Prevention of Diabetes E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 374

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Expertly authored by the world’s leading specialists in the field, Prevention of Diabetes is the definitive guide for better preventative diabetes care. 

Using an evidence-based approach, it outlines the very latest in the identification of people at high risk for type 2 diabetes and how best to use interventional methods such as screening at-risk individuals, pharmaceutical intervention and lifestyle changes. 

In addition, it will provide healthcare professionals with the clinical knowledge required to clearly identify the early symptoms of diabetes, enabling them to provide their patients with better clinical care and helping avoid the onset of full-blown diabetes.

Also covered are both the health economics of establishing, and the methods of implement/delivering targeted prevention programmes into clinical and health care practice, based on the vast experience of the editors due to their involvement in such programmes.

Prevention of Diabetes provides clear and expert information in a practical, accessible way, and is ideal reading for all those with an interest in the prevention of diabetes and obesity, such as public health workers, specialists in diabetes and obesity, and GP’s seeing patients with early onset or pre-diabetes symptoms.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

CHAPTER 1: What have we learned from the number of clinical trials?

Introduction

Major lifestyle trials in prevention of T2D

Clinical trial evidence of the effect of lifestyle components on T2D risk

CHAPTER 2: Identification of target populations for intervention

Introduction

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes

Target populations for intervention

Categorization of glucose abnormalities

Detection of people at high risk for diabetes: scoring systems

Strategies to identify people at high risk for diabetes

Conclusions

CHAPTER 3: Diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes prevention

Introduction

Historical synopsis

Current definition, mechanisms, and consequences of prediabetes

Testing for prediabetes: Methodologic and epidemiologic considerations

Where are we now?

CHAPTER 4: What do we know about recruitment and retention in diabetes prevention programs? An Australian perspective

Introduction

Life! Taking Action on Diabetes program

Lessons learned

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 5: Depression and diabetes prevention

Introduction

Depression as a risk factor for diabetes

Potential mechanisms linking diabetes and depression

Emotional aspects in diabetes prevention

Effects of diabetes prevention programs on emotional well-being

CHAPTER 6: Diabetes prevention in a challenging environment

CHAPTER 7: Global migration and prevention of diabetes

Epidemiologic trends of diabetes in Asian Indians and migrant South Asians

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians and migrant South Asians

Preventive strategies

Conclusions

CHAPTER 8: Diabetes prevention in practice: examples from the real world

Introduction

The Greek experience

The Polish experience

Discussion

CHAPTER 9: Quality management and outcome evaluation in diabetes prevention

Introduction

Quality in diabetes care

Quality in health promotion and primary prevention

Classification of quality and outcome indicators

Quality criteria and indicators

Outcome evaluation indicators

Discussion

Acknowledgment

CHAPTER 10: Training of prevention managers

Curriculum development for the training of prevention managers in the field of type 2 diabetes prevention

Description of basic organizational conditions

Definition of learning objectives, methods, and materials

Control of learning objectives

The PM training course

CHAPTER 11: Prevention of type 2 diabetes: the role of physical activity

Physical activity and health – an evolutionary perspective

Evidence for the role of physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes

How much is enough?

Physical activity and body weight

Promotion of physical activity in diabetes prevention: what works

Physical activity and the detection of risk

Physical activity throughout life

Sedentary behavior: more than just physical inactivity

Conclusions

CHAPTER 12: Overview: Potentials of new media for the training of health educators in the field of diabetes prevention

Introduction

Didactic concepts and e-learning approaches

Web 2.0 and social software

New media in diabetes prevention

Conclusions

Outlook

CHAPTER 13: Practical approach to the implementation of diabetes prevention

Epidemiology

Combining forces

Screening and treating prediabetes

National programs targeted at the obesity epidemic

Index

This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell

The right of the authors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Prevention of diabetes / edited by Peter Schwarz, Prasuna Reddy.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-65465-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-66129-1 (ePDF) – ISBN 978-1-118-66130-7 (Mobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-66131-4 (ePub) – ISBN 978-1-118-66132-1

I. Schwarz, Peter (Physician) II. Reddy, Prasuna.

[DNLM: 1. Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2–prevention & control. 2. Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2–complications. 3. Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2–diagnosis. 4. Evidence-Based Medicine–education. 5. Risk Factors. WK 810]

RC660.4

616.4′62–dc23

2013013319

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: © Garth Stewart; © Shutterstock / eltoro69; iStockPhoto / dutch icon

Cover design by Garth Stewart

Contributors

Abdul Basit MBBS, FRCP(Lon)

Director, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE)

Professor of Medicine

Baqai Medical University

Karachi, Pakistan

Michael Bergman MD, FACP

Clinical Professor of Medicine

NYU School of Medicine

Division of Endocrinology

NYU Diabetes and Endocrine Associates

New York, NY, USA

Bishwajit Bhowmik MBBS, DDM

Research Fellow – Diabetes

Institute of Health and Society

Faculty of Medicine

University of Oslo; and

Manager, Diabetes Prevention Intervention Study (DPIS)

Oslo, Norway

Martin Buysschaert MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine

Head of the Department

Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL)

University Clinic Saint-Luc

Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology

Brussels, Belgium

Avivit Cahn MD

Attending Physician

Endocrinology and Metabolism Service; and

The Diabetes Unit

Department of Medicine

Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center

Jerusalem, Israel

Stephen Colagiuri MD

Professor of Metabolic Health

Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders

University of Sydney

Sydney, NSW, Australia

Emmanuel Cosson MD, PhD

Professor

Department of Endocrinology Diabetology Nutrition

Jean Verdier Hospital, AP-HP

Paris Nord University, CRNH-IdF

Bondy, France

Melanie Davies MD

Professor of Diabetes Medicine

Diabetes Research Unit

College of Medicine, Biological

Sciences and Psychology

University of Leicester

Leicester, UK

Martin R. Fischer MD, MME (Berne)

Professor of Internal Medicine and Medical Education

Department of Medical Education

Munich University Hospital

Munich, Germany

Alice Gibson BSc

Research Officer

Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders

University of Sydney

Sydney, NSW, Australia

Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska

Chair, Department of Endocrinology

Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University

Krakow, Poland

Norbert Hermanns PhD

Professor of Clinical Psychology

Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg; and

Director, Research Institute of Diabetes Academy Mergentheim (FIDAM)

Bad Mergentheim, Germany

Akhtar Hussain MD, PhD, DSc

Professor of Chronic Diseases – Diabetes

Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine

University of Oslo; and

Coordinator, Diabetes Prevention Intervention Study (DPIS)

Oslo, Norway

Baruch Itzhak MD

Specialist in Family Medicine

Israel National Diabetes Prevention Committee

Jerusalem, Israel

Greg Johnson B Pharm, Dip Hosp Pharm, MBA

Chief Executive Officer

Diabetes Australia

Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Health

Deakin University

Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Kamlesh Khunti MD, PhD

Professor of Primary Care Diabetes and Vascular Medicine

Diabetes Research Unit

College of Medicine, Biological

Sciences and Psychology

University of Leicester

Leicester, UK

Peter Kronsbein PhD

Professor of Counselling and Nutrition Education

Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences

Faculty of Nutrition, Food, and Hospitality Sciences

Mönchengladbach, Germany

Rüdiger Landgraf MD

Professor of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetology

German Diabetes Foundation

Munich, Germany

Stavros Liatis MD

Senior Consultant in Internal Medicine and Diabetology

First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine

Athens University Medical School

Laiko General Hospital

Athens, Greece

Jaana Lindström PhD

Research Manager

Department of Chronic Disease Prevention

Diabetes Prevention Unit

National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)

Helsinki, Finland

Konstantinos Makrilakis MD, MPH, PhD

Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine

First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine

Athens University Medical School

Laiko General Hospital

Athens, Greece

Andrew Milat BHMS Ed (Hons), MPH (Hons)

Associate Director, Evidence and Evaluation

New South Wales (NSW) Ministry of Health

North Sydney, NSW, Australia

Markku Peltonen PhD

Director and Adjunct Professor

Department of Chronic Disease Prevention

National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)

Helsinki, Finland

Itamar Raz MD

Professor of Medicine

The Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine

Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center

Jerusalem, Israel

Prasuna Reddy BA, MA, PhD, MAPS

Professor and Director CRRMH

School of Medicine and Public Health

University of Newcastle

Callaghan, NSW, Australia

Musarrat Riaz MBBS, FCPS

Consultant Diabetologist

Baqai Institute of Diabetology & Endocrinology (BIDE)

Karachi, Pakistan

Peter Schwarz MD, PhD

Head, Division for Prevention and Care of Diabetes Mellitus

Department of Medicine III

University of Dresden

Dresden, Germany

Jane Shill BSc, MSc

Evaluation and Research Coordinator

Life! program

Diabetes Australia – Victoria

Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Victoria Telle Hjellset PhD

Post Doctoral Fellow

Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine

Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology

University of Oslo and

Norwegian University of Life Sciences

Oslo, Norway

Amy Timoshanko PhD

Prevention and Health Promotion Manager

Diabetes Australia – Victoria

Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Daniel Tolks Diplom-Gesundheitswirt

Research Fellow

Department of Medical Education

Munich University Hospital

Munich, Germany

Paul Valensi MD

Professor, Head of the Department

Department of Endocrinology Diabetology Nutrition

Jean Verdier Hospital, AP-HP

Paris Nord University, CRNH-IdF

Bondy, France

Philip Vita BSc, MAppPsych

Director, Sydney Diabetes Prevention Program

Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders

University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District

Sydney, NSW, Australia

Thomas Yates PhD

Senior Lecturer in Physical Activity

Sedentary Behaviour and Health Diabetes Research Unit

College of Medicine, Biological

Sciences and Psychology

University of Leicester

Leicester, UK

Preface

Noncommunicable diseases represent a great and growing threat to health and development worldwide. Four of these diseases: cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic respiratory diseases, are currently responsible for 60% of all deaths globally, with 80% in low and middle-income countries.

Diabetes is particularly challenging as it is increasing rapidly. The International Diabetes Federation predicts that in the next 17 years, the number of people worldwide living with diabetes will increase from 285 million to 552 million. Diabetes is a disease of poverty; it is increasing most rapidly in poor vulnerable populations and resource-poor settings. A large segment of the world's population is at high risk of diabetes, but only a very small proportion are screened or diagnosed.

Yet diabetes, like cardiovascular diseases and cancers, is largely preventable. Up to 80% of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes could be prevented by eliminating shared risk factors, mainly tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. While sedentary behavior and poor nutrition, especially excessive consumption of calories, salt, saturated fat and sugar, increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases, there is good evidence that healthful diets and regular physical activity can reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

The chapters in this book are examples of translational research, intervention trials, practical programs and designs required to address key challenges in the global action to prevent diabetes.

The identification of target populations for intervention is the theme of a chapter from Paris Nord University researchers. They describe a screening strategy for identifying glycemic abnormalities to detect prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Researchers Buysschaert and Bergman from Belgium and the US respectively, discuss diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes prevention. They focus on the status of diagnostic criteria related to glucose and more recently HbA1c levels. The development of quality and outcome standards for diabetes prevention is the topic of a chapter by Peltonen and Landgraf. They provide important information on quality indicators and outcome evaluation indicators that allow for measurement and comparative evaluation of different diabetes prevention approaches.

The comorbidity of diabetes and depression is the topic of a chapter by Hermanns. This renowned researcher discusses the advantages of a structured diabetes prevention program that also addresses psychologi­cal aspects of lifestyle modification. The role of physical activity in prevention of type 2 diabetes is covered in a chapter by researchers from the University of Leicester. The authors describe ways of initiating physical activity behavior change and the implications of the sedentary behavior paradigm.

A community-based lifestyle prevention program for prevention of diabetes is described in a chapter by a team of researchers from Greece, Poland, and Germany. The evaluation of the program in cohorts in two different communities and countries, showed improvement in cardiovascular risk factors and benefits in weight loss. A team of researchers from Israel has provided a chapter describing implementation of diabetes prevention programs directed at two levels: high risk populations and whole populations. The chapter emphasizes creating health promoting environments and quality improvement of interventional programs.

Implementing diabetes prevention programs in South Asia raises a particular set of challenges that are discussed by researchers from Pakistan. They describe the need for multidisciplinary teams to be active in primary prevention, and public health campaigns focused on children and adolescents. Another chapter considers the epidemiologic trends of diabetes among Asian Indians and migrant South Asians. The authors note that government prevention policy needs to consider training of healthcare practitioners in effective strategies for migrant groups.

An Australian team has looked closely at recruitment and retention in diabetes prevention programs. They describe the difficulties and possible solutions of attracting high risk participants into government-funded group programs, and note the under-representation of men and the socially disadvantaged. Training health professionals in diabetes prevention using new media is discussed by Tolles and Fischer from Germany. They provide an intriguing overview of e-learning approaches, web technologies, and the uses of new media in health promotion and diabetes prevention.

The chapters in this book represent advances in the application of research to address the prevention of diabetes, and more broadly, the prevention of noncommunicable diseases, which account for a large share of the global disease burden.

Professor Peter Schwarz

Professor Prasuna Reddy

CHAPTER 1

What have we learned from the number of clinical trials?

Jaana Lindström

Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland

Introduction

The primary prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) was originally proposed by Dr. E. Joslin in 1921 [1]. He commented on how obese people are more likely to have diabetes than their slimmer neighbors. Indeed, to be able to prevent a chronic disease such as T2D it is necessary to have knowledge about its modifiable risk factors and natural history. Furthermore, there should be a preclinical phase or a “window of opportunity” for intervention as well as a feasible screening tool to identify high-risk individuals. In addition, the efficacy of the intervention has to be proven in a clinical trial setting.

T2D is a very expensive disease – about 10–15% of the total health care costs in developed countries are spent to treat T2D and, in particular, its complications [2,3]. To avoid late complications of T2D and related costs, prevention of T2D itself is therefore desirable. There are some “natural” experiments in which ethnic groups have experienced rapid westernization and with it a rapid increase in the rates of obesity and T2D [4]. Therefore it is logical to assume that by reversing these lifestyle changes it would be possible to prevent the development of the disease. Such a potential for reversibility has been shown among Australian Aboriginals [5]. In these experiments hyperglycemic people returned to living in a traditional hunter–gatherer way of life – an ultimate lifestyle change not suitable for everybody.