Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives, Volume 2 E-Book
197,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Adhesion and Adhesives - Fundamental and Applied Aspects
- Sprache: Englisch
With the ever-increasing amount of research being published it is a Herculean task to be fully conversant with the latest research developments in any field, and the arena of adhesion and adhesives is no exception. Thus, topical review articles provide an alternate and very efficient way to stay abreast of the state-of-the-art in may subjects representing the field of adhesion science and adheisves. Based on the success and the warm reception accorded to the premier volume in this series "Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives" (containing the review articles published in Volume 2 (2014) of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives (RAA)), volume 2 comprises 14 review articles published in Volume 4 (2016) of RAA. The subjects of these 14 reviews fall into the following general areas: 1. Surface modification of polymers for a variety of purposes. 2. Adhesion aspects in reinforced composites 3. Thin films/coatings and their adhesion measurement 4. Bioadhesion and bio-implants 5. Adhesives and adhesive joints 6. General adhesion aspects The topics covered include: surface modification of natural fibers for reinforced polymer composites; adhesion of submicrometer thin metals films; surface treatments to modulate bioadhesion; hot-melt adhesives from renewable resources; particulate-polymer composites; functionally graded adhesively bonded joints; fabrication of nano-biodevices; effects of particulates on contact angles , thermal stresses in adhesively bonded joints and ways to mitigate these; laser-assisted electroless metallization of polymer materials; adhesion measurement of coatings on biodevices/implants; cyanoacrylate adhesives; and adhesion of green flame retardant coatings onto polyolefins.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 842
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
Ähnliche
Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Preface
Chapter 1: Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for Reinforced Polymer Composites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Modifications of Natural Fibers
1.3 Composites
1.4 Properties Evaluation
1.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2: Factors Influencing Adhesion of Submicrometer Thin Metal Films
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Experimental Details
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.4 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Surface Treatments to Modulate Bioadhesion
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Various Surface Treatments
3.3 Prospects
3.4 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Hot-Melt Adhesives from Renewable Resources
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Potential Renewable Base Polymers
4.3 Lactic Acid Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives
4.4 Soy Protein Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives
4.5 Bio-Based Polyamides as Hot-Melt Adhesives
4.6 Starch Based Polymers as Hot-Melt Adhesives
4.7 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Relevance of Adhesion in Particulate/Fibre-Polymer Composites and Particle Coated Fibre Yarns
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theory of Interaction
5.3 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Study and Analysis of Damages in Functionally Graded Adhesively Bonded Joints of Laminated FRP Composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Damage Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Laminated Composite Joints
6.3 Effect of Adhesive Property on Damages in Adhesively Bonded Joints
6.4 Effect of Functionally Graded Adhesives on Damages in Adhesively Bonded Joints
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Surface Modification Strategies for Fabrication of Nano-Biodevices
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Interfacial Interactions for Proper Functioning of Nano-biodevices
7.3 Strategies for Surface Modification of Polymers in Nano-biodevices
7.4 Benefits of Surface Modifications to Nano-Biodevices
7.5 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Effects of Particulates on Contact Angles and Adhesion of a Droplet
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theoretical Background of Contact Angles and Adhesion of a Droplet
8.3 Effects of Particulates on Static Contact Angles
8.4 Effects of Particulates on Droplet Pinning
8.5 Effects of Particulates on Droplet Motion
8.6 Summary
8.7 Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Thermal Stresses in Adhesively Bonded Joints/Patches and Their Modeling
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Thermal Stresses
9.3 Thermal Residual Stresses
9.4 Viscoelastic Analyses
9.5 Fracture and Fatigue
9.6 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Ways to Mitigate Thermal Stresses in Adhesively Bonded Joints/Patches
10.1 Introduction
10.2 CFRP Strengthened Beams and Plates
10.3 Weld-Bonded Joints, Cutting Tools
10.4 Adhesive Joints Under Cryogenic Temperatures
10.5 Low and High-Temperature Adhesives
10.6 Fillers and Electrically-conductive Adhesives
10.7 Microelectronics, Optics and Nuclear Applications
10.8 Dental Applications
10.9 Summary
References
Chapter 11: Laser-Assisted Electroless Metallization of Polymer Materials
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Application of Lasers in the Metallization of Polymer Materials
11.3 Modification of Polymer Composite Materials
11.4 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 12: Adhesion Measurement of Coatings on Biodevices/Implants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanical Test Methods of Adhesion Measurement
12.3 Summary and Remarks
References
Chapter 13: Cyanoacrylate Adhesives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis and Processing
13.3 Applications
13.4 Summary
References
Chapter 14: Promotion of Adhesion of Green Flame Retardant Coatings onto Polyolefins by Depositing Ultra-Thin Plasma Polymer Films
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Role of Adhesion in the Use of Thick Fire-Retardant Coatings
14.3 Strategies for Adhesion Promotion of Flame-Retardant Coatings
14.4 Plasma Polymerization
14.5 Adhesion Improvement by Plasma Polymer Layers
14.6 Results of Adhesion Improvement Using Adhesion-Promoting Plasma Polymers
14.7 Flame Retardancy Tests
14.8 Thermal Behavior
14.9 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Begin Reading
Pages
ii
iii
iv
xiii
xiv
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
Scrivener Publishing 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives
Volume 2
Edited by
K.L. Mittal
This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2017 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-40638-9
Preface
In 2015 we had brought out the premier volume in this series “Progress in Adhesion and Adhesives” (although we had not called it Volume 1 as we had no idea what the future plans would be) based on 13 articles published in 2014 in the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives (RAA). RAA was initiated in 2013 with the sole purpose of publishing review articles on topics of contemporary interest.
With the ever-increasing amount of research being published it is a Herculean task to be fully conversant with the latest research developments in any field, and the arena of adhesion and adhesives is no exception. Thus topical review articles provide an alternate and a very efficient way to stay abreast of the state-of-the-art of a given subject. Moreover, anybody embarking on a new research area or an individual who just wishes to be knowledgeable about a topic are well advised to start with a good review article on topic of his/her interest.
The success of and the warm reception accorded to the premier volume provided us the impetus to bring out this sequel, designated as Volume 2. The current volume is based on 14 critical, concise, illuminating and thought-provoking review articles (published in 2016 in RAA) written by a coterie of internationally renowned subject matter experts, covering many and varied topics within the broad purview of Adhesion Science and Adhesive Technology.
The rationale for bringing out Volume 2 is the same as was applicable to its predecessor, i.e., the RAA has limited circulation so this set of books should provide broad exposure and wide dissemination of valuable information published in RAA. The chapters in this Volume are arranged in the same order as published originally in RAA. The subjects of these 14 reviews fall into the following general areas.
Surface modification of polymers for a variety of purposes.
Adhesion aspects in reinforced composites
Thin films/coatings and their adhesion measurement
Bioadhesion and bio-implants
Adhesives and adhesive joints
General adhesion aspects
The topics covered include: surface modification of natural fibers for reinforced polymer composites; adhesion of submicrometer thin metals films; surface treatments to modulate bioadhesion; hot-melt adhesives from renewable resources; relevance of adhesion in particulate-polymer composites; analysis of damages in functionally graded adhesively bonded joints; surface modification strategies for fabrication of nano-biodevices; effects of particulates on contact angles and adhesion of a droplet; thermal stresses in adhesively bonded joints and ways to mitigate these; laser-assisted electroless metallization of polymer materials; adhesion measurement of coatings on biodevices /implants; cyanoacrylate adhesives; and adhesion of green flame retardant coatings onto polyolefins.
This book consolidating plentiful information on a number of topics of current interest should be valuable and useful to materials science, nanotechnology, polymers, bonding, biomedical, composites researchers in academia, government research labs and R&D personnel in a host of industries. Yours truly sincerely is sanguine that Volume 2 will receive the same warm welcome as its forerunner by the materials science community in general and the adhesionists in particular.
Now is the pleasant task of thanking those who were instrumental in shaping this book. First I am thankful to the authors of review articles for their enthusiastic support for bringing out Volume 2 as they felt that this was a very useful medium for bringing the information to a wider audience. Also, I should thank Martin Scrivener (publisher) for conceiving the idea of these books and for his steadfast interest in and support for this book project.
Kash Mittal P.O. Box 1280 Hopewell Jct., NY 12533 E-mail: [email protected] April 2017
Chapter 1Surface Modification of Natural Fibers for Reinforced Polymer Composites
M. Masudul Hassan1* and Manfred H. Wagner2
1Department of Chemistry, M C College, National University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
2Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Polymer Engineering/Polymer Physics, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Recent advances in engineering, natural fibers development and composites science offer significant opportunities for new, improved materials which can be biodegradable and recyclable and can also be obtained from sustainable resources at the same time. The combination of bio-fibers like betel nut, banana, coir, jute, rice straw, tea dust and various grasses with polymer matrices from both non-renewable (petroleum based) and renewable resources to produce composite materials that are competitive with synthetic composites such as glass fiber reinforced polypropylene or epoxide has been getting increased attention over the last decades. This article provides a general overview of natural fibers and bio-composites as well as the research on and application of these materials. A special emphasis is placed on surface modification of natural fibers to attain desired composite properties. The roles of compatibilizers and radiation on the natural fiber-polymer composites are also included. A discussion about chemical nature, processing, testing and properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites completes this article.
Keywords: Natural fiber, surface modification, compatibilizer, radiation, hybrid composite, mechanical properties
1.1 Introduction
The demand for natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is growing rapidly due to their high mechanical properties, significant processing advantages, low cost and low density. Natural fibers are renewable resources in many countries of the world; they are cheaper, pose no health hazards and finally provide a solution to environmental pollution by finding new uses over expensive materials and non-renewable resources. Furthermore, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites form a new class of materials which seem to have great potential in the future as a substitute for scarce wood and wood based materials in societal applications [1].
Lignocellulosic natural fibers like jute, sisal, coir, and pineapple have been used as reinforcements in polymer matrices. Natural fibers of vegetable origin include bast, leaves, and wood fibers. They may differ considerably in their physical appearance but they have, however, many similarities that identify them as one family. The characteristics of the fibers depend on the individual constituents and the fibrillar structure. The fiber is composed of numerous elongated fusiform fiber cells. The fiber cells are linked together by means of middle lamellae, which consist of hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. Growing environmental awareness has spurred the researchers worldwide to develop and utilize materials that are compatible with the environment. In this process natural fibers have become suitable alternatives to traditional synthetic or man-made fibers and have the potential to be used in cheaper, more sustainable and more environmentally-friendly composite materials [2–3].
1.1.1 Natural Fibers (NFs): Sources and Classification
Natural organic fibers can be derived from either animal or plant sources. The majority of useful natural textile fibers are plant derived, with the exception of wool and silk. All plant fibers are composed of cellulose, whereas fibers of animal origin consist of proteins. Natural fibers, in general, can be classified based on their origin, and the plant-based fibers can be further categorized based on part of the plant they are recovered from. An overview of natural fibers and some photographs of NFs are presented in Figures 1.1 and 1.2, respectively [4–5].
Figure 1.1 Overview of natural fibers.
Figure 1.2 Photographs of some natural fibers.
Plant fibers are a renewable resource and have the ability to be recycled. The plant fibers leave little residue if they are burned for disposal, returning less carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere than is removed during the plant’s growth.
Chemically the lignocellulosic fibers comprise cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and small amounts of waxes and fat. Several important sources of lignocellulosic materials are listed [6] in Table 1.1, Dinwoodie [7] summarizes the polymeric state, molecular derivatives and function of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives (see Table 1.2).
Table 1.1 Chemical compositions of various lignocellulosic materials.
Lignocellulose source
Hardwood
Softwood
Coir
Cotton
Hemp
Henequen
Jute
Kenaf
Ramie
Sisal
Table 1.2 Cellulosic component, polymeric state, derivatives and function.
Component
Polymeric state
Derivatives
Function
Cellulose
Crystalline highly oriented large molecule
Glucose
“Fiber”
Hemicelluloses small molecules
Semi-crystalline mannose, xilose
Galactose
“Matrix”
Lignin
Amorphous large 3-D molecule
Phenyl propane
“Matrix”
Extractives
Some polymeric; Other nonpolymeric polyphenols
Terpenes
1.1.2 Composition of NFs
Natural plant fibers are composed of cellulose fibers, made of helically wound cellulose micro-fibrils, bound together by an amorphous lignin matrix. Lignin keeps the water in the fibers acts as a protection against biological attack and as a stiffener to give stem its resistance against gravity forces and wind. Hemicellulose found in the natural fibers is believed to be a compatibilizer between cellulose and lignin. The cell wall in a fiber is not a homogeneous membrane [8–9]. Each fiber has a complex, layered structure consisting of a thin primary wall which is the first layer deposited during cell growth encircling a secondary wall. The secondary wall is made up of three layers and the thick middle layer determines the mechanical properties of the fiber. The middle layer consists of a series of helically wound cellular micro-fibrils formed from long chain cellulose molecules. The angle between the fiber axis and the micro-fibrils is called the microfibrillar angle. The characteristic value of microfibrillar angle varies from one fiber to another. These micro-fibrils typically have a diameter of 10–30 nm and are made up of 30–100 cellulose molecules in an extended chain conformation and provide mechanical strength to the fiber. Study on jute cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin [10–11] suggests that these consist of units as shown in Figures 1.3–1.5.
Figure 1.3 Structure of cellulose.
Figure 1.4 Structure of hemicellulose.
Figure 1.5 Structure of lignin.
1.1.3 New Trends in the Chemistry of Cellulose
The chemistry of cellulose now under development will make possible the use of cellulose, the most important and widespread polymer, for manufacturing a great variety of materials with new structures and endowed with valuable properties quite different from those of ordinary cellulose products. The transformation of natural cellulose containing one type of reactive groups (primary and secondary alcohol groups) into high molecular weight compounds which, depending on processing conditions, will contain almost any of the known reactive functional groups.
Cellulose reacts as a trihydric alcohol with one primary and two secondary alcohol groups per glucose unit. The relative reactivity of the hydroxyl groups of both low molecular mass carbohydrates and cellulose has been studied [12]. In the former, the 2- and 6-hydroxyl groups are usually the most reactive. With cellulose, certain data indicate a preferential reactivity of the 2-hydroxyl and others of the 6-hydroxyl group. The manifold reactions of cellulose may be conveniently divided into two main kinds: those involving the hydroxyl groups and those involving or causing a degradation of the chain molecules. The former includes the following reactions: (1) Esterification: nitration, acetylation and xanthation. (2) Etherification: alkylation and benzylation. (3) Replacement of –OH by –NH2 and halogen. (4) Replacement of –H in –OH by Na. (5) Oxidation of –CH2OH to –COOH. (6) Oxidation of secondary –OH groups to aldehyde and carboxyl and (7) Formation of addition compounds with acids, bases, and salts. The various possible types of oxidized groups formed in the cellulose molecule are shown in Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6 Possible types of oxidized groups in cellulose.
1.1.4 Action of Reducing and Oxidizing Agents
Reducing agents have no effect on cellulose while oxidizing agents readily convert it to oxycellulose. For chemical treatment of fibrous materials, various oxidizing agents are widely used: chlorinated lime, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorite, sodium and potassium chromates, and such acids that are capable of oxidizing, such as, for instance, nitric acid. These reagents may cause intense oxidation of cellulose functional groups and breakage of chains as a result of glucosidic linkage rupture. The oxidizing agents first act on the functional groups located on the cellulose fiber surface and then progressively penetrate into the depth of the fiber. There are oxidizing agents which mainly affect the primary alcohol group at the 6th carbon atom, while other oxidizing agents principally react with the secondary alcohol groups at the 2nd and 3rd carbon atoms, breaking the pyran ring. Figure 1.7 represents the oxidation process [13].
Figure 1.7 Effect of oxidizing agents on cellulose.
1.1.5 Drawbacks of Natural Fibers
Most natural fibers are hygroscopic in nature, i.e., they take in or give out moisture to their surrounding atmosphere. When NFs neither absorb nor give out moisture to the air around them they are said to be in equilibrium with that particular atmosphere. The amount of moisture held by NFs can be expressed in two ways: by moisture content, or moisture regain. The equilibrium moisture held by NFs when exposed to atmospheres of different relative humidities shows appreciable hysteresis according to whether absorption from low humidities or desorption from high humidities is concerned [14–16]. In general, the physico-mechanical behavior of NFs depends on the shape and size of cellulose molecule, fibrillar arrangement, various bonds, and interaction of non-cellulosic components of the fiber. The individual fiber filaments of an NF are composed of a number of ultimate cells cemented together by an isotropic, non-cellulosic intercellular substance (hemicellulose,
