Practical Procedures in Aesthetic Dentistry E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 561

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

Practical Procedures in Aesthetic Dentistry presents a comprehensive collection of videos demonstrating clinical techniques in aesthetic and restorative dentistry, and is accompanied by a handbook summarising the key points of each procedure. * Interactive website hosting over nine hours of video * Accompanying illustrated handbook summarising key points * Expert teaching across a comprehensive range of aesthetic and restorative procedures * International team of contributors with clinical and academic expertise

Leseprobe

Practical Procedures in Aesthetic Dentistry

Edited by

Subir BanerjiBDS MClinDent(Prostho) PhD MFGDP(UK) FICOI FICD

Private Dental Practitioner;Senior Clinical Teacher,Programme Director, Aesthetic Dentistry MScKing’s College London Dental Institute, UK;Board Member of the Academy of Dental Excellence

and

Shamir B. MehtaBDS BSc MClinDent(Prostho)(Lond) MFGDP(UK)

Dental Practitioner;Senior Clinical Teacher,Deputy Programme Director, Aesthetic Dentistry MScKing’s College London Dental Institute, UK;Faculty Member of the Academy of Dental Excellence

and

Christopher C.K. Ho BDS Hons(SYD) GradDipClinDent(Oral Implants)

MClinDent(Prostho)(LON), FPFA

Prosthodontist, Sydney, Australia;Visiting Clinical Teacher, King’s College London Dental Institute, UK;Faculty Member of the Global Institute for Dental Education;Board Member of the Academy of Dental Excellence

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ISBN: 9781119032984

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Cover image: Courtesy of Subir Banerji.

CONTENTS

List of Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the Companion Website

Part I Ethics

1.1 Ethics in Aesthetic Dentistry

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Part II Patient Assessment

2.1 Patient History and Examination

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

2.2 Clinical Photography

Principles

Procedures

Tips

2.3 Evaluation of the Aesthetic Zone

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

2.4 Clinical Smile Evaluation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

2.5 Digital Smile Evaluation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

2.6 Principles of Shade Selection

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Reference

Further Reading

2.7 Treatment Planning for Aesthetic Dentistry

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

Part III Clinical Occlusion

3.1 Clinical Occlusion: Assessment

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

3.2 Facebows: The Facebow Recording

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

3.3 Intra-occlusal Records

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

3.4 Semi-adjustable Articulators

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Reference

3.5 Functional Diagnostic Waxing Up

Principles

Procedures

Tips

3.6 Occlusal Stabilisation Splints

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Reference

Part IV Periodontology in Relation to Aesthetic Practice

4.1 Clinical Assessment of Periodontal Tissues

Principles

Dentogingival Complex (Biologic Width and Gingival Sulcus)

Procedures

Tips

References

4.2 Crown Lengthening without Osseous Reduction: Gingivectomy and Lasers

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

4.3 Crown Lengthening with Osseous Reduction

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

4.4 Management of Gingival Recession and Graft Harvesting

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Part V Direct Aesthetic Restorations

5.1 Adhesive Dentistry

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

5.2 Teeth Isolation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

5.3 Cavity Preparation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

5.4 Anterior Restorations

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

5.5 Posterior Restorations

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

5.6 The Finishing and Polishing of Resin Composite Restorations

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

5.7 Direct Resin Veneers

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

5.8 Repair and Refurbishment of Resin Composite Restorations

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Part VI Indirect Aesthetic Restorations

6.1 Tooth Preparation for Full Coverage Restorations

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

6.2 Tooth Preparation for Partial Coverage Restorations

Principles

Procedures

Cavity Design and Configuration

Tips

References

Further Reading

6.3 Provisionalisation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

6.4 Impressions and Soft Tissue Management

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

6.5 Aesthetic Posts and Cores

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

6.6 Appraisal and Cementation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Reference

6.7 Adhesive Bridges

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

6.8 Fixed Partial Dentures

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

6.9 The Role of CAD/CAM in Modern Dentistry

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

6.10 Ceramic Repair

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

Part VII Indirect Ceramic Veneer Restorations

7.1 Planning for Porcelain Laminate Veneers

Principles

Tips

References

7.2 Tooth Preparation for Porcelain Laminate Veneers

Principles

Procedures

References

7.3 Provisionalisation for Porcelain Laminate Veneers

Principles

Procedures

7.4 Appraisal and Cementation of Porcelain Laminate Veneers

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Part VIII Partial Removable Prosthodontics

8.1 Aesthetic Removable Dental Prosthetics

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References Further Reading

Part IX Aesthetic Management of Tooth Wear

9.1 Aesthetic Management of Tooth Wear: Current Concepts

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

9.2 The Direct Canine Rise Restoration

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

9.3 Anterior Freehand Direct Restoration

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

9.4 Maxillary Anterior Direct Build-up with Indices

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

9.5 Mandibular Anterior Direct Build-up: Injection Moulding Technique

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Further Reading

9.6 Management of the Posterior Worn Dentition

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

9.7 Evaluation and Management of the Occlusal Vertical 
Dimension: Generalised Tooth Wear

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Part X Tooth Whitening

10.1 Assessment of the Discoloured Tooth

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

10.2 Vital Bleaching

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

10.3 Non-vital Bleaching

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Part XI Implants in the Aesthetic Zone

11.1 Pre-operative Evaluation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

11.2 Abutment Selection

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

11.3 Impression Taking in Implant Dentistry

Principles

Procedures

Tips

Reference

Further Reading

11.4 Screw versus Cemented Implant-Supported Restorations

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Further Reading

11.5 Implant Provisionalisation

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

11.6 Pink Aesthetics

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

11.7 Implant Maintenance and Review

Principles

Procedures

Tips

References

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 4

Table 4.1.1

Table 4.1.2

Table 4.2.1

Table 4.2.2

Table 4.4.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.5.1

Chapter 6

Table 6.6-1

Table 6.10.1

Chapter 7

Table 7.1.1

Chapter 9

Table 9.1.1

Chapter 10

Table 10.1.1

Chapter 11

Table 11.1.1

Table 11.3.1

Table 11.4.1

Table 11.5.1

Table 11.5.2

Table 11.7.1

Table 11.7.2

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.2.1

Laboratory communication: use of shade guides conveyed in photograph to laboratory – note that the tabs are placed in the same vertical plane and angles as the teeth, with the incisal edge facing the incisal edges, as the ginigival portion of the tab is always shaded more like dentine.

Figure 2.2.2

Canon MR-14EX macro ring flash

Figure 2.2.3

Photo taken with a ring flash (left) compared to one with a dual-point flash (right) – note the difference in the second image, with more depth, texture and a three-dimensional effect

Figure 2.2.4

Contrasters or black cardboard can be used to provide a black background, allowing excellent display of characterisations

Figure 2.4.1

Worn anterior maxillary dentition – an intraoral mock-up has been carried out using direct resin composite from which a diagnostic wax-up is produced

Figure 2.4.2

Diagnostic wax-up

Figure 2.4.3

The wax-up has been indexed and ‘copied’ using a bis-acryl-based temporary crown and bridge material – the markings demonstrate the critical appraisal of the wax-up to verify the smile arc, axial inclination, symmetry, morphology and proportions

Figure 2.5.1

The digital facebow analysis allows fine adjustment to head position to create accurate horizontal and vertical facial references

Figure 2.5.2

Optimal height to width ratios and calibrated digital rulers provide valuable information for the technician in establishing the diagnostic wax-up and final case

Figure 2.5.3

Tooth form and arrangement are finalised to design guidelines

Figure 2.5.4

The laboratory technician is able to develop accurate changes based on the digital prescription

Figure 2.5.5

The final veneers mimic previously established and verified digital design guidelines

Figure 2.6.1

Vita Linearguide 3D-Master (VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany)

Figure 2.6.2

Stump shade taken to determine colour of the underlying tooth preparation

Figure 2.6.3

Photographing the teeth from above the plane perpendicular to the labial surface allows less specular reflection, revealing the characteristics of the teeth

Figure 2.7.1

This patient has a failing upper right lateral incisor and the presenting complaint is the extreme mobility of this tooth

Figure 2.7.2

The tooth was extracted, root sectioned, adjusted palatally to accommodate the occlusion and immediately splinted to the adjacent tooth with composite resin to address the ‘aesthetic dental emergency’. The image here shows the area after a period of healing of the soft tissues has taken place. A more definitive alternative can now be considered after the comprehensive treatment plan has been developed

Chapter 3

Figure 3.3.1

Leaf gauge (Huffman Dental Products LLC, South Vienna, OH, USA)

Figure 3.3.2

The use of a Lucia Jig (Great Lakes Orthodontics, Ltd, Tonawanda, NY, USA)

Figure 3.3.3

Facebow record in pink beauty wax. Temp-Bond (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA) has been placed across a portion of the record; cracking of the set paste may be indicative of unwanted distortion

Figure 3.4.1

The relationship of the bite fork to the condylar head elements of the articulator, which relates the incisal edge of the maxillary teeth in the correct three-dimensional position to the condyles in the patient's head

Figure 3.4.2

The condylar guidance angle set at 30°, immediate side shift at 0.5 mm and Bennett angle (progressive side shift) at 15°

Figure 3.4.3

The upper and lower casts correctly related by a jaw relationship record, with the incised pin prior to it being adjusted to offer extra support before the programming sequence

Figure 3.4.4

The condyles positioned out of the fossa – the angled blue arrow shows the forward and downward path of movement away from horizontal that the condyle has travelled during the protrusive movement

Figure 3.4.5

Forming the Duralay pattern resin capturing the incised scheme during all eccentric movements

Figure 3.5.1

The stages of a diagnostic wax-up for a upper left central incisor tooth

Figure 3.5.2

Development of the correct emergence profile

Figure 3.5.3

The three-dimensional nature of the contact area between the upper left and right central incisors and left lateral incisor

Figure 3.6.1

A maxillary, hard full-coverage acrylic Michigan splint

Figure 3.6.2

A mandibular, hard full-coverage acrylic Tanner appliance

Figure 3.6.3

A hard, full-coverage acrylic appliance with the end-point occlusal contacts marked in articulating paper

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1.1

The periodontal tissues play a major role in the aesthetics of the smile

Figure 4.1.2

The main aesthetic parameters in periodontics: gingival exposure during smile, papillae proportions and location of gingival zenith

Figure 4.1.3

Average dimensions of different areas of the dentogingival complex

Figure 4.1.4

From thinner to thicker biotypes

Figure 4.1.5

Probing periodontal tissue to assess sulcus depth

Figure 4.2.1

Examples of gummy smiles where the main causes are maxillary vertical excess (upper left), altered eruption (upper right), short lateral incisor teeth (lower left) and secondary eruption due to wear (lower right)

Figure 4.2.2

Normal dentogingival complex and altered eruption types

Figure 4.2.3

Typical incision design for gingivectomy

Figure 4.2.4

Gingivectomy performed in a case of altered passive eruption and gingival overgrowth

Figure 4.2.5

Using a laser for a gingivectomy

Figure 4.3.1

Initial situation (top) with unpleasing gingival levels, short teeth and incorrect relative widths of anterior teeth. With an additive direct mock-up (bottom), the potential aesthetic benefits can be visualised intra-orally. The lengthening of incisal edges and their better width distribution gives an improved gingival appearance

Figure 4.3.2

Wax-up made by improving the shape and contours of a direct mock-up. From this wax-up a surgical guide was constructed

Figure 4.3.3

Although probing soft tissues and bone can be helpful, only after raising the flap can the bone levels be correctly assessed

Figure 4.3.4

Surgical procedure with bone re-contouring and soft-tissue reduction using the surgical guide as a reference

Figure 4.3.5

Restorative procedures after healing – preparations and provisionals

Figure 4.3.6

Final result after restorative procedures

Figure 4.4.1

A subepithelial connective tissue graft is harvested in the premolar area. The access is through an incision near the gingival margin and the graft is detached through internal incisions towards the midline, but avoiding the palatine artery.

Figure 4.4.2

Palatal (left) and tuberosity (right) grafts. Tuberosity grafts are more fibrous with less fat

Figure 4.4.3

Root coverage: traditional approach using vertical releasing incisions, graft and coronally advanced flap

Figure 4.4.4

Root coverage with a less invasive approach. The graft is inserted through a tunnel technique. The flap is moved by internal releasing incisions on the periosteum, allowing the tissue to advance coronally without raising the papillae

Figure 4.4.5

Initial situation with dentin hypersensitivity with Miller Class I gingival recession due to aggressive tooth brushing (left). After proper patient education concerning hygiene technique, a root coverage procedure was performed and tissues have remained stable for 5 years (right)

Chapter 5

Figure 5.2.1

The use of a rubber dam to provide effective moisture control

Figure 5.2.2

Completed resin composite restoration, where good moisture control is paramount to success

Figure 5.3.1

The patient is unhappy about the appearance of the anterior composites

Figure 5.3.2

The old composites have been removed and the cavity has been bevelled to create a smooth transition of colour

Figure 5.3.3

The new composite is seen from the distal aspect on the upper right central incisor to show the transition of colour across the labial surface

Figure 5.4.1

An example of an anterior tooth requiring a direct resin composite restoration

Figure 5.4.2

A palatal shelf has been formed using a silicone key. The figure shows the use of a Teflon-coated ‘dead-soft’ matrix to form an interproximal pillar, as seen on the lefthand side

Figure 5.4.3

Dentine layer build-up

Figure 5.4.4

Completed restoration. Subsurface resin tints have been added to mimic physiological hypoplastic areas

Figure 5.5.1

A disto-occlusal cavity; a sectional matrix has been applied supported by a metal ring, which can permit the insertion of a proprietary wedge under the beaks of the jaws

Figure 5.5.2

The interproximal wall has been formed; the matrix and ring can be removed having ‘formed’ an occlusal, Class 1 cavity. The wedge is retained in situ to avoid unwanted bleeding

Figure 5.5.3

Restoration prior to finishing and polishing

Figure 5.7.1

A discoloured upper maxillary central incisor

Figure 5.7.2

Completed direct resin veneer (3 years post-operative). Veneer was placed without any removal of tooth tissue

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1.1

Marginal finish lines with marginal configuration for porcelain fused to metal restorations: (a) shoulder with porcelain butt margin, (b) deep chamfer with metal collar, (c) shoulder with bevel (metal collar), (d) knife edge with metal margin, (e) chamfer with metal margin

Figure 6.1.2

All-ceramic crown preparation requirements

Figure 6.2.1

Onlay and inlay preparation requirements

Figure 6.3.1

Diagnostic wax-up transferred to patient for mock-up to assess aesthetic changes with provisional materials for approval and consent

Figure 6.3.2

Protemp crown (3M, St Paul, MN, USA) – malleable preformed crown that can be customised to size and adapted prior to curing

Figure 6.3.3

Silicone key developed from diagnostic wax-up. Note that a notch has been made between the central incisors to allow easy placement on the teeth. The injection of the flowable tip should always be kept within the material in order not to incorporate voids

Figure 6.3.4

Trimming of multiple provisionals may be enhanced with the use of a disc that allows simpler adjustment of embrasure spaces

Figure 6.4.1

The aim of retraction is to displace tissues away from the margin and establish a moisture free sulcus to allow impression material to flow freely in

Figure 6.4.2

Intra-oral digital implant impressions can also be acquired using special abutments called scan bodies

Figure 6.5.1

A Fibre-White ParaPost and core former (Para-Form, Coletene/Whaledent Inc., Cuyagoga Falls, OH, USA)

Figure 6.5.2

Try-in of a Fibre-White ParaPost

Figure 6.5.3

A completed resin fibre post and core restoration, with a 2 mm ferrule.

Figure 6.6.1

Assessment of crowns on the dies and unsectioned models to check fit, contact points and overall form and contour

Figure 6.6.2

PrepStart (Danville Materials, San Ramon, CA, USA) air abrasion to clean preparation prior to seating of restorations. Alternatively a pumice slurry may be used to clean the preparations

Figure 6.6.3

Clearly marking multiple restoration locations after cleaning of crowns is important so as not to confuse placement of crowns. This may be with the use of place holders or can be as simple as writing tooth numbers on a paper towel

Figure 6.6.4

Seating of the crown with a self-adhesive cement. As a dual-cure cement, after an initial gel set the excess can be removed. Alternatively the wave cure technique of waving a curing light over it for 1–2 seconds gel sets the cement, allowing simple removal

Figure 6.7.1

Upper right first premolar missing

Figure 6.7.2

A adhesive bridge has been provided

Figure 6.7.3

The adhesive bridge at the 9-year recall appointment

Figure 6.7.4

A missing lower left first molar tooth has been replaced with two cantilever adhesive bridges that have independent paths of insertion

Figure 6.8.1

Off-axis pontics may induce a torque moment

Figure 6.8.2

The ‘bucket handle’ effect of curved bridges

Figure 6.8.3

An upper left central incisor and canine repaired for a three-unit bridge

Figure 6.9.1

Phases of CAD/CAM dentistry

Figure 6.9.2

Triangulation and density distribution of data points across the varying surface of the preparation

Figure 6.9.3

Actual scan data image (left) and image corrected with algorithm (right)

Figure 6.9.4

The two lines in the box on the right show the two-dimensional digital representation, by two scanners, of the surface marked by the box on the image on the left

Figure 6.10.1

Fractured all-ceramic crown

Figure 6.10.2

CoJet air abrasion to roughen and silicoat the surface of the crown to allow adhesive bonding

Figure 6.10.3

Repaired all-ceramic crown with direct resin composite displaying satisfactory aesthetics

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1.1

Diagnostic wax-up on articulated models

Figure 7.1.2

Correction of gingival contours with measuring of biologic width and gingivectomy with diode laser

Figure 7.1.3

Complications with porcelain laminate veneer with fracture

Figure 7.1.4

Symmetry bite or stick bite – This allows the orientation of the facial vertical plane and the interpupillary line to be transfered to the dental ceramist, enabling the correct alignment of incisal edges relative to these planes in the final restorations

Figure 7.2.1

Three-plane contour of labial surface of maxillary anterior tooth

Source

: Wilson 2015. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 7.2.2

Use of depth cutting bur to initiate depth of reduction required

Figure 7.2.3

(a) Cross-sectional view of depth cuts with depth cutting bur. (b) Cross-sectional view of depth cuts. (c) Connection of depth cuts with burs; note the convex contour required. (d) Poor preparation with one plane reduction may encroach into close proximity to the pulp, with irreversible damage.

Source

: Wilson 2015. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 7.2.4

Occlusal view of the amount of reduction required to develop the arch form outlined by the orange line. It is important that you visualise prior to preparation whether the reduction of tooth structure is actually necessary to attain the final tooth position and contour. Note that one tooth would not even require preparation, as to attain the desired arch form would be purely additive

Figure 7.2.5

(

a) Feather preparation. (b) Window preparation. (c) Bevel preparation. (d) Incisal overlap preparation

Figure 7.2.6

L-shaped proximal preparation to hide proximal margins.

Source

: Wilson 2015. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 7.2.7

Silicone index seen from the occlusal view

Figure 7.2.8

Silicone index assessing the vertical reduction.

Figure 7.3.1

Diagnostic wax-up

Figure 7.3.2

Spot etch of phosphoric acid applied on mid-labial of tooth. After washing off the etch, the whole prepared surface has bond applied

Figure 7.3.3

Loading of bisacryl resin into silicone template of diagnostic wax-up. Note that the template has been notched between 11/21 teeth to allow easier insertion intra-orally

Figure 7.3.4

Provisional material after removal from silicone key. Note that voids and areas of deficiency can be added with flowable composite resin to repair or modify. Any excess is removed with a no. 12 scalpel blade or multifluted carbide finishing burs. Ensure adequate contouring of the interdental spaces to allow sufficient space for access for cleaning

Figure 7.4.1

Use of a gum stimulator to remove unset excess resin cement

Figure 7.4.2

Floss should be pulled towards the palatal so as not to dislodge the veneer

Figure 7.4.3

A tacking tip on the curing light is used to tack the veneer into place

Figure 7.4.4

Veneers are tacked into place while pressure is placed towards the mesial and palatal (orange circle denotes the tacking tip position)

Figure 7.4.5

Use of no. 12 scalpel blade to remove excess cement

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1.1

The use of a portable dental surveyor with an analysing rod in clinical practice

Figure 8.1.2

Undercut depth gauges for flexible clasp (left) and non-flexible clasp (right) designs

Figure 8.1.3

Use of an undercut depth gauge for a rigid clasp design

Chapter 9

Figure 9.2.1

An example of a patient with mild posterior tooth wear, due to wear of the canine tooth

Figure 9.2.2

Post-operative view, following the placement of a direct resin composite–based canine riser restoration

Figure 9.3.1

Pre-operative view: localised anterior maxillary wear

Figure 9.3.2

Palatal surface wear

Figure 9.3.3

Freehand addition of resin composite to the maxillary central incisor teeth placed in supra-occlusion. Upon protrusion of the mandible the protrusive guidance is equally shared between the upper central incisors.

Figure 9.3.4

Separation of posterior units, by virtue of anterior 
supra-occlusal restorations

Figure 9.3.5

The re-establishment of posterior tooth contacts

Figure 9.4.1

Verification of a diagnostic wax-up using a Golden Mean gauge

Figure 9.4.2

Silicone key made from the wax-up, which can be used to assist with the layering of resin composite, to augment the worn-down dentition

Figure 9.4.3

Pre-operative view of a patient with localised anterior maxillary tooth wear – facial view

Figure 9.4.4

Pre-operative occlusal view – dental caries was stabilised prior to active wear management

Figure 9.4.5

Post-operative view – resin was added to restore wear without any tooth reduction using a PVS index guide and restorations were placed in supra-occlusion

Figure 9.4.6

Post-operative view after 9 months, with occlusal contacts re-established

Figure 9.4.7

Post-operative occlusal-palatal view, centric stops marked

Figure 9.5.1

 A 0.5 mm PVC stent formed on a duplicate model of a diagnostic wax-up

Figure 9.5.2

Template modified for use

Figure 9.5.3

Pre-operative view showing the tooth wear present on the lower anterior teeth. 
Source: Courtesy of Dr Selar Francis.

Figure 9.5.4

Stent try-in

Figure 9.5.5

Matrices in situ

Figure 9.5.6

Warmed resin injected into stent

Figure 9.5.7

Immediate post-operative view

Figure 9.5.8

Post-operative view

Figure 9.6.1

A worn posterior occlusal surface that requires restorative intervention. A direct resin onlay has been provided, as seen in Figure 9.6.2

Figure 9.6.2

Direct resin onlay

Figure 9.6.3

An intermediate direct resin onlay placed in supra-occlusion with a flat morphology on the lower right second molar tooth. On lateral excursion there is no contact on this tooth. Following re-establishment of the occlusal contacts, the restoration has been replaced with one presenting a more favourable anatomical form.

Figure 9.6.4

The use of adhesive ceramic and Type III adhesive gold onlays to treat a worn posterior dentition

Figure 9.7.1

Pre-operative view

Figure 9.7.2

Restored anterior maxillary dentition, using direct resin composite

Figure 9.7.3

The lower anterior dentition restored in resin composite, with posterior adhesive onlays provided at the new OVD

Figure 9.7.4

Adhesive onlay restorations (left posterior quadrant)

Figure 9.7.5

Restored dentition with mutual protection

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1.1

Intrinsic, extrinsic and iatrogenic discoloration.

Source

: Christopher C.K. Ho, BDS MClinDent Prosthodontics. Reproduced with permission from Christopher C.K. Ho.

Figure 10.1.2

Process of extrinsic staining

Figure 10.1.3

Calcific metamorphosis leading to discoloration of the UR 1.

Figure 10.2.1

Initial presentation and after vital tooth bleaching.

Source

: Christopher C.K. Ho, BDS MClinDent Prosthodontics. Reproduced with permission from Christopher C.K. Ho.

Figure 10.2.2

Bleaching producing oxidation and breakdown of complex molecules

Figure 10.2.3

Tray fabrication with block-out resin utilised to create reservoirs.

Source

:

Photo from the author’s clinical practice.

Figure 10.2.4

Application of 10% carbamide peroxide into tray reservoirs.

Source

: Subir Banerji, BDS MClinDent PhD Prosthodontics, London. Reproduced with permission from Subir Banerji.

Figure 10.3.1

Initial presentation and after non-vital tooth bleaching using 10% carbamide peroxide and an inside/outside technique.

Source

: Subir Banerji, BDS MClinDent PhD Prosthodontics, London. Reproduced with permission from Subir Banerji.

Figure 10.3.2

Inside/outside non-vital tooth bleaching using 10% carbamide peroxide. 
(a) Pre-operative condition of the discoloured non-vital UR 1. (b) UR 1 after inside/outside bleaching. (c) Maxillary and mandibular dentition after continued conventional vital tooth bleaching.

Source

: Photos from the author’s clinical practice.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1.1

Flow diagram for undertaking a comprehensive patient assessment.

Source

: Mehta, Banerji, and Aulakh, 2015. Reproduced with permission from George Warman Publications UK Ltd.

Figure 11.1.2

Evaluation of anterior tooth and gingival display. In this image, taken from the author’s clinical practice, the UL 1 is failing and requires extraction. The patient exhibits a high lip line that exposes all of the maxillary anterior and posterior teeth in addition to several millimetres of thin and highly scalloped gingival tissues with tall papillae. The aesthetic demands of the patient will be high and the rehabilitation of the UL 1 with an implant will require complex treatment.

Figure 11.1.3

CBCT scan of the maxilla taken from the author’s clinical practice, allowing for detailed surgical and prosthetic planning

Figure 11.2.1

Implant and prefabricated titanium abutment (Esthetic abutment, Nobel Biocare Services AG, Zurich, Switzerland). Note that the margins are available with different collar heights and are made to simulate the typical marginal positioning

Figure 11.2.2

Implant abutments available

Figure 11.2.3

All on Four

®

Treatment Concept (Nobel Biocare) – anterior implants have straight 
multi-unit abutments, while posterior implants have angulated abutments correcting the access for the prosthetic screws

Figure 11.2.4

Location jig to allow correct placement of the implant abutment

Figure 11.3.1

Open-tray impression copings – notice the square form of the coping, which is picked up in the impression

Figure 11.3.2

Customised impression coping in place, supporting and reproducing the gingival architecture developed by the provisional restoration

Figure 11.3.3

Jig constructed in the laboratory for pick-up intra-orally by splinting of copings to the jig

Figure 11.3.4

Paralleling technique used to take radiograph of implant and impression coping – note that there has been complete seating of the impression coping

Figure 11.4.1

Screw-retained crowns require an access hole on the cingulum area to enable access to the screw. The image on the right demonstrates the alignment of the implant, with the access to the screw leading to a hole on the labial surface of the crown, which would not be acceptable and necessitates a cement-on crown

Figure 11.4.2

Achieving screw retention in the anterior region may involve aligning the implant slightly more palatally in the anterior maxilla to allow screw access in the cingulum area, which may leave a ridge lap or unaesthetic crown

Figure 11.4.3

Use of a lateral set-screw to allow a bridge to be temporarily cemented, enabling retrievability if required

Figure 11.5.1

Progression from pre-operative condition to final implant restoration. Failing retained primary lateral incisor (a); resin-bonded bridge with single metal wing placed over immediate implant (b); implant-supported provisional restoration (c); definitive custom zirconia abutment and lithium disilicate crown (d)

Figure 11.5.2

Modification of interim removable partial denture pontics to prevent transmucosal loading. Pre-operative condition with congenitally missing UR 2, UL 2 and deficient soft- and hard-tissue contours (a); implant placement into the edentulous sites with simultaneous hard- and soft-tissue grafting (b); interim partial denture with modified pontics to eliminate contact with implants or grafted sites (c)

Figure 11.5.3

Laboratory-fabricated implant-supported provisional crown on definitive custom zirconia abutment

Figure 11.5.4

Chairside-fabricated implant-supported provisional screw-retained crown on temporary titanium cylinder

Figure 11.6.1

Pink porcelain between two dental implants in upper left central and lateral incisor to simulate missing papilla. Meticulous attention to oral hygiene is required to maintain the gingival health for this area. Source: Christopher C.K. Ho, BDS MClinDent Prosthodontics. Reproduced with permission from Christopher C.K. Ho.

Figure 11.6.2

Implant placed in extreme buccal position leading to severe recession and an aesthetic disaster

Figure 11.7.1

Comparison of peri-mucositis and healthy peri-implant. Gingival inflammation, soft-tissue swelling and tissue that bleeds easily on gentle probing (a). The patient was reluctant to perform basic hygiene around the cantilevered provisional fixed partial denture (FPD) UR 2–3 on the implant in the UR 3 position. Healthy peri-implant environment on the same individual around the final cantilevered FPD UR 2–3 after non-surgical supportive therapy and patient education (b). Note the lack of swelling, inflammation and bleeding

Figure 11.7.2

Changes in tooth position over 12 years of observation. Implant restoration of the UR 4 soon after it was delivered (a); clinical presentation 12 years after initial placement of the implant restoration (b and c). Note that while the peri-implant soft and hard tissues have remained healthy around the UR 4, the contact between the UR 3 and UR 4 has opened.

Source

: Subir Banerji, BDS MClinDent PhD Prosthodontics. Reproduced by permission of Subir Banerji.

Figure 11.7.3

Excess cement on buccal and lingual. Excess cement retained on the abutment and crown of the implant in the UR 3 site (a and b); radiograph showing recurrent decay of the UR 2 and peri-implant bone loss around the UR 3 (c). The patient presented clinically with pain, swelling and suppuration from the implant sulcus consistent with peri-implantitis

Figure 11.7.4

Series of radiographs and photographs from the author’s clinical practice permitting evaluation of peri-implant hard and soft tissues. High-quality repeatable radiographs demonstrating the stability of the crestal bone relative to the implant over time: baseline (a), 1-year follow-up (b) and 6-year follow-up (c). Subsequent photographs depict the stability and health of the peri-implant soft tissues over the same 6-year interval (d and e).

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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List of Contributors

Subir Banerji BDS MClinDent(Prostho) PhD MFGDP(UK) FICOI FICD. Programme Director, MSc Aesthetic Dentistry and Senior Clinical Teacher, King’s College London Dental Institute. In private practice in London and Faculty and Board member, Academy of Dental Excellence.

Jorge André Cardoso DMD(Portugal) MClinDent(Prostho)(UK). Tutor, MSc Aesthetic Dentistry and Secretary, Portuguese Society of Esthetic Dentistry, In private practice in Espinho, Portugal and Faculty member Academy of Dental Excellence.

Brian Chee BDS MSc DClinDent(Perio) MFDSRCS(Eng). Greenhill Periodontics & Implants, Wayville, South Australia.

Tom Giblin BSc BDent(Hons) CertPros. In private practice in Sydney, Australia and Diplomate, ICOI.

Christopher C.K. Ho BDSHons(SYD) GradDipClinDent(Oral Implants), MClinDent(Prostho)(LON), FPFA. Visiting Clinical Lecturer, King’s College London, Faculty member, Global Institute for Dental Education and Faculty and Board member, Academy of Dental Excellence.

Kyle D. Hogg DDS, MClinDent (Prostho). Visiting Clinical Teacher and Postgraduate Tutor, MSc Aesthetic Dentistry, King’s College London. Previous Honorary Clinical Teacher, University of Florida College of Dentistry – Jacksonville. Faculty and Editorial Board member, Academy of Dental Excellence and in private practice, Dental Health Professionals, Cadillac, MI, USA.

Russ Ladwa BDS LDS FDSRCS MGDS DGDP FFGDP. Past Dean, Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK), at the Royal College of Surgeons of England and Past President, Odontology Section of the Royal Society of Medicine, London.

Il Ki Ricky Lee RDT. Sydney dental specialist.

Shamir B. Mehta BDS BSc MClinDent(Prostho)(LON) MFGDP(UK). Deputy Programme Director, MSc Aesthetic Dentistry; Senior Clinical Teacher, Department of Conservative and MI Dentistry, King’s College London Dental Institute; in private practice in London and Faculty member Academy of Dental Excellence.

Bill Sharpling MBA, DipCDT RCS(Eng). Director of the London Dental Education Centre (LonDec) and Senior Clinical Teacher and Associate Dean (CPD) at King’s College London Dental Institute.

Andrea Shepperson BDS(Otago). Member of the American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (AACD), Honorary Life Member of the New Zealand Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry (NZACD), Member of the American Academy of Oral and Systemic Health (AAOSH), Member of the New Zealand Dental Association. Digital Smile Design Instructor and Kois Center Mentor.

Charles A.E. Slade BDS LDS RCS MFGDP(UK) MClinDent(Prostho). Clinical Lecturer, London Deanery, Clinical Teacher, King’s College London Dental Institute and Faculty member, Academy of Dental Excellence. Key opinion leader Biomet 3i. In private practice, Lister House, Wimpole Street, London and No45 Dental, Chichester, UK.

Foreword

Dr Banerji is to be congratulated for assembling such an impressive, international array of co-authors, all of whom I know to be highly talented clinicians and teachers. Collectively, they bring together a wealth of clinical experience and knowledge.

This very practical work is clearly aimed at the senior dental undergraduate/newly qualified dental practitioner, but will also prove of value to more experienced clinicians. The ambition of the authors, set out in the Preface, is to supplement established standard textbooks and the many hands-on courses available to us. The combination in each chapter of concise text, practical clinical tips, high-quality illustrations, and particularly the many hours of ‘live’ video that accompany a majority of the chapters, ensures that this ambition will be achieved. A companion website is also available to complement this work.

The inclusion of high-quality ‘live’ video is a major strength and a huge advance on the static illustrations in most standard textbooks. Several of the videos show actual clinical procedures from start to finish and, along with narrated presentations from the authors, allow a level of understanding that cannot be achieved using static images alone. Their extensive clinical experience has also enabled the authors to compile a whole series of extremely helpful clinical tips. Every reader will find something to adopt here to enhance their own clinical practice.

Even today, there probably remains, in the minds of some people, a stigma associated with the terms ‘aesthetic’ or ‘cosmetic’ when applied to healthcare. The inclusion of a chapter on ‘Ethics’ is, therefore, entirely appropriate. It should also be noted that many of the procedures described are additive or minimally invasive, and fully accord with the principles of best practice.

This work covers a comprehensive range of aesthetic clinical procedures and will be a very useful addition to every library. For many clinicians, it will be a ‘must have’ book!

Stephen M. Dunne BDS LDS FDS PhD

Professor of Primary Dental Care and Advanced General Dental Practice, King’s College London

Clinical Director, Genix Healthcare Ltd

Specialist in Restorative Dentistry

President of the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry

Preface

With changing trends associated with increased patient demands (often perpetuated by a growing wealth of ready-access, media-based and online digital information), it has become increasingly apparent that the attainment of a high-quality, predictable and desirable aesthetic treatment outcome has become an additional fundamental aim for the contemporary restorative practitioner. There is little doubt that the effective prevention, elimination and stabilisation of oral disease are essential prerequisites for successful oral rehabilitation.

Dental educators have responded to these needs by making available an array of resources, typically by means of traditional textual learning and hands-on courses. However, given the highly rapid pace of change and diverse developments in restorative dentistry, coupled with the current digital revolution (both in terms of information technology and social media), there is a need to deliver educational materials in a time-efficient, effective, user-friendly and economic manner – often at the ‘touch of a button’!

In this context, many online video presentations are widely available, for example on YouTube, which allow the dental practitioner to visualise procedures rather than simply imagining the stages between steps shown on photos supplemented by text. However, it is important that such resources meet quality assurance requirements and concomitantly boast authenticity.

I have come to realise the advantage of such assured dynamic-graphic content through my 20 years involved in educating undergraduate and postgraduate dental students as well as in my own clinical practice. In this unique publication I have been joined by an international team of highly experienced clinical educators who have, with their vast experience, put together material that aims to cover the principles and procedures for an array of clinical techniques, which we as experienced clinicians and educators strongly believe are integral to providing successful restorative dental treatment. In doing so, we have included a comprehensive range of aesthetic dental procedures commonly executed in everyday practice.

This learning resource comprises a combination of several hours of recorded video accompanied by an illustrated handbook summarising the key points, making available a source of information that we feel will help you to learn in a quick, meaningful and ‘bite-sized’ manner, and which we hope you will also find helpful and enjoyable.

While concise, this handbook is evidence based and includes references and suggestions for further reading. Additionally, it contains some relevant still photographs of crucial points in the procedures. The clinical images used throughout this resource have been taken from the contributing authors’ own dental practices and are from patients who have been treated by them.

Throughout this text, my co-authors and I have also tried to provide you with a number of useful, pragmatic clinical tips, which we feel may also help to tackle some of the minor (yet important) challenges that we as everyday practitioners encounter, but are seldom addressed.

The overall intention of this learning resource is to serve as a good accompaniment to traditional undergraduate and postgraduate learning materials, as well as to provide the general dental practitioner with a readily accessible form of relevant and appropriate information, combining the scientific and technical concepts in modern restorative dentistry.

This book is dedicated to those from whom we have learnt and to the many who continue on this journey.

Subir Banerji

Acknowledgements

Undertaking a project such as this is not possible without acknowledging the help and support of the many who have contributed towards its production, both directly and indirectly.

We would like to thank our families for their support and patience during this time when many hours were spent writing and recording the content for this unique enterprise. Our contributors have given generously and selflessly.

We would also like to extend our warm thanks to our patients who have given their permission and consent, enabling the use of images and footage that allow us to illustrate the various techniques with a practical and pragmatic approach.

We would also like to acknowledge the support extended by the Wiley production team and the publishers to make this idea into a reality.

Subir Banerji, Shamir B. Mehta and Christopher C.K. Ho

About the Companion Website

Practical Procedures in Aesthetic Dentistry is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/banerji/aestheticdentistry

The website includes the following videos, corresponding to their listed chapter number:

2.2   Clinical Photography

2.3   Evaluation of the Aesthetic Zone

2.4   Clinical Smile Evaluation

2.5   Digital Smile Evaluation

2.6   Principles of Shade Selection

2.7   Treatment Planning for Aesthetic Dentistry

3.2   The Facebow Recording

3.3   Intra-occlusal Records

3.4   Semi-adjustable Articulators

3.6   Occlusal Stabilisation Splints

4.2   Crown Lengthening without Osseous Reduction

4.3   Crown Lengthening with Osseous Reduction

4.4   Management of Gingival Recession and Graft Harvesting

5.2   Teeth Isolation

5.4   Anterior Restorations

5.5   Posterior Restorations

5.6   The Finishing and Polishing of Resin Composite Restorations

5.7   Direct Resin Veneers

5.8   Repair and Refurbishment of Resin Composite Restorations

6.1   Tooth Preparation for Full Coverage Restorations

6.9   The Role of CAD/CAM in Modern Dentistry

7.2   Tooth Preparation for Porcelain Laminate Veneers

7.3   Provisionalisation for Porcelain Laminate Veneers

7.4   Appraisal and Cementation of Porcelain Laminate Veneers

8.1   Aesthetic Removable Dental Prosthetics

9.2   The Direct Canine Rise Restoration

9.3   Anterior Freehand Direct Restoration

9.4   Maxillary Anterior Direct Build-up with Indices

9.5   Mandibular Anterior Direct Build-up: Injection Moulding Technique

9.7   Evaluation and Management of the Occlusal Vertical Dimension: Generalised Tooth Wear

10.1  Assessment of the Discoloured Tooth

10.2  Vital Bleaching

10.3  Non-vital Bleaching

11.1  Pre-operative Evaluation

11.3  Impression Taking in Implant Dentistry

11.5  Implant Provisionalisation

11.7  Implant Maintenance and Review

Part IEthics

1.1Ethics in Aesthetic Dentistry

Russ Ladwa

Principles

Ethics could be considered to be a moral code, giving a set of principles to guide behaviour. All of us who belong to the healing or caring professions are expected to look after our patients in their best interests, at all times. This is the obligation that society places on us, in return for the trust it places in our hands.

The doctor/patient relationship is underpinned by some fundamental principles, the first of these being ‘beneficence’ – that is, doing good and acting in the patient’s best interests – and ‘non-maleficence’ – that is, doing no harm. This principle dates back to the Hippocratic oath, which also includes the exhortation Primum est non nocere, ‘First and most importantly, do no harm’. This is further supported by a secondary principle of reserving more extreme measures to treat the more extreme conditions.

The two words ‘aesthetic’ and ‘cosmetic’ appear to be very commonly used in surgery and dentistry and are often interchangeable. ‘Cosmetic’ comes from the Greek word cosmeticos and generally implies temporary, superficial or reversible. ‘Aesthetic’ comes from the Greek word aestheticos and is concerned with the perception, the philosophy or the structure of beauty. With its deeper meaning, the term ‘aesthetic’ may appear to be favoured by the medical profession.

We live in an age where various cultural and social expectations associate beauty and appearance with attractiveness, youth, success and status.1 Added to this, in the presence of a rapidly increasing amount of readily available information, the people who are seeking cosmetic procedures have rising demands and expectations. They may also see themselves more as consumers than as patients. Because aesthetic dentistry may be perceived as an issue to do with their ‘wellness’, they see it as their ‘right’ to have it done.

Procedures

As dentists we have a problem and an ethical dilemma when faced with patients requesting cosmetic treatments that are purely elective and optional, merely in order to enhance the smile or appearance. This is especially the case when it is in the absence of any disease or functional disability or deficiency. The fact is that many procedures may involve considerable and irreversible harm to the existing biological tissues. It has been shown2 that up to 30% of sound hard tissue may be removed for a porcelain veneer preparation, and between 62% and 73% of sound tooth structure may be removed during preparation for full ceramic crowns in anterior teeth.

There are several questions to ask of ourselves. First, do have we the required competence to perform the procedure? Competence may be considered as the sum total of knowledge (which must be up to date in terms of materials, techniques and methods as well as being evidence based) and skills (which consist of appropriate training and adequate experience).

Secondly, in terms of treatment planning, are there any other, less invasive options that would achieve almost the same or a similar objective and could be considered instead? Is the plan based on what is safe and appropriate for this particular patient? What will work and last the longest? What will cause minimal problems in the future? How can these problems be dealt with if and when they arise? Is the whole procedure to be done with minimally invasive measures and methods?3

When a patient is demanding a certain type of treatment, consent is a complex issue. Has the patient the mental capacity and the maturity to absorb, comprehend, analyse and assess all the information we offer? Did the patient give their consent freely, without any subconscious or subtle coercion on our part? As professional people we then have to ask some pertinent questions of ourselves. Did I give all the relevant options and facts with regard to the risks/benefits and failure/success and potential harm, in step with current acceptable professional standards? Where do I stand if a patient who is a bruxist, for whom I know gold would be the most conservative and long-lasting suitable material with which to restore the posterior teeth, refuses it?

The reality is that dentistry is a business too for many of us. Therefore there are further questions to ask. Did I or any of my team do anything by any form of communication (including any advertising in all its forms) to embellish or promote my qualifications or ability to encourage uptake of the treatment plan offered? Am I comfortable that I have no financial conflict of interest in the advice I have given? Would I be able to justify it to my peers? Would I be able to defend it to my profession’s regulatory body? Would I be willing to carry out the proposed treatment on any member of my own immediate family?

In parallel with our patients’ increased dental knowledge, intelligence and expectations, we have moved in medicine from the age of paternalism to one of collaboration. So it behoves us to work in a spirit of cooperation with our patients to help guide them and enable them to reach a proper and suitable decision, while at the same time respecting their autonomy.

However, if after having presented all the information honestly and fully, the patient still insists on having inappropriate or harmful work carried out, which we as the dentist disagree with and are uncomfortable undertaking, then not only are we professionally entitled to refuse, we should also feel at liberty to do so. It should be remembered that just as their culture and social environment influence patients, dentists also have our personal judgement coloured by our upbringing and family background. This is of the utmost relevance when facing a professional dilemma, because attitudes and behaviour go beyond education and competence. Therefore, our level in possibly engaging with aesthetic work with any downsides must be judged on each individual case and particularly in the patient’s best interests. This ultimately becomes a matter for our individual conscience, guided by our internal moral compass. This is vital, as we need to retain the proper respect and trust of those we look after and care for, to belong and remain part of a worthy and noble profession.

Tips

Make sure you have covered all the treatment options, even those you may not consider within your area of expertise.

Be prepared to refer the patient on if the option chosen is beyond your area of expertise or experience.

Make sure to list the advantages and disadvantages of all the treatment options.

It is good practice to have a consultation with your patient, follow it up with a written treatment plan and then allow the patient to have the opportunity to discuss that plan.

It is good practice for the patient to be informed of all the likely costs not only of providing the treatment but also of any maintenance required over a period of time.

References

1

Mousavi SR. The ethics of aesthetic surgery.

J Cutan Aesthet Surg.

2010 Jan-Apr;3(1):38–40.

2

Edelhoff D, Sorensen JD. Tooth structure removal associated with various preparation designs for anterior teeth.

J Prosth Dent.

2002 87:502–9.

3

Kelleher M, Djemal S, Lewis N. Ethical marketing in ‘aesthetic’ (‘esthetic’) or ‘cosmetic dentistry’ part 1.

Dental Update

. 2012;June:313–26.

Part IIPatient Assessment

2.1Patient History and Examination

Subir Banerji and Shamir B. Mehta

Principles

The foundation for successful treatment planning is largely reliant on the ability of the clinician to attain an accurate and contemporaneous patient history and to carry out a meticulous clinical examination. All findings should be appropriately recorded. Treatment planning should aim to fulfil the patient’s realistic expectations, provide an outcome that boasts functional and aesthetic success (spanning beyond the short term) and, where possible, utilise techniques that involve minimal intervention.

The initial assessment should take place in a relaxed setting, perhaps distinct from the operatory, and permit the patient to voice their views. Emphasis should be placed on actively listening to the patient’s concerns and attitudes.

Procedures

Begin by verifying the essential patient data, such as the patient’s name, gender, date of birth, address and contact details. This may be attained by requesting completion of a pre-treatment evaluation document. The details can be checked by other members of your dental staff team, together with information concerning any relevant special needs.

Establish your patient’s reasons for attendance, hence the nature of their complaint and associated history. There are three categories of ‘dental aesthetic imperfections’ that drive patients to seek aesthetic intervention, which may be broadly classified as matters relating to tooth colour, shape and/or position.1

A detailed medical history is mandatory. A template medical history form may prove helpful. It is beyond the scope of this text to discuss the relevance of the medical history and its impact on the provision of dental care. However, in brief, the patient’s medical history (and status) may preclude them from attending necessary lengthy or frequent treatment sessions, require modification of the treatment protocol or may sometimes contraindicate certain types of treatment, as when there is an allergy to a material or product. Indeed, the underlying medical condition may also prove to be contributory to the aesthetic impairment, such as taking prescription medication that may induce gingival hyperplasia; or an eating disorder, hiatus hernia or gastric reflux, which may result in erosive tooth wear.

The condition of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is one to be particularly aware of. This may be considered a psychiatric illness characterised by a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance and may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupation or other important areas of functioning, with the preoccupation not being related to any other form of mental illnesses.2, 3 It would appear to be more common among patients seeking cosmetic and aesthetic treatments.

The patient’s dental history, their attitude to dentistry and their oral health should be noted. Oral hygiene habits, past attendance habits and previous experience of dental care should also be detailed. Dental-phobic patients and those who lack the motivation to maintain a high standard of oral hygiene may be more suited to relatively simple, low-maintenance, minimally invasive forms of treatment. Patients with unrealistic expectations may require further counselling, especially prior to embarking on complex, irreversible forms of dental treatment.

The patient’s social habits such as smoking and their level of alcohol consumption should be ascertained. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption not only contribute to the initiation and progression of various forms of oral disease, they also may contraindicate certain forms of treatment, such as tooth whitening and implant therapy. A diet history should also be obtained, taking particular note of the frequency and quantity of refined carbohydrate intake, together with the consumption of acidic foods and drinks. Copious and frequent consumption of foods and beverages that may cause staining, including tea, coffee, red wine and turmeric, is a further factor to be considered when contemplating colour-enhancing treatments such as tooth whitening. The patient’s occupation should also be noted, as it may affect their ability to attend on a frequent basis, or indeed have an aetiological role in the causation of their aesthetic concerns.

Now proceed to the initial examination phase