Practical Power System Operation E-Book

Ebrahim Vaahedi

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 266

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Power system operation from an operator's perspective Power systems are operated with the primary objectives of safety, reliability, and efficiency. Practical Power System Operation is the first book to provide a comprehensive picture of power system operation for both professional engineers and students alike. The book systematically describes the operator's functions, the processes required to operate the system, and the enabling technology solutions deployed to facilitate the processes. In his book, Dr. Ebrahim Vaahedi, an expert practitioner in the field, presents a holistic review of: * The current state and workings of power system operation * Problems encountered by operators and solutions to remedy the problems * Individual operator functions, processes, and the enabling technology solutions * Deployment of real-time assessment, control, and optimization solutions in power system operation * Energy Management Systems and their architecture * Distribution Management Systems and their architecture * Power system operation in the changing energy industry landscape and the evolving technology solutions Because power system operation is such a critical function around the world, the consequences of improper operation range from financial repercussions to societal welfare impacts that put people's safety at risk. Practical Power System Operation includes a step-by-step illustrated guide to the operator functions, processes, and decision support tools that enable the processes. As a bonus, it includes a detailed review of the emerging technology and operation solutions that have evolved over the last few years. Written to the standards of higher education and university curriculums, Practical Power System Operation has been classroom tested for excellence and is a must-read for anyone looking to learn the critical skills they need for a successful career in power system operations.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

FOREWORD

PREFACE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

1.2 OPERATOR

1.3 PROCESS

1.4 TECHNOLOGY

1.5 POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CRITERIA

1.6 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK

CHAPTER 2: POWER SYSTEM MONITORING

2.1 OPERATOR FUNCTION IN POWER SYSTEM MONITORING

2.2 PROCESS FOR POWER SYSTEM MONITORING

2.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER SYSTEM MONITORING

2.4 BAD DATA IDENTIFICATION

2.5 OBSERVABILITY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 3: POWER SYSTEM SCENARIO ANALYSIS

3.1 OPERATOR FUNCTION IN POWER SYSTEM SCENARIO ANALYSIS

3.2 PROCESS FOR POWER SYSTEM SCENARIO ANALYSIS

3.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER SYSTEM CONTROL

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 4: POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: STATIC SECURITY

4.1 OPERATOR’S QUESTION ON POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: STATIC SECURITY

4.2 PROCESS FOR POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: STATIC SECURITY

4.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: STATIC SECURITY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 5: POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: ANGULAR STABILITY

5.1 OPERATOR’S QUESTION ON POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: ANGULAR STABILITY

5.2 PROCESS FOR POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: ANGULAR STABILITY

5.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: ANGULAR STABILITY

5.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF ANGULAR STABILITY LIMITS

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 6: POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: VOLTAGE STABILITY

6.1 OPERATOR’S QUESTION ON POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: VOLTAGE STABILITY

6.2 PROCESS FOR POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: VOLTAGE STABILITY

6.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER SYSTEM POSTURING: VOLTAGE STABILITY

6.4 VOLTAGE STABILITY LIMIT DERIVATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 7: POWER SYSTEM GENERATION LOAD BALANCE

7.1 OPERATOR’S QUESTION ON GENERATION LOAD BALANCE

7.2 PROCESS FOR GENERATION LOAD BALANCE

7.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR GENERATION LOAD BALANCE

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 8: POWER SYSTEM OPERATION OPTIMIZATION

8.1 OPERATOR’S QUESTION ON POWER SYSTEM OPERATION OPTIMIZATION

8.2 PROCESS FOR POWER SYSTEM GENERATION OPERATION

8.3 PROCESS FOR GENERATION SUFFICIENCY

8.4 TECHNOLOGY FOR GENERATION SUFFICIENCY

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 9: SYSTEM OPERATION CONTROL CENTERS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 MODERN CONTROL CENTER ATTRIBUTES

9.3 CONTROL CENTER REDUNDANCY CONFIGURATION

9.4 MODERN CONTROL CENTER CONFIGURATION

9.5 MODERN CONTROL CENTER DESIGN DETAILS

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 10: ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 EMS FUNCTIONALITY OVERVIEW

10.3 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AVAILABILITY CRITERIA AND ARCHITECTURE

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 11: DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 DMS FUNCTIONALITY OVERVIEW

11.3 DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 12: EVOLVING POWER SYSTEM OPERATION SOLUTIONS

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 EVOLVING OPERATION SOLUTIONS

APPENDIX A: PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS

A.1 INTRODUCTION

A.2 PHASOR REPRESENTATION

A.3 PER-UNIT REPRESENTATION

A.4 MATRIX ALGEBRA

A.5 STEADY-STATE COMPONENT MODELING

REFERENCES

INDEX

SERIES ON POWER ENGINEERING

IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854IEEE Press Editorial BoardTariq Samad, Editor in Chief

George W. Arnold

Mary Lanzerotti

Linda Shafer

Dmitry Goldgof

Pui-In Mak

MengChu Zhou

Ekram Hossain

Ray Perez

George Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Copyright © 2014 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Vaahedi, Ebrahim.Practical power system operation / Ebrahim Vaahedi.        pages cm    Includes bibliographical references and index.    ISBN 978-1-118-39402-1 (hardback)1. Electric power systems–Management. 2. Operations research. I. Title.     TK1001.V324 2014    621.31–dc23

2013039735

To

my wife Elahe

and

my daughters Kiana and Niki

FOREWORD

Many of us who went through engineering schools invested a substantial amount of capital in textbooks. All of us would probably agree that we learned a lot of “engineering” from these textbooks, and most of us, myself included, would also tell you that the textbooks that we loved to hate have been on the shelves since we graduated and seldom picked out and dusted off to help us solve a real-world engineering problem. They do prove to be useful from time to time when we use them as examples to tell our children who follow our footsteps to become engineers that we learned that subject many many years ago. There was one textbook, however, that was different from them all—it was NOT one of those well-polished, nicely glued together, and expensive textbook, but a hand-written collection of notes used in one of our Power Engineering Courses at the University of British Columbia. It had all the fundamental theories that a Power Engineer would need to master. That “book” followed me through my engineer-in-training rotations and was my most frequently used technical reference in my engineering practice, from system planning to system operations. I have often wondered why there aren’t more textbooks like this one.

Dr. Vaahedi’s new book Practical Power System Operation is a perfect answer to my quest. This textbook is “classical electrical engineering theories meet everyday power system operation.” In an easy to follow manner, each chapter starts with a description of simple, practical, and real-life tasks in various facets of power system operations, followed by business processes allowing a glimpse into how these day-to-day tasks may align with the larger business picture, then gets into some hard-core maths and formulas and computational methods to drive home the message that every single task that power system professionals—operators and engineers—perform today in planning and operating this most complex machinery called the power grid is built on the fundamental engineering concepts invented by engineers and scientists generations ahead of us, and that we must continue to improve through innovation for the benefit of the users of our product and for the betterment of mankind.

Practical Power System Operation also offers a great historical view of the evolution of power system operations: from the master–slave analog control systems to the digitation of control technology, from randomly select data points to 4-second data sampling of the grid to microsecond sampling of the synchrophasor systems, from off-line studies with conservative operational method to real-time assessment of the system allowing precise system posturing and maximization of the utilization of assets. It describes the traditional and present day challenges in power system operations and offers a glimpse of the technology ahead. The readers will find this one of the most complete and practical textbooks on power system operation.

It is no surprise to me that Dr. Vaahedi was able to achieve this amazing accomplishment. He is always passionate about bringing innovative solutions to day-to-day operation of the power system. His academic research background and understanding of emerging technology and challenges in adopting the state of the art uniquely enables him to develop visionary and sound technology strategy and practical implementation for our control center organization. He has been instrumental in deploying cutting-edge technology solution in our real-time system operations world for many years. The new textbook is a great testament of his accomplishments. Congratulations Ebrahim!

MARTIN HUANGVice PresidentGrid Operations, BC Hydro

PREFACE

About a decade ago, I started teaching courses on “Decision Support Tools in Power System Operation” at the University of British Columbia. Through the years working closely with system operators at BC Hydro, I came to the realization that a technology course provides a partial view of what actually happens at a control center in operating a power system. To provide a complete picture of power system operation, we need to establish the operator’s functions, the processes used to deliver the functions, and the technology solutions that enable the processes. A good metaphor for power system operation is the operation of a car. It is impossible to provide a good picture of the operation of a car by only focussing on the details of its technologies without discussing the functions the car is meant to accomplish or the processes (driving guidelines and rules) deployed to operate the car and deliver the functionality. After looking around, I realized that there is actually no single book in power system operation that provides a complete picture. I had a eureka moment about two years ago when I took the challenge to write a book that combines the practitioner’s view of system operation with the details of technology solutions.

The journey to write this book was very difficult. It would not have been possible without the support of many individuals and organizations that I am indebted to. First, I would like to thank Mr. Martin Huang, Vice President of BC Hydro Grid Operation, who encouraged me to write the book and provided insightful comments to make the book one of the elements of operator’s training program at BC Hydro. I am also indebted to my employer, BC Hydro, for allowing me to use pictures from BC Hydro’s control center in the book. I would also like to thank a number of colleagues at BC Hydro: Mr. Tohru Harada for critically reviewing the book; Mr. Ska-Hiish Manuel for developing examples for the book; Dr. Wenyuan Li for his valuable encouragement and advice; and Mr. Brett Hallborg, the Operations Training Manager at BC Hydro, for commenting on the course contents.

I would also like to thank Alstom Grid for their generosity and their commitment to education and training, giving me the permission to use screenshots of their Energy Management Systems and Distribution Management Systems to better reinforce the concepts discussed in the book. A special thanks goes to my friend Mr. Ali Sadjadpour from Alstom Grid who facilitated the approval.

Finally, I am grateful to a number of my professional colleagues who provided insightful comments on the book: Dr. Antonio Conejo, Chair of IEEE Power System Operations Committee and Professor at Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha, Spain; Dr. Mohammad Shahidehpour, Bodine Chair Professor at Ilinois Institute of Technology; and Dr. David Sun, Chief Scientist at Alstom Grid.

EBRAHIM VAAHEDI

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

This book is the only book approaching power system operation in a holistic manner focusing on operators’ needs, the processes required to fulfil those needs, as well as enabling technologies to facilitate the processes. It has been written as a textbook for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the power system area as well as professionals in electric utilities, independent system operators (ISOs), consulting companies, electricity regulators, and all other entities dealing with system operation.

The book is composed of 12 chapters and an appendix. The first eight chapters of the book focus on operators’ needs, processes, and the enabling technology solutions. Chapters 9, 10, and 11 provide a complete description of the control centers, energy management systems, and distribution management systems. Finally, Chapter 12 covers the evolving and the state-of-the-art solutions in power system operation. The appendix deals with fundamental theoretical concepts to reinforce the understanding of each chapter.

The content of this book has been taught in the following permanent undergraduate/postgraduate courses at the University of British Columbia in the past decade:

EECE499: Decision Support Tools in Power System Operation

EECE498: Application of Optimization in Power System

EECE553: Advanced Power System Analysis

Classroom adoption potential extends beyond these courses. Other adoption possibilities either in the form of university courses or continuing education courses include:

Modern Power System Operation

Power System Control Centers

Energy Management Systems and Distribution Management Systems

Computer Applications in Power System Operations

All of the universities around the world that teach power system courses at the under-graduate or postgraduate level can adopt this book.

This book can be used by professionals in electric utilities, ISOs, reliability coordinators, consulting companies, and all other entities involved in power system operation. It can also be used as a reference textbook for operator training and certification.

CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

The main objectives of power system operation are safety, reliability, and efficiency. System operation has always been regarded as a critical function in utilities around the world because it can significantly change the utility’s bottom line. System operation affects people’s safety, impacts system reliability, and influences operational costs associated with the deployment of transmission and generation resources.

The electricity deregulation in the last decade created a new landscape for the energy industry. This change coupled with the potential for increasing penetration of large amounts of integrated and variable generation and the move toward smart grid, including advancing generation, transmission, and distribution technologies as well as customer enablement technologies continue to increase the complexity of power system operation.

In power system operation, there are three main actors: