind energy conversion systems. I. Wu, B. (Bin), 1957– TK1541.P685 2011 621.31’2136—dc22

2010045226

oBook ISBN: 978-1-118-02900-8 ePDF ISBN: 978-1-118-02899-5 ePub ISBN: 978-1-118-02898-8

PREFACE

Wind energy is clean and sustainable. It is one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources. The conversion of wind kinetic energy into electric energy is of a multidis-ciplinary nature, involving aerodynamics, mechanical systems, electric machines, power electronics, control theory, and power systems. In the past, a number of books have addressed some of these subjects. This book explores the power conversion and control of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) from the electrical engineering perspective. It provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of wind generators, system configurations, power converters, control schemes, and dynamic/steady-state performance of various practical wind energy systems.

The book contains nine chapters. Chapter 1 provides a market survey and an overview of wind turbine technology, wind energy system classifications, costs, and grid codes for wind power integration. Chapter 2 introduces the fundamentals and control principles of wind energy systems, including wind turbine components, aerodynamics, stall and pitch controls, and maximum power point tracking schemes. Chapter 3 presents commonly used wind generators, including squirrel cage induction generators, doubly fed induction generators, and synchronous generators. The dynamic and steady-state models of these generators are also derived to facilitate the analysis of wind energy systems in the subsequent chapters.

Chapter 4 discusses various power converters and PWM schemes used in wind energy systems. Both voltage and current source converters are presented with an emphasis on high-power wind energy system. Chapter 5 presents a general overview of configurations and characteristics of major practical WECS. Chapter 6 focuses on fixed-speed, inductor generator based wind energy systems; important issues such as grid connection, two-speed operation, and reactive power compensation are discussed.

Chapter 7 deals with wind energy systems with variable-speed, squirrel cage induction generators (SCIG), in which typical system configurations and advanced control schemes such as field oriented controls (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) are elaborated. Chapter 8 discusses doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems, where the subsynchronous and supersynchronous modes of operation are investigated. Chapter 9 is dedicated to variable-speed, synchronous generator wind systems, in which various control schemes, including zero d-axis current (ZDC) control, maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control, and unity power factor (UPF) control, are analyzed in detail.

To help the reader understand the principle and operation of various wind energy conversion systems, we have developed more than 30 case studies in the body of the book and more than 100 solved problems in Appendix C—Problems and Solutions. Therefore, this book is not only for academic researchers and practicing engineers as a reference book, but also suitable for graduate students and final-year undergraduate students as a textbook.

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to Mr. Venkata Yaramasu, our Ph.D. student in the Laboratory for Electric Drive Applications and Research (LEDAR) at Ryerson University, for his great assistance in preparing the appendices and the first three sections of Chapter 4. We would like to thank our postdoctoral fellows and graduate students in LEDAR, in particular, Dr. Victor F. Liu, Dr. Moya J. Dai, Mr. Ning Zhu, and Mr. Ehsan Al-Nabi, for their kind assistance in preparing the manuscript. Our special thanks go to Wiley/IEEE Press editors for their great help and support. We also wish to acknowledge the support and inspiration of our families during the preparation of this book.

BIN WUYONGQIANG LANGNAVID ZARGARISAMIR KOURO

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

January 2011