Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2182

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Now in full color, Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, Third Edition provides a fully updated new edition of the most complete resource on managing neurology cases in small animal practice, with video clips on a companion website.

• Provides comprehensive information for diagnosing and treating neurological conditions
• Printed in full color for the first time, with 400 new or improved images throughout
• Offers new chapters on differential diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging, and movement disorders
• Retains the logical structure and easy-to-follow outline format of the previous editions

Includes access to video clips of specific disorders and a how-to video demonstrating the neurologic assessment online and a link to a digital canine brain atlas at www.wiley.com/go/dewey/neurology

Leseprobe

PRACTICAL GUIDE TO CANINE AND FELINE NEUROLOGY

Third Edition

Edited by

Curtis W. Dewey, DVM, MS

Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Neurology) Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Surgeons Associate Professor and Chief – Neurology and Neurosurgery Section Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Ronaldo C. da Costa, DMV, MSc, PhD

Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Neurology); Associate Professor and Service Head, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

First Edition first published 2003 © 2003 Iowa State University Press Second Edition first published 2008 © 2008 Curtis Dewey

Editorial offices:   1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

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The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Practical guide to canine and feline neurology / edited by Curtis W. Dewey and Ronaldo C. da Costa. – Third edition.       p. ; cm.    Includes index.    Includes bibliographical references and index.    ISBN 978-1-119-94611-3 (hardback)    I. Dewey, Curtis W., editor.   II. Da Costa, Ronaldo C., editor.    [DNLM: 1. Dog Diseases.   2. Nervous System Diseases–veterinary.   3. Cat Diseases.   SF 992.N3]    SF992.N3P73 2016    636.7′08968–dc23

2015014801

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Dedication

Alexander de Lahunta, DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Neurology), DACVP.

As neurologists, Ronaldo and I shudder to think where we would be professionally without the myriad and substantial contributions that Alexander (“Sandy”) de Lahunta has made to our specialty. He has–in a career spanning nearly half a century–laid the framework for our understanding of neuroanatomy and neuropathology. It is a testament to this man's legendary and iconic status in veterinary medicine overall that any veterinarian who opens this book will immediately feel respect and gratitude for “Dr. D” and know that he deserves all the accolades we can bestow upon him. And if you would like to read about the accolades that Dr. D has earned, you should go online; they are far too numerous to fit on a textbook dedication page. Dr. D's contributions to our understanding of embryology, anatomy, neurology, and neuropathology are voluminous and ongoing. His passion has been and remains fulfilling the role of teacher. As one of his former students, I can personally attest to his unequalled skill in this arena. I can also attest to the fact that Dr. D has kept in touch with many of his students after they graduated and moved forward with further educational endeavors and careers. Years after I left Cornell as a student, I would hear of Dr. D telling his current students about something I had published in a journal. It meant a lot to know that someone I revered so highly was proud of my accomplishments. Ronaldo and I are proud of Alexander de Lahunta, as all veterinarians should be, and feel incredibly fortunate that he influenced our career paths. We dedicate this edition to someone who has positively and permanently changed the face of veterinary neurology and veterinary medicine in general—Dr. Alexander de Lahunta.

Contents

About the Editors

Notes on Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

About the Companion Website

1 Signalment and History: The First Considerations

Introduction

Signalment

1–3, 5

History

4

References

2 Performing the Neurologic Examination

Introduction

Tools for performing the neurologic examination

Performing the neurologic examination

1–12

Conclusion

References

Video Resources

3 Lesion Localization: Functional and Dysfunctional Neuroanatomy

Introduction

Fundamentals of lesion localization

The brain

The spinal cord

4, 9, 11, 16, 17, 19, 28, 33, 36, 48

The peripheral nervous system

Anatomy of the spinal reflexes

The autonomic nervous system and associated visceral functions

1, 10, 12, 22–24, 30, 41

References

Video Resources

4 Differential Diagnosis

Diagnostic approach

Differential diagnosis

Specific brain regions

Specific spinal regions

Consulted bibliography

5 Neurodiagnostics

Introduction

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

5, 7–10, 13–15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 31, 32, 36, 37, 51, 64, 84, 85, 93, 96, 97, 104, 110

Neuroimaging

25–27, 34, 44, 49, 50, 52, 58, 75, 86, 88, 102, 103, 107

Electrodiagnostics

Biopsy/exploratory surgery

16, 57, 63

References

6 Principles and Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Silke Hecht

Basic MRI physics

135, 142, 235, 278, 351, 354, 385

MR sequences

Modified spin echo (SE) sequences

23, 50, 83, 94, 95, 131, 179, 217, 269, 293, 309

Gradient recalled echo (GRE)

36, 81, 94, 104, 110, 131, 179, 208, 224, 259, 265, 279, 286, 289, 294, 319, 350, 352, 366, 383–385, 387

Functional imaging

18, 25, 37, 45, 48, 62, 126, 142, 143, 154, 194, 223, 238, 253, 268, 284, 297, 334, 352, 370, 381, 385, 399

Technical modifications

34, 56, 64, 65, 70, 99, 370, 373

Artifacts

37, 57, 100, 101, 132, 307, 406

Contrast media in MRI

62, 64, 116, 119, 150, 186, 271, 275, 276, 310, 405

MRI guided tissue sampling

49, 91, 123

MRI of the brain

Associated findings in intracranial disease

12, 14, 15, 46, 68, 71, 72, 75, 82, 86, 129, 162, 163, 165, 180, 219, 229, 236, 304, 323, 333, 348, 351, 353, 371, 376, 380, 400

Congenital brain disorders

Acquired brain disorders

Cerebrovascular disease

Metabolic, nutritional, toxic, and degenerative encephalopathies

1, 6–8, 31, 32, 55, 61, 80, 84, 85, 90, 102, 111, 113, 125, 128, 136, 159, 161, 177, 215, 218, 231, 242, 248, 251, 254, 256, 260, 270, 297, 316, 318, 333, 337, 338, 342, 357, 358, 364, 365, 372, 374, 378, 382

Trauma

2, 42, 170, 211, 257, 281

References

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the vertebral column

Generalities of Vertebral Column MRI

1–10, 12–51, 53–66, 68–70

MRI imaging techniques

2, 3, 15, 16, 16, 37–39, 42, 49, 62

Normal anatomy

Vascular diseases

Inflammatory spinal diseases

Spinal trauma

31, 32, 36, 41, 46

Congenital spinal diseases

Degenerative and developmental diseases

Closing remarks

References

7 Encephalopathies: Disorders of the Brain

Introduction

Clinical signs of brain dysfunction (see also Chapters 2 through 4)

Disorders affecting the brain in dogs and cats (Table 7.1)

References

Video Resources

8 Head-Trauma Management

Introduction

1, 17, 20, 22, 39, 56, 64, 67

Pathophysiology of head trauma

5, 6, 8, 17, 20, 22, 26, 27, 32, 34, 39, 49, 56, 64, 66, 67

Initial assessment and emergency treatment

2, 9, 11, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 32, 36, 46, 50, 53, 57, 59, 62–64, 74, 78, 79

(Video 17)

Secondary assessment and diagnostic procedures

1, 9, 11, 17, 20, 22, 32, 45, 64, 80

Specific medical therapy for the head- trauma victim

3–5, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 39, 43, 44, 48, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 64, 65, 68, 70–73, 75, 77, 80–82

Indications for surgery

5, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 28, 31, 32, 35, 39, 42, 59, 64

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring

3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 17, 18, 25, 35, 39–41, 47, 49, 60, 61, 64

Prognosis and complications

10, 17, 19, 22, 54, 55, 64, 69, 76

References

Video Resources

9 Seizures and Narcolepsy

Introduction

31, 107, 127

Pathophysiology

25, 36, 38, 68, 98

Types of seizures

9, 13, 19, 25, 45, 48, 56, 68, 80, 91, 97, 100, 125, 139

Stages of a seizure

9, 13, 56, 127

Epilepsy

9, 13, 97, 127

Idiopathic epilepsy

3, 11, 23, 36, 37, 39, 40, 44, 49, 50, 58–62, 66, 74, 78, 83, 86, 87, 89, 101, 112, 115, 122

Diagnostic evaluation

12, 70, 84, 117

General aspects of treatment

10, 15, 26, 31, 41, 55, 127

First-line antiseizure drugs (Table 9.1)

Second-line drugs

Drugs under investigation for dogs

69, 140

Ineffective and contraindicated anticonvulsant drugs

15, 31, 111, 120, 126, 127

Other treatments

4, 5, 46, 64, 65, 77, 85, 90, 121, 142

Refractory epilepsy

25, 31, 82, 96, 127, 133

Status epilepticus and cluster seizures

7, 34, 72, 94, 95, 99, 107, 116, 119, 123, 137

Introduction

Pathophysiology

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

References

Video Resources

10 Involuntary Movements and Paroxysmal Disorders

Introduction

Types of involuntary movements

Diagnostic approach

Establishing the etiology using clinical characteristics

References

11 Disorders of Hearing and Balance: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) and Associated Structures

Functional neuroanatomy of the vestibular system

22, 27, 34, 45, 67, 86, 122

Functional neuroanatomy of the auditory system

15, 27, 34, 45, 90

Clinical evaluation of the vestibular system

4, 10, 15, 31, 34, 45, 57, 67, 74, 86, 90, 126

Clinical evaluation of the auditory system

34, 90, 116

Diseases affecting the peripheral vestibular system

4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 34, 36, 41, 48, 55, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 80, 82, 83, 86, 92, 104, 105, 113, 119, 122, 128, 129, 137

Diseases affecting the central vestibular system

4–6, 11–13, 15–18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34–37, 42–44, 46–49, 54–57, 59–61, 64, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 83, 85–89, 91, 94, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 112, 119, 121, 123, 124, 128, 129, 134, 136, 138, 139

Diagnostic tests

3, 4, 6, 13, 15, 19, 34, 44, 50, 62, 71, 75, 78, 82, 84, 107, 108, 115, 117, 118, 119, 123, 128, 130, 133, 135

References

Video Resources

12 Cerebellar Diseases and Tremor Syndromes

Introduction

3, 15, 18, 28, 59, 86, 100, 114, 139, 152, 175

Divisions of the cerebellum

15, 35, 59, 86, 100, 114, 138, 210

Microscopic anatomy of the cerebellum

15, 35, 59, 86, 89, 210, 211

Afferent projections to the cerebellum

15, 18, 35, 59, 86, 89, 161, 210, 211

Efferent projections from the cerebellum

3, 15, 18, 35, 59, 86, 91

Functions of the cerebellum

3, 12, 15, 18, 23, 24, 28, 48, 56, 59, 102, 107, 114, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 147, 152, 157, 216

Clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction

3, 15, 18, 59, 86, 100, 119, 155

(Video 9)

Disorders of the cerebellum

1–4, 6–8, 10, 13–22, 25, 27–34, 36, 37, 39–43, 45–47, 49–52, 57–62, 64, 66–71, 73–77, 79–82, 84–88, 92, 95–101, 103–106, 108–113, 115–120, 122–128, 130, 140, 141, 143–146, 148–152, 154, 156, 158, 163–170, 172–174, 176–187, 189, 190, 192–199, 202–204, 209, 211, 213, 218–220

Pathophysiology and classification

Tremor disorders in dogs and cats

References

Video Resources

13 Myelopathies: Disorders of the Spinal Cord

Clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction

73, 78, 78, 146

Disorders affecting the spinal cord in dogs and cats (Table 13.1)

References

Video Resources

14 Disorders of the Cauda Equina

Clinical signs of cauda equina dysfunction

Disorders affecting the cauda equina in dogs and cats (Table 14.1)

References

Video Resources

15 Spinal Trauma Management

Introduction

Pathophysiology of spinal trauma

2–5, 8, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 30–32, 38, 40, 41, 48, 50, 53, 61, 62, 65, 69, 71, 75, 78

Initial assessment and emergency treatment

1, 23, 29, 45, 46, 65–67, 72

Diagnostic imaging procedures