Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid Using SMART Power Flow Controllers E-Book

Kalyan K. Sen

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 983

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid using SMART Power Flow Controllers Provides students and practicing engineers with the foundation required to perform studies of power system networks and mitigate unique power flow problems Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid using SMART Power Flow Controllers is a clear and accessible introduction to power flow control in complex transmission systems. Starting with basic electrical engineering concepts and theory, the authors provide step-by-step explanations of the modeling techniques of various power flow controllers (PFCs), such as the voltage regulating transformer (VRT), the phase angle regulator (PAR), and the unified power flow controller (UPFC). The textbook covers the most up-to-date advancements in the Sen transformer (ST), including various forms of two-core designs and hybrid architectures for a wide variety of applications. Beginning with an overview of the origin and development of modern power flow controllers, the authors explain each topic in straightforward engineering terms--corroborating theory with relevant mathematics. Throughout the text, easy-to-understand chapters present characteristic equations of various power flow controllers, explain modeling in the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), compare transformer-based and mechanically-switched PFCs, discuss grid congestion and power flow limitations, and more. This comprehensive textbook: * Describes why effective Power Flow Controllers should be viewed as impedance regulators * Provides computer simulation codes of the various power flow controllers in the EMTP programming language * Contains numerous worked examples and data cases to clarify complex issues * Includes results from the simulation study of an actual network * Features models based on the real-world experiences the authors, co-inventors of first-generation FACTS controllers Written by two acknowledged leaders in the field, Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid using SMART Power Flow Controllers is an ideal textbook for graduate students in electrical engineering, and a must-read for power engineering practitioners, regulators, and researchers.

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Jón Atli Benediktsson  

Xiaoou Li  

Jeffrey Reed  

Anjan Bose  

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Diomidis Spinellis  

David Alan Grier  

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Ahmet Murat Tekalp  

Power Flow Control Solutions for a Modern Grid using SMART Power Flow Controllers

Kalyan K. Sen, PhD, PE, MBA, FIEEE

Mey Ling Sen, MEE, MIEEE

Sen Engineering Solutions, Inc.

Copyright © 2022 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Sen, Kalyan K., author. | Sen, Mey Ling, author.Title: Power flow control solutions for a modern grid using SMART power flow controllers / Kalyan K. Sen, PhD, PE, MBA, FIEEE, Mey Ling Sen, MEE, MIEEE, Sen Engineering Solutions, Inc.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2021] | Series: IEEE press series on power engineering | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2021031547 (print) | LCCN 2021031548 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119824350 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119824367 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119824381 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Electric current regulators. | Electric power systems―Control. | Smart power grids. | Electric power Transmission.Classification: LCC TK2851 .S48 2021 (print) | LCC TK2851 (ebook) | DDC 621.31―dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031547LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031548

Cover Design: WileyCover Images: (Center) Courtesy of Kalyan Sen; (top) © Sam Robinson/Getty Images

To our family, friends,and all our gurus who brought us to this point.

Authors’ Biographies

Kalyan K. Sen was born in Bankura, West Bengal, India. He received BEE (first class honors, 1982), MSEE (1983), and PhD degrees (1987), all in Electrical Engineering, from Jadavpur University (India), Tuskegee University (USA), and Worcester Polytechnic Institute (USA), respectively. He also received an MBA (2012) from Robert Morris University (USA). He is the President and Chief Technology Officer of Sen Engineering Solutions, Inc. (www.sentransformer.com). From 1987 to 1990, he was an Assistant Professor at Prairie View A&M University. From 1990 to 2020, he worked mostly at Westinghouse and its successor companies in the United States, except during 1999–2001 when he worked at ABB in Sweden. He was a key member of the Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) development team at Westinghouse Science & Technology Center for which he became a Westinghouse Fellow Engineer. He contributed to the concept development, simulation, design, and commissioning of FACTS projects at Westinghouse since their inceptions in the 1990s. He conceived some of the basic concepts in power flow control technology for which he was elevated to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Fellow grade with the citation: for the development and application of power flow control technology.

Kalyan has authored or coauthored more than 25 peer‐reviewed publications, 8 issued patents, 2 books, and 3 book chapters in the areas of power flow control and power electronics. He is the coauthor of the book titled, Introduction to FACTS Controllers: Theory, Modeling, and Applications, IEEE Press and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009, which is also published in Chinese and Indian (English) paperback editions. This book is used in universities and industries worldwide. His interests are in power converters, control systems, electrical machines, and power system simulations and studies. He is a licensed Professional Engineer in Pennsylvania and New York. He also served as a Fulbright Specialist (sponsored by the U.S. Government) and Global Initiative of Academic Networks (GIAN) Scholar (sponsored by the Government of India). He is an individual member of CIGRE.

Kalyan has served many organizations. He has been serving as an IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) Distinguished Lecturer since 2002. In that capacity, he has given presentations on power flow control technology more than 150 times in 15 countries. He is an AdCom Member of the Power Electronics Society (PELS) and serves as the PELS Regions 1‐6 Chair. He is the IEEE Division II Representative to the Board of Governors of Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT) and serves as the Chapters Committee Chair. He also serves as the Chair of IEEE Pittsburgh SSIT Chapter. In 2003, he reestablished the Pittsburgh Chapters of the PES and the Industry Applications Society (IAS). Both Chapters received the “Outstanding Large Chapter” awards for their activities in 2004. He served as the Founding Chair of IEEE Pittsburgh PELS Chapter that received the Best Chapter Award in 2015. Under his Chairmanship, the IEEE Pittsburgh Section received the “Outstanding Large Section” award for its activities in 2005. He served as an Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery from 2002 to 2007. He served as the Technical Program Chair of the 2008 PES General Meeting in Pittsburgh, and the Chapters and Sections Activities Track Chair at the 2008 IEEE Sections Congress in Quebec City, Canada. He has served as the Special Events Chair of the IEEE Pittsburgh Section for a decade. He received the IEEE Pittsburgh Section Outstanding Volunteer Service Award and Power & Energy Society Outstanding Engineer Award (2004). He is a Distinguished Toastmaster (DTM) who led District 13 of Toastmasters International (TI) as its Governor to be the 10th‐ranking District in the world in 2007–2008. He has been serving as a Boy Scouts of America Leader for almost a decade.

Mey Ling Sen was born in Aruba, Dutch Caribbean. She received BSEE (high distinction, 1988) and MEE (1990) degrees from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (USA) and Rice University (USA), respectively. As an Engineering Consultant, she worked at ABB and Westinghouse/CW. She is the Co‐Founder and Chief Operating Officer of Sen Engineering Solutions, Inc. She is the co‐inventor of the Sen Transformer, which is used as a Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time‐bound (SMART) Power Flow Controller that is based on functional requirements and a cost‐effective solution. Her interests are in power electronics, electrical machines, and electric power engineering.

As a member of IEEE, she has served the Pittsburgh Chapters of PES and IAS in various positions, including Chapter Chair. Both Chapters received the “Outstanding Large Chapter” awards for their activities in 2008 and 2009, respectively. She also served IEEE Pittsburgh Section as the Treasurer in 2012 and Chair of Women in Engineering in 2016 and 2018–2019. She has been serving as the Special Events Chair of the IEEE Pittsburgh Section since 2020. She received IEEE Pittsburgh Section Power & Energy Society Outstanding Engineer Award (2018). She is a Distinguished Toastmaster (DTM). She served as the TI’s President’s Distinguished Area Governor in 2007–2008.

Technical Reviewers

J. M. DeSalvo

A. Parsotam

B. Shperling

Foreword

This book is a product of the authors’ five decades of combined experiences in the research and development of power flow control technology. The traditional power grid as we know it is changing drastically. Mega‐sized wind and solar projects are being integrated into the traditional majority carbon‐based power grid in order to curb the production of greenhouse gases significantly.

Power systems of today were designed based on central generating stations and transmission and distribution lines to get the energy to the loads. However, with land‐based and off‐shore wind plants and distributed and utility‐scale solar plants being connected to the grid, the old paradigm does not work since the geographic locations of the renewable resources do not in general coincide with the traditional generating plants. There is a need for the T&D systems to be revisited and modified/upgraded for the new power flow regimes. The line impedances that were tuned or optimized to serve certain flow patterns may now hinder delivery of the renewable energy to the desired destinations. The intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources brings additional challenges to system frequency and voltage control and to adopting the needed dynamic capability and the ability to control power flows bidirectionally at the right price. This can be mitigated with impedance regulation in strategically‐selected transmission corridors. Furthermore, in many localities there are no new right‐of‐ways (ROWs), and rebuilding is limited to existing ones. Even though rebuild could be inevitable, flow control may help in some scenarios and may be much more economical.

The key to a clean energy transition depends on the electric grid’s ability to generate and distribute renewable energy through the transmission and distribution system. The intermittency of supply and bidirectional flows, coupled with the remote locations of solar and wind projects, are challenging grid planners and operators. Even before we have reached large penetration of renewables, forecasters are factoring renewable curtailment as a major strategy to balance supply and demand, which adversely impacts the economics of the projects.

The concept of a SMART Power Flow Controller, developed in this book, is based on impedance management of the transmission line, which will be essential to (1) building the capacity to integrate and expand the use of clean distributed energy resources, (2) pursuing efficient asset utilization and reducing system losses, (3) facilitating greater transfer of clean energy from generation sites to load centers, and (4) improving grid reliability and resiliency. This technology can be customized, based on the required range and speed of operation, component non‐obsolescence, ease of relocation, and interoperability.

This book starts with the derivation of the fundamentals of power flow in an AC transmission line and develops various solutions that can be used to enhance power flow while reducing the losses in AC transmission lines. The book builds on the evolution of power flow controllers in AC transmission systems covering the theory, modeling, and various applications. The subject is treated from the working engineers’ point of view. After reading the appropriate parts of this book, students, teachers, and practicing engineers will be able to conduct studies of power system networks to mitigate their unique power flow problems.

The book’s unique contribution is that it

provides the basic theory and the step‐by‐step explanation of various power flow controllers;

offers modeling techniques that are essential to electric utilities when conducting the needed studies and analysis;

provides computer codes in the most widely‐used Electro‐Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP) formats;

describes a new class of power flow controllers, based on the transformers/Load Tap Changers (LTCs) technology, developed by the authors and named the Sen Transformer (ST).

It is important to emphasize that the ST offers the equivalent control features of two devices – Phase Angle Regulator (PAR) and Voltage Regulator (VR) – for almost the price of one. If one purchases a PAR, which offers the phase angle or active power flow control only, the ST offers the added voltage or reactive power flow control capability with perhaps a small additional cost. The low‐cost power flow control technology, such as ST, is of interest to utilities because of its simplicity, compared to power electronics inverter‐based Unified Power Flow Controller.

I believe that the Sens’ inventions are fundamental contributions toward the advancement of low‐cost electric power flow control technology. A simulation model of the ST has already been developed in PSS/E, the most widely used load flow software, and the report is given in Appendix C. As an application example exercising the PSS/E model, it was verified that the ST performed as the most suitable candidate for power flow enhancement in a segment of the Chilean network. Also, a distribution‐level Chinese demonstration of a 10‐kV unit of ST confirmed the anticipated performance of the ST.

The topic of power flow control is of great interest to many power engineering professionals, utility engineers, large power equipment manufacturers, university professors, and students. The specialty of the book is that it develops the modern power flow control theories from the basics and supplements the theory with relevant computer models using the most widely used simulation software – EMTP and PSS/E. This book expands upon what the authors had presented in their last book, titled Introduction to FACTS Controllers – Theory, Modeling, and Applications.