Processing, Properties, and Design of Advanced Ceramics and Composites II E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Ceramic Transaction Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 722

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

Processing, Properties, and Design of Advanced Ceramics and Composites II, Ceramic Transactions Volume 261 Narottam P. Bansal, Ricardo H. R. Castro, Michael Jenkins, Amit Bandyopadhyay, Susmita Bose, Amar Bhalla, J.P. Singh, Morsi M. Mahmoud, Gary Pickrell, and Sylvia Johnson; Editors This proceedings volume contains a collection of 36 papers (~350 pages) from the following symposia held during the 2016 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T'16) meeting held in Salt Lake City, UT, October 24-27, 2016: * Advanced Materials for Harsh Environments * Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices * Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites * Ceramic Optical Materials * Controlled Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Structural and Functional Nanomaterials * Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites * International Standards for Properties and Performance of Advanced Ceramics * Multifunctional Oxides * Rustum Roy Memorial Symposium on Processing and Performance of Materials Using Microwaves, Electric, and Magnetic Fields * Sintering and Related Powder Processing Science and Technology * Surface Properties of Biomaterials * Thermal Protection Materials and Systems * Zirconia Based Materials for Cutting Edge Technology

Leseprobe

Processing, Properties, and Design of Advanced Ceramics and Composites II

Ceramic Transactions, Volume 261

Edited by

Narottam P. Bansal

Ricardo H. R. Castro

Michael Jenkins

Amit Bandyopadhyay

Susmita Bose

Amar Bhalla

J.P. Singh

Morsi M. Mahmoud

Gary Pickrell

Sylvia Johnson

This edition first published 2017© 2017 The American Ceramic Society

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The rights of Narottam P. Bansal, Ricardo H. R. Castro, Michael Jenkins, Amit Bandyopadhyay, Susmita Bose, Amar Bhalla, J.P. Singh, Morsi M. Mahmoud, Gary Pickrell, and Sylvia Johnson to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work have been asserted in ac-cordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN: 9781119423805ISSN: 1042-1122

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Contents

Preface

ADVANCES IN COMPOSITES

The Effect of Paste Water Content on the Green Microstructure of Extruded Titanium Dioxide

Mustafa Kanaan Alazzawi and Richard A. Haber

Compaction Plasticity of Spray Dried Alumina Granules to Form Microstructural Uniformity and Green Strength

I. P. Maher and R. A. Haber

A Model for the Numerical Simulation of Liquid Silicon Infiltration into Porous Carbon/Carbon Preforms

Khurram Iqbal, Sudhanshu Dwivedi, and Stevens Cadet

Foreign Object Damage in a SiC Fibrous Composite

Nesredin Kedir, David Faucett, Luis Sanchez, and Sung R. Choi

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF ADVANCED CERAMICS

ASTM Subcommittee C28.01 Mechanical Properties and Reliability

Michael G. Jenkins

ASTM Committee C28: International Standards for Properties and Performance of Advanced Ceramics-Three Decades of High-Quality, Technically-Rigorous Normalization

Michael G. Jenkins and Jonathan A. Salem

ASTM Subcommittee C28.07 Ceramic Matrix Composites

Michael G. Jenkins and Andrew Wereszczak

Activities in ISO/TC206 Fine Ceramics—A Quarter Century of Progress

Shuji Sakaguchi

SINTERING AND RELATED POWDER PROCESSING

The Usage of Heat Explosion to Synthesize Intermetallic Compounds and Alloys

Karina Belokon and Yuriy Belokon

Structural Characterization of Carbon-Based Materials Obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering of Non-Graphitic Carbon with Nickel and Iron as Catalysts and Space Holders

A. V. Ukhina, B. B. Bokhonov, D. V. Dudina, K. Yubuta, and H. Kato

On the Effect of Electric Field during Spark Plasma Sintering—A “Faraday Cage” Approach

Anil Prasad, Somi Doja, and Lukas Bichler

Enhancement of Diffusion Bonding of Silver Graphite to Copper by Severe Plastic Deformation

Daudi R. Waryoba

SURFACE PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIALS

Hydroxyapatite Precipitation on Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloys: Effect of Surface Conditions

Mahmoud Abdel-salam, Waleed Khalifa, and Shimaa El-Hadad

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy

Ahmed Fityan, Shimaa El-Hadad, and Waleed Khalifa

Surface Modification of Titanium Foams Produced by Freeze-Casting

Silvia Briseño Murguia, Joshua Barclay, Samir M. Aouadi, and Marcus L. Young

The Effect of Plastic Deformation on the Cell Viability and Adhesion Behavior in Metallic Implant Materials

B. Uzer and D. Canadinc

INNOVATIVE PROCESSING

Influence of Hot-Pressing Time on Phase Evolution of SHS Obtained Ti

2

AlC Active Precursor Powder

L. Chlubny, J. Lis, P. Borowiak, and K. Chabior

Increasing the Silicon Carbide Content in Laser Sintered Reaction Bonded Silicon Carbide

Sebastian Meyers, Lien De Leersnijder, Jef Vleugels, and Jean-Pierre Kruth

Challenges in Spark Plasma Sintering of Cerium (IV) Oxide

Anil Prasad, Linu Malakkal, Lukas Bichler, and Jerzy Szpunar

DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Study of the Dielectric Response of Rare-Earth Modified PZT Ferroelectric Ceramics—An Approach to the Diffuse Phase Transition

S. P. Hessel, A. C. Silva, R. Guo, A. S. Bhalla, and J. D. S. Guerra

Influence of Processing and Microstructure on Dielectric Properties of Calcium Copper Titanate Ceramics

Disna P. Samarakoon, Nirmal Govindaraju, and Raj N. Singh

Effect of A-Site Doping by La, Ba, and Ca on Thermoelectric Properties of Sr

2

FeTiO

6

Double Perovskites

P. Roy and T. Maiti

PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE OF MATERIALS USING MICROWAVES, ELECTRIC, AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

Change of Energy Transfer Medium from High Temperature Gas to Microwave

Kazuhiro Nagata and Motoyasu Sato

Effect of Laser Shock Peening (LSP) on AISI L6 Hot Work Tool Steel

Sachin Patil, Valmik Bhavar, Prakash Kattire, P. P. Date, and Rajkumar Singh

Comprehending Microwave-Enhanced Isothermal Process Kinetics in Ceramic Processing

Boon Wong

THERMAL PROTECTION MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS

Characterization of Deposits Found on Carrier Panel Tiles Recovered from the Space Shuttle Columbia

Brenda R. Arellano, Stephen W. Stafford, Darren M. Cone, and Mayra Contreras

Unlocking the Thermal Protection Potential of Ceramic Matrix Composites

R. Cook

Determination of the Mechanical Properties of the Lightweight Ablative Material ZURAM

Thomas Reimer, Christian Zuber, Jakob Rieser, and Thomas Rothermel

ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR HARSH ENVIRONMENTS

In Situ

TEM Observations of Corrosion in Nanocrystalline Fe Thin Films

David Gross, Josh Kacher, Jordan Key, Khalid Hattar, and Ian M. Robertson

Removal and Separation of Metal Ions from the Chromium Plating Wastewater using Persimmon Gel and Immobilized Microbe

Takehiko Tsuruta and Tomonobu Hatano

ZIRCONIA BASED MATERIALS

Microstructural Evolution and Tribocorrosion Performance of Novel Laser Clad Ti-Ni-ZrO

2

Composite Coatings in 3.5% NaCl Solution

Babatunde A. Obadele, Oladeji O. Ige, and Peter A. Olubambi

The Evolution of the Structure and the Transport Properties of ZrO

2

-Y

2

O

3

, ZrO

2

-Sc

2

O

3

and ZrO

2

-Y

2

O

3

-Sc

2

O

3

Crystals, Obtained by Skull Melting Technique

M. A. Borik, S. I. Bredikhin, V. T. Bublik, A. V. Kulebyakin, I. E. Kuritsyna, E. E. Lomonova, F. O. Milovich, V. A. Myzina, V. V. Osiko, P. A. Ryabochkina, S. V. Seryakov, and N. Yu. Tabachkova

CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS

Preparation and Characterization of Poly (Meta-Phenylene Isophthalamide) Microporous Membranes by Coaxial Electrospinning

Weiwang Chen and Wenguo Weng

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Glancing Angle Deposition of Polymer Nanoparticles

David A. Kessler and Marriner H. Merrill

CERAMIC OPTICAL MATERIALS

Highly Translucent, High Strength Zirconia Ceramics with Nano-Sized Tetragonal Domain

Isao Yamashita, Yuya Machida, and Shouichi Yamauchi

MULTIFUNCTIONAL OXIDES

Physical Property Relationships in Spinel Ferrite Thin Films Developed Using the Spin-Spray Deposition Method

N. M. Ray, W. T. Petuskey, H. Lorzel, and M. R. McCartney

EULA

List of Tables

1

Table 1

Table 2

2

Table I

Table II

4

Table 1

5

Table I

Table II

Table III

Table IV

6

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Table II

Table III

Table IV

Table V

Table VI

7

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Table III

Table IV

8

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Table II

Table III

Table IV

Table V

9

Table I

Table II

11

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12

Table 1

13

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14

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28

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Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

30

Table 1

32

Table I

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Table III

Table IV

34

Table I

35

Table 1

Guide

Cover

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Preface

This volume contains 36 papers presented during the Materials Science & Technol-ogy 2016 Conference (MS&T’16), held October 23–27, 2016 at the Salt Palace Convention Center, Salt Lake City, Utah. Papers from the following symposia are included in this volume:

Advanced Materials for Harsh Environments

Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices

Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites

Ceramic Optical Materials

Controlled Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Structural and Functional Nanomaterials

Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites

International Standards for Properties and Performance of Advanced Ceramics

Multifunctional Oxides

Rustum Roy Memorial Symposium on Processing and Performance of Materi-als Using Microwaves, Electric, and Magnetic Fields

Sintering and Related Powder Processing Science and Technology

Surface Properties of Biomaterials

Thermal Protection Materials and Systems

Zirconia Based Materials for Cutting Edge Technology

These conference symposia provided a forum for scientists, engineers, and tech-nologists to discuss and exchange state-of-the-art ideas, information, and technolo-gy on advanced methods and approaches for processing, synthesis, characteriza-tion, and applications of ceramics, glasses, and composites.

Each manuscript was peer-reviewed using The American Ceramic Society’s re-view process. The editors wish to extend their gratitude and appreciation to all the authors for their submissions and revisions of manuscripts, to all the participants and session chairs for their time and effort, and to all the reviewers for their valu-able comments and suggestions.

We hope that this volume will serve as a useful reference for the professionals working in the field of synthesis and processing of ceramics and composites as well as their properties.

NAROTTAM P. BANSAL

RICARDO H. R. CASTRO

MICHAEL JENKINS

AMIT BANDYOPADHYAY

SUSMITA BOSE

AMAR BHALLA

J.P. SINGH

MORSI M. MAHMOUD

GARY PICKRELL

SYLVIA JOHNSON

Advances in Composites

THE EFFECT OF PASTE WATER CONTENT ON THE GREEN MICROSTRUCTURE OF EXTRUDED TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Mustafa Kanaan Alazzawi, Richard A. Haber

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University

Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854

Keywords: TiO2; torque rheometer; capillary rheometer; microstructure; green strength

ABSTRACT

Microstructural variability in extrudates can cause flaws and undesirable pores in the green structure. This variability influences the green strength of extrudates. Titanium dioxide is one of the most widely used in catalysts, typically used in either a pressed pellet or an extruded substrate. In this study, extruded titania was considered. Both torque and capillary rheometer analyses were studied for pastes varying water and binder content. An infiltrated technique was employed to visualize microstructural variability. In the study, mixing torque and extrusion pressure were measured. The green strength of extrudates was studied. The effect of varying the water content in the extruded TiO2 will be shown to affect pore distribution, densification, agglomeration size, and visible microdefects. A correlation between water content, mixing torque, extrusion pressure, green strength, and green microstructure are shown.

INTRODUCTION

A wide range of products such as catalytic converters and insulators are produced using extrusion processes. Catalysts produced using TiO2 or Al2O3 have applications such as oil refining and energy production1,2. However, the production processes can cause severe variations in the microstructure which can lead to fractures, uneven pores, and agglomerations especially in a complex system. The agglomerations can impede the active sites of cataysts3. The batch materials typically are water, binder and micron or submicron particulates of powder all of them that form the paste. The batch materials could play an important role in determining the green strength of extruded materials and the pore volume, pore distribution, and particle arrangement of extrudates.

Previous studies have been done on the paste behavior and phase migration during the extrusion process without considering the microstructure and green strength. Rough et al (2000) claimed that the water redistribution within the paste is related to initial water content, extrusion rate and die geometry4. The claim is based on studying the dewatering rate, the pressure- displacement behavior, and the extrusion velocity4. Guilherme et al (2013) investigated three materials (porcelain, earthenware, and terracotta), the extrusion and completion test were performed and the Benbow– Bridgwater parameters were calculated. The results showed that the ability of materials to be extruded is dependent on the plasticity of these materials that related to the initial composition and processing5.

In assessing the extrudability of a paste, common analytical methods include both torque and capillary rheometer. The torque rheometer uses to evaluate the rheological behavior of the mixture6. The capillary rheometer is a common means of analyzing the shear rate behavior of a paste. Here the paste is forced, under a constant speed and shear rate7, through dies of varying geometry where the materials deform at the die entrance4. The challenges that are associated with the extrusion process are inhomogeneity, agglomeration, phase migration and air bubbles. The water movement in the rheometer can cause pressure variations and surface defects8.

This research aims to understand the microstructure variations and extrusion parameters of extruded materials using TiO2 powder and a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder.

EXPERIMENTAL

In this study, G2 TiO2 powder (Cristal Global, Paris, France) was mixed with sodium carbonoxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder (Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA), and water to form a paste as shown in Table 1. To achieve an extrudable paste, the materials were pre-mixed in the dry state then pre-mixed by in a container with a spatula with water to form a wet mixture. The wet mixture was mixed using Haake Rheocord 9000 torque rheometer (Haake Buchler, New Jersey, USA). The mixer consists of pair of sigma blades, a chute that provides ability to load the wet mixture, and a water cooling system. The water cooling system was used to mitigate the frictional heat challenge since the low temperature of mixing is important to get a homogenous and well binder- powder dispersion9. The temperature was monitored to keep it within a certain range (30.0-40.0) °C. The mixing time and speed were held constant at 100.0 RPM for 35.0 min to reach a degree of an acceptable mixedness. The moisture content of pre-mixing and post-mixing materials was measured to ensure that the water within the mixture and paste was constant. Figure 1 shows the typical mixing behavior using a torque rheometer showing the loading peak torque as well as steady state mixing torque. The torque of mixing is the resistance of the mixture to the shear of the rotating blades. The lower torque value indicates a deagglomerated paste9,10.

Figure 1. A typical mixing profile shows the mixing regions.

The extrusion was carried out using RH2000 capillary rheometer (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Massachusetts, USA) where the paste was extruded at 5.0mm/min which provides a constant extrusion shear rate through a cylindrical die with 8.0 mm length and 2.0 mm diameter. A typical extrusion behvior shows the compaction pressure of the paste within the barrel11. The paste yields at the die entrance and reaches the steady state flow. In idealized system the pressure of steady state is constant as shown in Figure 2. However, there are fluctuations in the steady state pressure because of the phase migration, water redistribution, and trapped air11. The extruded materials were placed in Thermolyne mechanical oven for about 24.0 hrs at 100.0 °C to ensure that the moisture was removed and the binder was not degraded.

Figure 2. A typical extrusion profile shows the extrusion regions.

Table 1. Pastes composition.

CMC (%)

H

2

O (%)

1.50

50.0-56.4

1.86

50.0-56.4

2.48

50.0-56.4

The green strength of dried samples was measured using Kinexus Rotational Rheometer (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Massachusetts, USA). The green strength test was run following the standard test method ASTM D6175-0312. Six cylindrical samples with approximately 2.0 mm diameter were selected randomly. The samples were sectioned into length between (3.0-4.0) mm to keep the length to diameter ratio equal or greater than 1:1 ratio12. The dried samples were placed between two flat surfaces, the top geometry (PU25) moves toward a stationary geometry (PL25) as shown in Figure 3. The force of compression test is 20.0 N to measure the strength per length. Figure 4 shows A typical green strength profile of Kinexus rotational rheometer vs the extrudate diameter dimension changes (distance). The yielding region represents the dried crush strength is the maximum value in this region.

x  FL

Where:

x: The strength of samples per length (N/mm),

F: The compressive force (N),

L: The length of sample along its cylindrical axis (mm).

Figure 3. Schematic shows the top geometry (PU25) and the stationary geometry (PL25) of Kinexus rotational rheometer.

Figure 4. A typical Kinexus rotational rheometer profile for green strength measurement.

For further experiments, the binder must be removed. TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) was conducted using the SDT Q600 (TA instruments, Delaware, USA) to determine the temperature of degradation that should be reached prior to the onset of sintering which typically begins above 750.0°C. The condition of the experiment was 10.0°C/min to 1400.0°C. The result indicates that the temperature of degradation is 650.0°C where the residual is about 23.0 wt% as shown in Figure 5. For subsequent handling all extrudates were heat treated to 650.0°C in air.

Figure 5. A degradation behavior of the binder within the extrudate.

In binder free and dry extrudates, the porous microstructure was evaluated. This is challenging as the extrudate is weak. A metallurgical epoxy was used to fill the pores and allow for polishing and examination. This epoxy in addition to providing strength to the extrudate providing contrast with the titania and other phases for scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Spurr’s Kit (Electron Microscopy Science, Pennsylvania, USA) was used to embed the samples following the mix formula: 23.0% of ERL 4221, 18.0% of diglycidyl ether of polypropylene glycol (DER 736), 58.0% of nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) and 0.693% of dimethylaminoerhanol (DMAE). The viscosity of epoxy was lowered at 60.0 °C for 15.0 min. The samples were kept under vacuum for 45.0 min to remove the bubbles that are formed within the epoxy. The infiltrated samples were cured at 70.0°C for 24.0 hrs. Infiltrated extrudates were mechanically polished using abrasive papers of 350, 600 and 1200 grits and (1.0, 0.25 and 0.05) µm diamond suspensions13. The samples were fixed to the SEM stubs with carbon tape and coated with silver and 15.0 nm of the gold layer to mitigate the charging issues.

The microstructure was imagined using SEM (Zeiss, Minnesota, USA). The scanning direction is from the edge toward the center of the two extrudates cross-section of each batch which were selected randomly to get a close porosity estimation as shown in Figure 6. The back scattered electron detector, 15.0kV EHT, and 60.0 µm aperture size were used. The images were analyzed using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA) to estimate the porosity variations across the cross-section of more than 650 images.

Figure 6. Schematic shows the direction of scanning from the edge toward the center of the extrudate’s cross-section.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Initially the effect of water content was examined to determine the optimal composition of TiO2, binder and water mixture was determined as shown in Table 1