Principles of Wireless Access and Localization E-Book

Kaveh Pahlavan

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1450

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

A comprehensive, encompassing and accessible text examining a wide range of key Wireless Networking and Localization technologies

This book provides a unified treatment of issues related to all wireless access and wireless localization techniques.  The book reflects principles of design and deployment of infrastructure for wireless access and localization for wide, local, and personal networking.   Description of wireless access methods includes design and deployment of traditional TDMA and CDMA technologies and emerging Long Term Evolution (LTE) techniques for wide area cellular networks, the IEEE 802.11/WiFi wireless local area networks as well as IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth, ZigBee, Ultra Wideband (UWB), RF Microwave and body area networks used for sensor and ad hoc networks.  The principles  of wireless localization techniques using time-of-arrival and received-signal-strength of the wireless signal used in military and commercial applications in smart devices operating in urban, indoor and inside the human body localization are explained and compared.  

Questions, problem sets and hands-on projects enhances the learning experience for students to understand and appreciate the subject. These include analytical  and practical examples with software projects to challenge students in practically important simulation problems, and problem sets that use MatLab.

Key features:

• Provides a broad coverage of main wireless technologies including emerging technical developments such as body area networking and cyber physical systems
• Written in a tutorial form that can be used by students and researchers in the field
• Includes practical examples and software projects to challenge students in practically important simulation problems

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Elements of Information Networks

1.3 Evolution of Wireless Access to the PSTN

1.4 Evolution of Wireless Access to the Internet

1.5 Evolution of Wireless Localization Technologies

1.6 Structure of this Book

Questions

Part I: Principles of Air–Interference Design

Chapter 2: Characteristics of the Wireless Medium

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Modeling of Large-scale RSS, Path Loss, and Shadow Fading

2.3 Modeling of RSS Fluctuations and Doppler Spectrum

2.4 Wideband Modeling of Multipath Characteristics

2.5 Emerging Channel Models

Appendix A2 What Is the Decibel?

Questions

Project

Chapter 3: Physical Layer Alternatives for Wireless Networks

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Physical Layer Basics: Data rate, Bandwidth, and Power

3.3 Performance in Multipath Wireless Channels

3.4 Wireless Transmission Techniques

3.5 Multipath Resistant Techniques

3.6 Coding Techniques for Wireless Communications

3.7 Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access

Appendix A3

Questions

Problems

Projects

Chapter 4: Medium Access Methods

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Centralized Assigned-Access Schemes

4.3 Distributed Random Access for Data Oriented Networks

4.4 Integration of Voice and Data Traffic

Questions

Problems

Part II: Principles of Network Infrastructure Design

Chapter 5: Deployment of Wireless Networks

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Wireless Network Architectures

5.3 Interference in Wireless Networks

5.4 Deployment of Wireless LANs

5.5 Cellular Topology, Cell Fundamentals, and Frequency Reuse

5.6 Capacity Expansion Techniques

5.7 Network Planning for CDMA Systems

5.8 Femtocells

Questions

Chapter 6: Wireless Network Operations

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Cell Search and Registration

6.3 Mobility Management

6.4 Radio Resources and Power Management

Questions

Chapter 7: Wireless Network Security

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Security in Wireless Local Networks

7.3 Security in Wireless Personal Networks

7.4 Security in Wide Area Wireless Networks

7.5 Miscellaneous Issues

Appendix A7: An Overview of Cryptography and Cryptographic Protocols

Questions

Problems

Projects

Partg III: Wireless Local Access

Chapter 8: Wireless LANs

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Wireless Local Area Networks and Standards

8.3 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Operations

Questions

Problems

Chapter 9: Low Power Sensor Networks

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Bluetooth

9.3 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee

9.4 IEEE 802.15.6 Body Area Networks

Questions

Chapter 10: Gigabit Wireless

10.1 Introduction

10.2 UWB Communications at 3.1–10.6 GHz

10.3 Gigabit Wireless at 60 GHz

Questions

Problems

Part IV: Wide Area Wireless Access

Chapter 11: TDMA Cellular Systems

11.1 Introduction

11.2 What is TDMA Cellular?

11.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment

11.4 Communication Protocols

11.5 Channel Models for Cellular Networks

11.6 Transmission Techniques in TDMA Cellular

11.7 Evolution of TDMA for Internet Access

Questions

Chapter 12: CDMA Cellular Systems

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Why CDMA?

12.3 CDMA Based Cellular Systems

12.4 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

12.5 Communication Channels and Protocols in Example CDMA Systems

12.6 Cell Search, Mobility, and Radio Resource Management in CDMA

12.7 High Speed Packet Access

Questions

Problems

Chapter 13: OFDM and MIMO Cellular Systems

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Why OFDM?

13.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output

13.4 WiMax

13.5 Long Term Evolution

13.6 LTE Advanced

Questions

Part V: Wireless Localization

Chapter 14: Geolocation Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 What is Wireless Geolocation?

14.3 RF Location Sensing and Positioning Methodologies

14.4 Location Services Architecture for Cellular Systems

14.5 Positioning in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Questions

Problems

Projects

Chapter 15: Fundamentals of RF Localization

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Modeling of the Behavior of RF Sensors

15.3 Performance Bounds for Ranging

15.4 Wireless Positioning Algorithms

Questions

Problems

Chapter 16: Wireless Localization in Practice

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Emergence of Wi-Fi Localization

16.3 Comparison of Wi-Fi Localization Systems

16.4 Practical TOA Measurement

16.5 Localization in the Absence of DP

16.6 Challenges in Localization inside the Human Body

Questions

References

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-0-4706-9708-5 (hardback)

To our wives Farzaneh and Deepika and our children Nima, Nasim, Shriya and Rishabh

Preface

Engineering disciplines are going through a “transformation” from their traditional focused curriculum to a “multi-disciplinary” curriculum and “inter-disciplinary” research directed toward innovation and entrepreneurship. This situation demands more frequent updates and adjustments in the curriculum, project-oriented delivery of educational content, and the ability to form inter-disciplinary cooperation in research programs. A successful transformation of this form demands entrepreneurship and visionary talents to adapt to these frequent changes and industrial experiences to direct the transformation toward emerging inter-disciplinary industries. Wireless access and localization is an excellent example and one of the flagships of a multi-disciplinary area of research and scholarship, which has emerged in the past few decades. Material needed for teaching wireless access and localization includes several disciplines such as signal processing, digital communications, queueing theory, detection and estimation theory, and navigation. The content of courses on wireless access and localization are useful for traditional Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) and Computer Science (CS) students as well as students in emerging multi-disciplinary programs such as Robotics and Biomedical Engineering and traditional Mechanical and Civil Engineering programs, which are similar to ECE, shifting toward inter-disciplinary curriculums. Cyber physical systems play an important role in the future of these multi- and inter-disciplinary engineering programs and wireless access and localization is essential in the integration of all of these systems. Therefore, there is a need for academic courses and a comprehensive textbook to address the principles of wireless access and localization to be taught in these multi-disciplinary programs.

To prepare a textbook to be taught in academic courses in a multi-disciplinary area of technology, we need to provide selected details of practical aspects of a number of disciplines to give to the readers an intuitive feeling of how these disciplines operate and interact with one another. To achieve this goal in our book, we describe important wireless networking standards and localization technologies, classify their underlying science and engineering in a logical manner, and give detailed examples of successful science and engineering that has turned into popular applications. Selection of detailed technical material for teaching courses in a multi-disciplinary area with a large and diversified set of technical disciplinary is very challenging and these challenges become more defying in teaching wireless access and localization because in this area the emphasis of the skills needed to be taught in the course shifts in time.

The success of wireless information networks in 1990's was a motivation behind a series of textbooks describing wide and local area wireless networks [Pah95, Goo97, Wal99, Rap03, Pah02]. The technical focus of these books was on describing wide area cellular telephone networks and local wireless data networks. These books were written by professors of Electrical and Computer Engineering with different levels of emphasis on detailed description of the lower layers issues and system engineering aspects describing details of implementation of wireless networks. Wireless localization has gained significant importance in the past decade and these books do not lay emphasis on the details of wireless localization techniques. As a result, currently, there is no single textbook that integrates wireless access and localization. Wireless access and localization are extremely interrelated in applications and fundamentals of design and operation. Understanding of these technologies have tremendous amount of similarities in the implementation of the physical layer and in the understanding of fundamentals of the radio propagation in the environment.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the wireless access and localization technologies. The novelty of the book is that it places emphasis on radio propagation and physical layer issues related to the formation and transmission of packets as well as how the received signals can be used for RF localization in a variety of networks. The structure and sequence of material for this book was first formed in a lecture series by the principal author at the graduate school of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, MA entitled “Wireless Access and Localization”. The principal author also taught shorter versions of the course focused on either of the two topics at different conferences and universities. The co-author of the book has taught material from this book at the University of Pittsburgh for first-year graduate and junior/senior undergraduate students in information science and telecommunications.

We have organized the book as follows: we begin with an overview of the evolution of wireless access to public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the Internet for voice-oriented and data-oriented information and an overview of wireless localization techniques followed by four parts each including several chapters. Part I contains chapters 2 to 4 and explains the principles of design and analysis of physical layers of wireless networks. In chapter 2, we begin this part by describing multipath characteristics of radio channel in indoor and urban areas, where all wireless access and localization techniques used in emerging smart wireless devices are applied. Then we explain how multipath arrival of the signal affects waveform transmission for wireless access and localization. In chapters 3 and 4, we discuss how bits are transmitted and how packets of information are formed for transmission, respectively. Part II of the book is devoted to principles for design of wireless network infrastructure. Three chapters of this part, chapters 5–7, cover deployment, operation, and security of these networks, respectively.

Part III is devoted to wireless local access technologies. Three chapters in this part cover traditional wireless local area networks (chapter 8) as well as low-power sensor technologies (chapter 9) and technologies striving for gigabit wireless access (chapter 10). Part IV of the book describes technologies used for wide area wireless cellular networks with three chapters addressing TDMA technology (chapter 11), CDMA technology (chapter 12), and OFDM/MIMO technologies (Chapter 13) employed in 2G, 3G, and 4G cellular networks, respectively. Part V covers wireless localization techniques with three chapters describing systems aspects (chapter 14), principles of wireless localizations (chapter 15), and practical aspects (chapter 16) of these technologies.

The partitioned structure of the book allows flexibility in teaching the material that is essential when it is used in different disciplines. We believe that the most difficult part of the book for the students is chapters 2–5 and chapters 15 and 16, which provide a summary through mathematical description of numerous technologies and algorithms. The rest of the chapters of the book appear mathematically simpler but carry more details of how systems work. To make the difficult parts simpler for the students, an instructor can mix these topics as appropriate. For example, the lead author teaches similar material in one of his undergraduate courses in wireless networking by first introducing the channel behavior (chapter 2), then describing assigned access methods (chapter 4) before describing TDMA cellular networks (chapter 11). Then he introduces spread spectrum modulation and coding techniques (chapters 3) and CDMA cellular networks (parts of chapters 4 and 12), and at last he covers multi-dimensional constellations (chapter 3) before he discusses wireless LANs (chapter 8). His new graduate-level course on wireless access and localization mostly covers chapters 1–5 and chapters 14–16 in depth.

In fact, we believe that this is an effective approach for enabling the understanding of the fundamental concepts of wireless access and localization in students. Therefore, depending on the selection of the material, depth of the coverage, and background of the students and the instructor, this book can be used for senior undergraduate or first- or second-year graduate courses in CS, ECE or Robotics, Biomedical, Mechanical or Civil Engineering as one course or a sequence of two courses.

The idea of writing this book first came to the authors in 2007 because of the need for a revision for the authors' previous book, Principles of Wireless Network – A unified Approach, and expanded that to include emerging wireless localization techniques. When the book was completed just before 2013, it was substantially different from the previous book and we decided to publish it as an independent book with a more relevant title: Principles of Wireless Access and Localization.

Much of the writing of the lead author in this book was accomplished during his sabbatical leave from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA at School of Engineering and Applied Science of the Harvard University, Cambridge, MA during the spring semester of 2011. He would like to express his deep appreciation to the Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the Harvard University for providing him this opportunity. In particular, he thanks Prof. Vahid Tarokh of the Harvard University for his timely arrangement of the visit and Dean Cherry A. Murray of the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences for granting the visit. Also, he thanks Prof. Fred Looft, Head of the WPI ECE Department, and Provost John A. Orr of WPI at that time for their support of his sabbatical leave for the work on this project.

Much of the new material in localization and body area networking are extracted from the research work of the students at the Center for Wireless Information Network Studies (CWINS), WPI. We are pleased to acknowledge the students' and colleagues' contributions to advancing the understanding of wireless channels and its application in wireless access and localization techniques. In particular, the authors would like to thank Dr. Xinrong Li, Dr. Bardia Alavi, Dr. Nayef Alsindi, Dr. Mohammad Heidari, Dr. Ferit Akgul, Dr. Muzzafer Kanaan, Dr. Yunxing Ye, and Umair Khan of the CWINS, Prof. Sergey Makarov of WPI, Prof. Pratap Misra of Tufts University, and Mr. Ted Morgan and Dr. Farshid Alizadeh of Skyhook Wireless, who have directly or indirectly helped the authors to extend their knowledge in this field and shape their thoughts for the preparation of the new material in this book. We owe special thanks to the National Science Foundation (NSF), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Department of Defense (DoD), and Skyhook in the United States as well as Finnish Founding Agency for Technology and Research (TEKES) and Nokia in Finland, whose support of the CWINS program at WPI enabled graduate students and the staff of CWINS to pursue continuing research in this important field. A substantial part of the new material in this book has flowed out of these sponsored research efforts.

The authors also would like to express their appreciation to Dr. Allen Levesque, for his contributions in other books with the lead author, which has indirectly impacted the formation of thoughts and the details of material presented in this book. The authors also acknowledge the indirect help of Prof. Jacques Beneat of Norwich University, VT, who prepared the solution manual of our other book, Principles of Wireless Networks – A Unified Approach. A significant number of those problems, and hence their solutions, are used in this book. They also thank Drs. Mohammad Heidari and Yunxing Ye and Bader Alkandari who are preparing the solution for this book based on the solutions in the previous book and Guanqun Bao and Bader Alkandari for their careful review of several chapters. The second author expresses his gratitude to Drs. Richard Thompson, David Tipper, Martin Weiss, and Taieb Znati of the Graduate Program in Telecommunications and Networking at Pitt. He has learnt a lot and obtained different perspectives on networking through his interaction and association with them. Like the lead author, he would like to thank his current and former students who have directly or indirectly helped him to extend his knowledge in this field and shape his thoughts for the preparation of the new material in this book. Similarly, we would like to express our appreciation to all graduates and affiliates of CWINS laboratory at WPI and many graduates from the Telecommunications Program at Pitt whose work and interaction with the authors have directly or indirectly impacted the material presented in this book.

We have not directly referenced our referral to several resources on the Internet, notably Wikipedia. While there are people who question the accuracy of online resources, they have provided us with quick pointers to information, parameters, acronyms, and other useful references, which helped us to build up a more comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of standards and technologies. We do acknowledge the benefits of these resources.

The authors also would like to thank Mark Hammond, Sarah Tilley, and Sandra Grayson of John Wiley & Sons for their assistance and useful comments during various stages of the production of the book and Shikha Jain of Aptaracorp for her help during the manuscript proofs. Finally, we would like to thank John Wiley & Sons for hosting the book's website at: http://www.wiley.com/go/pahlavan/principles.

1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

Technological innovations by engineers during the past century have brought a deep change in our life style. Today, when we fly over a modern city at nighttime, we see a planet full of the footprints of the modern civilization made by engineers. The glowing lights below remind us of the impact made by electrical engineers, the planes we fly in and the moving cars under them remind us of the contributions of mechanical engineers, and high rise buildings and complex road systems remind us of what civil engineers have done. Through the eyes of an engineer, the glow of light, the movement of cars, and the complexity of civil infrastructure display the challenges in implementation and the size of the market for this industry and demonstrate the impact of this technology on human life. There is one industry, whose infrastructure is not seen from an airplane because it is mostly buried under the ground, but it is the most complex, it owns the largest market size, and it has enabled us to change our life style by entering the age of information technology. This industry is the information networking industry.

Perhaps the most prominent feature of the human species over other living species on the earth is the ability to create a sophisticated linguistic that allows us to generate information based on our experiences in life and to communicate that with others, store them in writing, and retrieve them by reading. As a result, while other species have little knowledge of their peers' experiences in other places or even living close to them, our lives are based on the retrieval of cumulative information that has been collected and stored over several thousands of years around the world. The availability of this vast treasure of information has allowed us to create an advanced civilization that is by far above the other species living on planet earth. Therefore, the availability of information has been the most important factor in the growth of our civilization. Information networks facilitate the transfer of information across the world. In the same way that highway systems facilitate the physical transfer of merchandise and people across the continents to nurture economic growth, information networks facilitate the transfer of merchandise descriptions and human thoughts to stimulate the economy. Highway systems facilitate their physical presence in diversified locations and information networks facilitate the close to instantaneous virtual presence of information about them in diversified locations. The importance of existent of information in diversified locations in the growth of our economies has resulted in huge investments in the infrastructure for information networking and the emergence of this industry as the largest industry made by engineers.

To have an intuitive understanding of the size of the information industry, it is illustrative to notice that the size of the budget of American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Corporation in the early 1980s, before its divestiture, was close to the budget of the fifth largest economy of the world at that time. AT&T was the largest telecommunication company in the world and its core revenue at that time was generated mainly from wired connections to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) just for the basic telephone call application that was first patented in 1876. During the past three decades, the cellular telephone industry augmented the income of the prosperous circuit-switched telephone services with subscriber fees from approximately seven billion cellular telephone users worldwide. Today the income of the wireless industry has already surpassed the income of the wired telephone industry and this income is still dominated by the revenue from cellular telephone calls for wireless access to the PSTN and their recurring subscriber fees.

In the mid-1990s the Internet brought the data-oriented packet switched computer communication industry from a business-oriented office industry to an “everyone-use” home-oriented industry that soon generated an income comparable to that of the wired telephone and wireless access industries. At the time of writing, the information networking industry (including fixed and wireless telephones as well as Internet access industries) has annual revenues of a few trillion dollars and by far is the largest engineering industry in the world. The largest portion of earnings of the wireless industry is made from the revenue generated by cellular telephone calls. However, this trend is rapidly changing and the future of this industry relies on broadband wireless Internet access that has shown a rapid and continual growth to support the emerging multimedia communication networking industry and ad hoc wireless sensor networking. Sensor networks are becoming important for emerging cyber physical systems in different areas such as medicine and transportation.

The main forces behind the growth of the necessity for packet switched wireless data networks in the past few years were the sudden success of the smart phones that became an epidemic after their introduction and the unprecedented popularity of the iPhone in 2007. Smart phones, and in particular the iPhone, opened a new paradigm for a variety of data applications and nurtured the growth of social networking that was another revolution in networking applications. The exponential growth of the volume of information transfer using wireless data for multimedia and Internet browsing applications in the late 2000s caused an exponential growth in the wireless local area networking industry and forced the cellular telephone industry to shift its focus from the traditional telephone application and its quality of service to the emerging multimedia data applications which demand higher data rates but are more tolerant of delay.