Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 892

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

This book is based on the 13 review articles written by subject experts and published in 2014 in the Journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives. The rationale for publication of this book is that currently the RAA has limited circulation, so this book provides broad exposure and dissemination of the concise, critical, illuminating, and thought-provoking review articles. The subjects of the reviews fall into 4 general areas: 1. Polymer surface modification 2. Biomedical, pharmaceutical and dental fields 3. Adhesives and adhesive joints 4. General Adhesion Aspects The topics covered include: Adhesion of condensed bodies at microscale; imparting adhesion property to silicone material; functionally graded adhesively bonded joints; synthetic adhesives for wood panels; adhesion theories in wood adhesive bonding; adhesion and surface issues in biocomposites and bionanocomposites; adhesion phenomena in pharmaceutical products and applications of AFM; cyanoacrylate adhesives in surgical applications; ways to generate monosort functionalized polyolefin surfaces; nano-enhanced adhesives; bonding dissimilar materials in dentistry; flame treatment of polymeric materials--relevance to adhesion; and mucoadhesive polymers for enhancing retention of ocular drug delivery.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Adhesion of Condensed Bodies at Microscale: Variation with Movable Boundary Conditions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Kinematics: Energy Variation with Movable Boundary Conditions

1.3 Microbeam/plate Adhesion

1.4 Droplet Adhesion to a Solid

1.5 Elastica Model of CNT Adhesion

1.6 Cell Adhesion

1.7 Summary and Prospects

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 2: Imparting Adhesion Property to Silicone Materials: Challenges and Solutions

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Cured PDMS

2.3 Methods for Cross-Linked PDMS Surface Modification

2.4 Summary and Prospects

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 3: Functionally Graded Adhesively Bonded Joints

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Functionally Graded Materials

3.3 Constitutive Relations

3.4 Joints with Functionally Graded Adherends

3.5 Functionally Graded Adhesives

3.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Synthetic Adhesives for Wood Panels: Chemistry and Technology

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Urea-formaldehyde (UF) Adhesives

4.3 Melamine-formaldehyde (MF) and Melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) Adhesives

4.4 Phenolic Resins

4.5 Isocyanate Wood Adhesives

4.6 Summary

Chapter 5: Adhesion Theories in Wood Adhesive Bonding

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Mechanical Interlocking and Mechanics of Adhesive-Wood Interactions

5.3 Electrostatic Adhesion

5.4 Wettability, Surface Energy, Thermodynamic Adhesion

5.5 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion

5.6 Covalent Bonding

5.7 Acid-base Theory

5.8 Weak Boundary Layer

5.9 Discussion and Future Research Prospects

5.10 Summary

References

Chapter 6: Adhesion and Surface Issues in Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Biopolymers

6.3 Chemical Modification of Cellulose, Chitin and Starch

6.4 Bio-based Matrices

6.5 Processing Techniques

6.6 Interfacial Adhesion Issues

6.7 Interface Characterization Techniques

6.8 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Adhesion Phenomena in Pharmaceutical Products and Applications of AFM

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Adhesion in Pharmaceuticals

7.3 Atomic Force Microscopy

7.4 Prospects

7.5 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8: Cyanoacrylate Adhesives in Surgical Applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Types of Surgical Adhesives

8.3 History of Cyanoacrylate Surgical Adhesives

8.4 Formulation Development

8.5 Properties

8.6 Clinical History

8.7 Future Potential

8.8 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Ways to Generate Monosort Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Production of Monotype Functional Groups

9.3 Other Methods for Introduction of Monotype Functional Groups onto the Polyolefin Surface (Plasma Polymerization, Underwater Plasma, ElectroSpray Ionization Deposition, Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization, Chemical Pretreatment)

9.4 Hydrophobic Recovery

9.5 Grafting onto Functionalized Polyolefin Surfaces

9.6 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: Nano-Enhanced Adhesives

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Why Nanostructured Reinforcements?

10.3 Development of Polymer-based Nanocomposites

10.4 Mechanical Properties of Nano-reinforced Adhesives

10.5 Other Advantages of Nano-Reinforced Adhesives

10.6 Conclusion

10.7 Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 11: Bonding Dissimilar Materials in Dentistry

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Silane Coupling Agents

11.3 Zirconate Coupling Agents

11.4 Phosphate Coupling Agents

11.5 Thione/thiol Coupling Agents

11.6 Titanate Coupling Agents

11.7 Zircoaluminate Coupling Agents

11.8 Other Coupling Agents

11.9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Flame Treatment of Polymeric Materials: Relevance to Adhesion

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Flame Treatment Equipment

12.3 Effects of Flame Treatment on Plastics

12.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Mucoadhesive Polymers for Enhancing Retention in Ocular Drug Delivery

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Composition of Mucus Layer

13.3 Natural Mucoadhesive Polymers

13.4 Synthetic Polymers

13.5 Gene Delivery

13.6 Patented Formulations

13.7 Future Prospects

13.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Disclaimer

References

Index

Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2015 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-119-16219-3

Preface

This book is based on the 13 (a lucky number) review articles published in 2014 in the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives (RAA). The sole purpose of RAA is to publish concise, critical, illuminating and thought-provoking review articles on any topic within the broad purview of adhesion science and adhesive technology.

With the voluminous research being published, it is difficult, if not impossible, to stay abreast of current developments in a given area. So the review articles consolidating the information provide an alternative way to follow the latest research activity and developments in a particular subject area. It should be recorded that all these review articles were rigorously reviewed to maintain the highest standards of publication.

The rationale for publication of this book is that currently the RAA has limited circulation, so this book was conceived to provide broad exposure and dissemination of information published in RAA. Apropos, the authors of the articles published in RAA were consulted and they all enthusiastically endorsed the idea of this book.

Although the book is not formally divided into different sections, it essentially addresses the following four areas in the wide domain of adhesion and adhesives.

1. General adhesion aspects

2. Polymer surface modification and relevance to adhesion

3. Adhesion and adhesives in biomedical, pharmaceutical and dental fields

4. Adhesives and adhesive joints

The topics covered include: Adhesion of condensed bodies at microscale; imparting adhesion property to silicone materials; functionally graded adhesively bonded joints; synthetic adhesives for wood panels; adhesion theories in wood adhesive bonding; adhesion and surface issues in biocomposites and bionanocomposites; adhesion phenomena in pharmaceutical products and applications of AFM; cyanoacrylate adhesives in surgical applications; ways to generate monosort functionalized polyolefin surfaces; nano-enhanced adhesives; bonding dissimilar materials in dentistry; flame treatment of polymeric materials with relevance to adhesion; and mucoadhesive polymers for enhancing retention in ocular drug delivery.

This book containing bountiful information on certain topics of contemporary interest should be valuable and useful to researchers and technologists in academia, industry, various research institutes and other organizations. Yours truly sincerely hopes that this book will be warmly received by the materials science community in general and the adhesion and adhesives community in particular.

Kash MittalP.O. Box 1280Hopewell Jct., NY 12533E-mail: [email protected] 3, 2015

Chapter 1

Adhesion of Condensed Bodies at Microscale: Variation with Movable Boundary Conditions

Jian-Lin Liu1,*, Jing Sun1, Runni Wu2 and Re Xia2

1 Department of Engineering Mechanics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China

2 School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

We review here the recent developments on the adhesion of condensed bodies at microscale, spanning from droplets, microbeams, CNTs (carbon nanotubes) to cells. We first introduce a general method to completely tackle the adhesion problem with movable boundary conditions, from the viewpoint of energy variation. Based on this theoretical framework, we then use the developed line of reasoning to investigate the adhesion behaviors of several condensed systems. According to the variation with movable boundary conditions, the governing equations and transversality conditions of these systems are derived, leading to closed-form problems. The presented method is verified via the concept of energy release rate or J-integral in fracture mechanics. This analysis provides a new approach to explore the mechanism of different systems with similarities as well as to better understand the unification of nature. The analysis results may be beneficial to the design of micro-machined MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) structures, super-hydrophobic materials, nano-structured materials, and hold potential for predicting the adhesion behavior of cells or vesicles.

Keywords: Variational theory, transversality condition, beam adhesion, droplet adhesion, CNT adhesion, cell adhesion

1.1 Introduction

A plethora of adhesion phenomena exist widely at micro/nanoscale in nature, which are caused by van der Waals force, Casimir force, capillary force, or some other interaction forces. In these low-dimensional systems with considerable surface-to-volume ratio, the surface interaction dominates over the volume force as the scale reduces to micro/nano-meters, and this feature leads to many novel behaviors distinct from those of macroscopic systems [1]. An interesting example is the striking adhesion ability of geckos, which is primarily attributed to the van der Waals force between their feet and the contact surfaces [2, 3]. Besides, the adhesion of liquid drops plays a critical role in the famous “lotus effect” [4–6], water-walking capability of aquatic creatures like water strider, water spider [7–9], mosquito [10] and ant [11], and the ability of collecting dew by Namibia desert beetle Stenocara [12]. These magical phenomena inspired the spirit of “learning from nature”, and one of the challenging subjects is to mimic the microstructures of biological materials to achieve ultrahydrophobic properties of materials with microstructured surfaces [13]. Therefore, the core issue dealing with droplet adhesion is how to predict the macroscopic contact angle appropriately, which has spurred great interest in both fundamental science and engineering applications [14–18]. It has been further shown that the contact angle of a liquid drop can be derived from the energy variation on its energy functional [19–21], and this conclusion provides a new perspective on considering the adhesion of a droplet on a substrate.

Adhesion can also cause the failure of such slender structures as beams, fibers and plates in micro/nano systems. For instance, in micro-contact printing technology, adhesion associated with van der Waals force often produces stamp deformation because of small spacings [22], and the micro-machined MEMS structures will spontaneously come into contact with the substrate under the influence of solid surface energy or capillary force of liquid [23–27]. Similar problem has become a crucial bottleneck in the bottom-up approach, in which nanowires and nanobelts are widely used as building blocks of micro/nano-devices, typically, the micro-sensors, resonators, probes, transistors and actuators in micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems (M/NEMS) [27, 28]. This sort of failure mode has proved to be a major limitation to push further application of these novel engineering devices, and it has been highlighted as a hot research topic in the past decades.

Another topic is the deformation of CNT (carbon nanotube) induced by adhesion, holding great potential in a number of applications such as flexible and stretchable load-bearing structural components in nanoscale systems [29]. There are mainly two aspects of the CNT deformation, i.e. the adhesion and cross section collapse, which are due to the fact that CNTs are one of the strongest and most flexible materials with the C-C covalent bonding and the seamless hexagonal network architecture. In the pursuit of engineering applications, it is imperative to exploit this elastic behavior and mechanism of CNT adhesion. Among others, for a CNT ring adhered to a flat substrate, Zheng and Ke [30] established an elastica model for numerical simulation, and then experimentally characterized the CNT deformation under both compressive and tensile loadings. Like a microtubule inside a vesicle buckling into a racket-like shape [31], CNTs with a similar shape were also observed in a sample of HiPCo single-walled nanotubes after 30-minute of sonication in dichloroethane [32]. This behavior is termed as “self-folding”, and its occurrence in such small-scale materials such as nanowires, microtubules and nanotubes is mainly attributed to the high aspect ratio. In this situation, the maximal size (e.g., the length of nanowire) is much larger than its persistence length [33, 34]. As a consequence, a CNT can be easily bent into an arc shape with significant curvature [35]. This form of adhesion or self-folding of CNT is actually an energetically favorable state, with the interplay of elastic deformation and van der Waals attraction between different parts of CNT. The second aspect of the CNT deformation is cross section collapse, in which its initially circular cross section will jump to a flat ribbon-like shape. The reason lies in that CNTs capture the characteristic of hollow cylindrical structures, which renders them susceptible to lateral deformation. In reality, this morphology was first observed and explored by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) [36, 37] and then by AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) [38–40]. From the viewpoint of elastic stability, the collapse of CNTs is essentially a buckling process, which has been one of the recent topics of considerable interest. A number of shell, tube and elastica models have been developed to investigate the buckling of CNTs, with the adoption of continuum mechanics, finite element, and molecular simulations [41–45].