Practical Medical Microbiology for Clinicians E-Book

Frank E. Berkowitz

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Infectious diseases constitute a major portion of illnesses worldwide, and microbiology is a main pillar of clinical infectious disease practice. Knowledge of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites is integral to practice in clinical infectious disease.

Practical Medical Microbiology is an invaluable reference for medical microbiology instructors. Drs. Berkowitz and Jerris are experienced teachers in the fields of  infectious diseases and microbiology respectively, and provide expert insight into microorganisms that affect patients, how organisms are related to each other, and how they are isolated and identified in the microbiology laboratory. The text also is designed to provide clinicians the knowledge they need to facilitate communication with the microbiologist in their laboratory.

The text takes a systematic approach to medical microbiology, describing taxonomy of human pathogens and consideration of organisms within specific taxonomic groups. The text tackles main clinical infections caused by different organisms, and supplements these descriptions with clinical case studies, in order to demonstrate the effects of various organisms.

Practical Medical Microbiology is an invaluable resource for students, teachers, and researchers studying clinical microbiology, medical microbiology, infectious diseases, and virology.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Preface

Acknowledgments

SECTION I: Laboratory methods in clinical microbiology

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

Taxonomy

Purposes of the clinical microbiology laboratory

Principles of diagnostic testing

How do we know the true state (disease or no disease)?

Antimicrobial resistance

Further reading

CHAPTER 2: Microbiology laboratory methods

Reasons for making a microbial diagnosis

Basic methods used in microbiology

Bacteriologic methods

How precise should a microbiologic diagnosis be?

Virologic methods

Detecting and identifying fungi

Detecting and identifying parasites

Laboratory safety

Further reading

Resource

SECTION II: Prions and viruses

CHAPTER 3: Prions

Diagnosis

Further reading

CHAPTER 4: General virology

Properties of viruses

Taxonomy of viruses

Further reading

CHAPTER 5: DNA viruses (excluding hepatitis B virus)

Herpesviruses (Herpesviridae)

Adenoviruses (Adenoviridae)

Polyomaviruses (Polyomaviridae)

Papillomaviruses (Papillomaviridae)

Poxviruses (Poxviridae)

Parvoviruses (Parvoviridae)

Reference

Further reading

CHAPTER 6: RNA viruses (excluding hepatitis viruses, arthropod-borne viruses, and bat and rodent excreta viruses)

Picornaviruses (Picornaviridae)

Orthomyxoviruses (Orthomyxoviridae)

Paramyxoviruses (Paramyxoviridae)

Coronaviruses (Coronaviridae)

Reoviruses (Reoviridae) (Respiratory Enteric Orphan viruses)

Caliciviruses (Caliciviridae)

Astroviruses (Astroviridae)

Rhabdoviruses (Rhabdoviridae)

Togaviruses (Togaviridae)

Retroviruses (Retroviridae)

Further reading

CHAPTER 7: Hepatitis viruses

Hepatitis A virus (HAV)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Hepatitis C virus (hepacivirus)

Hepatitis delta (D) virus

Hepatitis E virus

Further reading

CHAPTER 8: Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), hantaviruses, arenaviruses, and filoviruses

Flaviviruses (Flaviviridae)

Togaviruses (Togaviridae)

Bunyaviruses (Bunyaviridae)

Reoviruses (Reoviridae)

Arenaviruses (Arenaviridae)

Filoviruses (Filoviridae)

Further reading

SECTION III: Bacteriology

CHAPTER 9: Bacteriology

Structure of bacteria

Genetic changes

Bacterial virulence factors

Mechanisms of resistance

Antibacterial agents

Further reading

CHAPTER 10: Gram-positive cocci

Staphylococci

Streptococci

Enterococci

Other Gram-positive cocci

Further reading

CHAPTER 11: Gram-negative cocci

Neisseria

Further reading

CHAPTER 12: Gram-positive rods

Sporogenous Gram-positive rods

Non-sporogenous Gram-positive rods

Other Gram-positive rods

Further reading

CHAPTER 13: Gram-negative rods

General features

Enterobacteriaceae

Non-Enterobacteriaceae Gram-negative rods from the environment

Non-Enterobacteriaceae Gram-negative rods from humans or animals

Further reading

CHAPTER 14: Anaerobic bacteria

General properties of anaerobes

Sporulating gram-positive rods

Non-sporulating Gram-positive rods

Gram-negative rods

Gram-positive cocci

Gram-negative cocci

Further reading

CHAPTER 15: Mycoplasmas, Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Ehrlichiae

Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasma

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila

Rickettsiales

Coxiella burnetii

(see Chapter 13)

Further reading

CHAPTER 16: Spirochetes

Syphilis

Endemic treponematoses

Leptospirosis

Borrelia

Spirillum minus

Further reading

CHAPTER 17: Mycobacteria

Taxonomy

Tuberculosis

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

Further reading

SECTION IV: Mycology

CHAPTER 18: Fungi

General properties of fungi

Laboratory perspectives for mycelial fungi

Detection of fungal components in body fluids

Further reading

CHAPTER 19: Yeasts

Candida

Cryptococcus

Malassezia

Other yeasts

Pneumocystis

Further reading

CHAPTER 20: Dimorphic endemic fungi

Histoplasma capsulatum

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Coccidioides

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Sporothrix schenkii

Penicillium marneffei

(penicilliosis)

Other dimorphic endemic fungi

Further reading

CHAPTER 21: Molds

Aspergillus

Mucorales

Fusarium

Scedosporium

Dermatophytes

Subcutaneous mycoses

Further reading

SECTION V: Parasitology

CHAPTER 22: Parasitology

General description of parasites

Life cycle

Diagnostic tests

Taxonomy of internal parasites

Antiparasitic drugs

Further reading

CHAPTER 23: Intestinal protozoa

Flagellates

Amebae

Ciliates

Apicomplexa (sporozoa)

Blastocystis hominis

Microsporidium

Diagnostic tests

Further reading

CHAPTER 24: Tissue and blood protozoa

Apicomplexa

Hemoflagellates

Tissue flagellate

Tissue amebae

Further reading

CHAPTER 25: Helminths

Introduction

Intestinal nematodes

Tissue nematodes

Flukes (Order: Trematoda)

Tapeworms (Order: Cestoda)

Further reading

CHAPTER 26: Ectoparasites

Flies

Fleas

Mites

Bed bugs

Lice

Further reading

SECTION VI: Clinical cases

CHAPTER 27: Cases

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3 (hypothetical)

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8 (hypothetical)

Case 9

Case 10

Case 11

Case 12

Case 13

Case 14

Case 15 (hypothetical)

Case 16

Case 17

Case 18

Case 19

Case 20

Case 21

Case 22

Case 23

Case 24 (hypothetical)

Case 25

Case 26

Case 27

Case 28 (hypothetical)

Case 29

Case 30

Case 31

Further reading

SECTION VII: Appendices

APPENDIX 1: Taxonomy of infectious agents infecting humans and lists of infectious agents according to their source

Human (close contact – other than sexual, droplet)

Human (sexual contact)

Human (endogenous bacteria)

Ingestion (human feces-contaminated food, water, or soil)

Ingestion (animal excreta-contaminated food, water, or soil)

Ingestion (uncooked animal tissue)

Animal (contact with animal, animal tissue, animal excreta, bite, scratch)

Fresh water (non-enteral exposure)

Sea water (enteral)

Sea water (non-enteral)

Inanimate environment, non-enteral (soil, air)

Inanimate (human fecal-contaminated)

Mother

Hospital

Blood

Tissue

Arthropod-transmitted infections

Acknowledgment

APPENDIX 2: Clinical syndromes and their causative organisms

APPENDIX 3: General references and online resources

General references

Specific references for Tables A2.7 and A2.10

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1.1 Structure of a table used to determine the diagnostic parameters and interpretation of diagnostic tests.

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 Specimen description: abscess. Site: flank; Gram stain: white blood cells; rare Gram-positive cocci in clusters Culture:

Staphylococcus aureus

Table 2.2 Specimen description: abscess. Site: thigh Gram stain: white blood cells; rare Gram-positive cocci in clusters Culture:

Staphylococcus aureus

PBP 2a detected; presumptive methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus

Table 2.3 Specimen description: blood. Culture: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Table 2.4 Specimen description: cerebrospinal fluid. Gram stain: white blood cells; Gram-positive cocci in pairsCulture: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Table 2.5 Specimen description: cerebrospinal fluid. Site: cerebrospinal fluid Gram stain: many white blood cells, moderate Gram-positive cocci in pairs Culture: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Table 2.6 Specimen: blood. Culture: Escherichia coli

Table 2.7 Specimen: blood. Culture: Escherichia coli

Table 2.8 Specimen: blood. Culture: Enterobacter cloacae

Table 2.9 Viral agents, common clinical syndromes, diagnostic tests, and specimen types. The tests for each virus are listed in Table 2.10.

Table 2.10 Tests used for detecting different viruses.

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Infections caused by herpesviruses, diagnostic tests, and treatment.

Table 5.2 Serological responses to different EBV antigens and the timing of their presence.

Table 5.3 Development of anemia and then recovery in a child with sickle cell disease who developed an “aplastic crisis” caused by parvovirus B19.

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Markers of hepatitis B infection.

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 Arthropod-borne viruses, listed by virus family, showing their geographic distributions, vectors, clinical syndromes they cause, and diagnostic methods.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Gram-positive cocci, their main characteristics, diseases they cause, and antimicrobial susceptibilities.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Key laboratory tests to differentiate the most common Gram-negative cocci.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Enterobacteriaceae most commonly encountered, according to tribe (sometimes used in their taxonomy), their usual sources, and the infections they cause.

Table 13.2 Enterobacteriaceae and their usual antimicrobial susceptibilities. With increasing antimicrobial resistance, there may be resistance to some of these drugs.