Public Health Nursing E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 486

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Public Health Nursing is an essential resource for all health visiting students, school nursing students, and occupational health nursing students, that reflects the current key changes in community public health nursing.  It is a key textbook for specialist practitioner programmes, and those new to the public health arena.

Written by relevant experts in the field, this practical textbook uniquely explores the three main specialties of Public Health Nursing: Health Visiting, School Nursing and Occupational Health Nursing.  A particular strength of the book is the way it shows the diversity of each discipline and how they each address Public Health in vastly different ways according to the needs of their relevant population.

This will be essential reading for all students on the Specialist Community Public Health Nursing (SCPHN) programmes offered across the UK.

Key features:

• Focuses on the specialist community public health nursing part of the NMC register
• Multidisciplinary, with contributors from all three specialisms
• Concerned with improving the health of the population, rather than treating the diseases of individual patients
• Focuses on practice and competencies

Leseprobe

Contents

Contributors

Forewords

Health Visiting

School Nursing

Occupational Health Nursing

Preface

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 What Is Public Health?

Introduction

The development of modern public health

Successes and challenges in public health

Implications for public health practitioners

Summary

References

Chapter 2 Public Health Nursing

Introduction

The definition of nursing and public health nursing

The role of the statutory bodies: the statutory and mandatory aspects of SCPHN registration

The role of professional bodies

The developing role of public health: prevention and health promotion

The challenges for public health nursing

Improving the role – what are the solutions?

Summary

References

Chapter 3 Theoretical Perspectives of Health Visiting

Introduction

Historical perspective

Health visiting in context: the current debate

Extending the boundaries

Community health visiting

Health visiting diaries: what health visitors need to know

Social capital: the myth of a collective and cohesive partnership

Summary

References

Chapter 4 Health Visiting in Practice

Introduction

Health inequalities

Motivation

Assessing need

Summary

References

Chapter 5 The Development of School Nursing

Introduction

History of the school health service

School nursing in the twenty-first century

Accountability

Safeguarding children

Vulnerable groups

Accountability to the employer

Accountability to the profession

The development of the role of the SCPHN – school nurse

Summary

References

Chapter 6 School Nursing and School Health Practice

Introduction

Structure of school health teams

Specialist community public health nursing and school nursing

Search for health needs

Health needs assessments and school health plans

Facilitating health-enhancing activities

Stimulating an awareness of health needs

Influencing policy development

Summary

References

Chapter 7 What Is Occupational Health?

Introduction

The history of OH services

Delivering OH services

Good health is good business: the legal aspects

Good health is good business: the financial aspects

Health promotion

Summary

References

Chapter 8 Occupational Health Nursing Practice

Introduction

The role of the OHN

Health surveillance

Other considerations for monitoring health at work

Managing absence, disability and rehabilitation

Summary

References

Chapter 9 Education and Continuing Professional Development of Public Health Nurses

Introduction

Education and CPD in relation to professional registration

Personal development

Pedagogy and andragogy

Personal learning styles

Academic levels of study

European quality framework

The need for evidence-based practice

Contributing to the CPD of self and others

Summary

References

Appendix

Public health resources

Index

This edition first published 2009

© 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Public health nursing : a textbook for health visitors, school nurses, and occupational health nurses/edited by Greta Thornbory.

p.; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-8007-8 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Public health nursing–Textbooks.

I. Thornbory, Greta.

[DNLM: 1. Public Health Nursing–Great Britain. WY 108 P9762 2009]

RT97.P838 2009

610.73′4–dc22

2009009963

Contributors

Gillian Coverdale, MPH, BSc (Hons), RGN, SCPHN School Nursing, Cert Ed Senior Lecturer/Course Leader (Specialist Community Public Health Nursing – School Nursing), Leeds Metropolitan University

Rebecca Elliott, M Med Sci Primary and Community Care, BSc (Hons) OH, RGN, SCPHN OH, PGCE

Senior Lecturer/Course Leader, BSc (Hons), PGDip/MSc Specialist Community Public Health Nursing (Occupational Health), Leeds Metropolitan University

Cécile Knai, MPH, PhD

Research Fellow in Public Health, Health Services Research Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine

Faith Muir, MA (Ed), BA (Hons), SCPHN (HV), RGN, Dip Child Protection, CPT Senior Lecturer, Specialist Community Public Health Nursing (Health Visiting)/Masters of Public Health, University of Wolverhampton

Paul Reynolds, MA (Ed), BSc (Hons), RGN, SCPHN (HV), Practice Teacher Senior Lecturer, Pathway Leader Specialist Community Public Health Nursing (Health Visiting), University of Wolverhampton

Sarah Sherwin, MA (Ed), BSc (Hons), RGN, SCPHN School Nursing, Diploma Health Education, Practice Teacher

Senior Lecturer and Course Leader for School Nursing, School of Health, University of Wolverhampton

Mary Smith, MSc Child Health, LLM, BA, RGN, RM, SCPHN (HV), PGCE (FE) Senior Lecturer, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Course Leader for Specialist Community Public Health Nursing (Health Visiting, School Nursing and Occupational Health Nursing)

Greta Thornbory, TD, MSc OH, RGN, SCPHN OH, Dip N OH, PGCEA, CMIOSH Occupational Health and Educational Consultant, previously Senior Lecturer and Programme Director of both OH and CPD, Institute of Advanced Nursing Education, Royal College of Nursing

The Royal College of Nursing Public Health Department 1952. (Reproduced by permission of RCN Archives)

Forewords

Health Visiting

Throughout the history of health visiting, public health has been the underpinning aspect of the work of health visitors. This book articulates the changing role of health visitors in providing a dynamic service whilst engaging in innovative ways to tackle the complex needs of society today. The search for health needs have been identified by professional organisations as an important aspect of health visiting practice. The authors clearly define health within a public health dimension, whilst detailing the concept of health promotion as the process, which facilitates change and allows the health visitor to deliver a service, which acknowledges the demands of a multifarious approach.

The phenomenon of social capital as pivotal to public health and health policy gives the reader insight into the challenges of health visiting in an ever-changing society. The four principles of health visiting are clearly identified as central to health visiting practice. Although it is acknowledged in current legislation there is still much to achieve as far as public health is concerned, the authors state that the role of health visiting is less clear and health visitor numbers are reducing allowing them less time to focus on early intervention in health issues.

This book focuses on the importance of health visitors being politically aware in order to tackle the effect of poverty especially on the development of children. The authors emphasise the importance of community profiling which has long been a desirable attribute of health visiting activities.

This book also provides a sound underpinning for student health visitors as well as being reminders of the role health visitors have in public health to those health visitors and their managers in practice. The authors have captured the essential components of public health practice and the role that health visitors can play.

Dr Ingrid CallwoodHead of Division, Community Health, University of Wolverhampton

School Nursing

In the century since school nursing began, understanding of child development, education and nursing skills have been transformed. Chapter 5 maps developments in both school environments and the National Health Service. The current health of the school-aged population predicts of adult health for decades ahead – and economic well-being, and social stability. The new Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) recognises this pervasive public health role of school nurses. The DCSF values school nursing expertise in delivering strategies for population health because of its unique impact on outcomes for children. This impact can be seen both in school and across wider community settings. Society’s response to illness, adversity or abuse for individual children mirrors its deepest values. While enlightened policies such as the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 reflected noble aims, a 2008 survey for Every Disabled Child Matters revealed not one Primary Care Trust could quantify their spend on services for disabled children. England produced model specialist services for mental illness in young people, but now at the community level English adolescents have the worst mental well-being in the Western World. I discussed these concerns with the Children’s Commissioner for England (around giving 11 Million children a ‘voice’): he emphasised the folly of the media ‘demonising’ teenagers. School nurses can work alongside young people in a responsive and accountable way that anticipates transitions and their growing capacity for responsibility. School nursing evolved unique ethical foundations that encompass ‘vulnerable’ individuals, groups of children and networks of parents or professionals. Those ethics underpin the duty of care described here.

Nurses work for the school-aged population within teams, within a variety of settings. Chapter 6 illustrates the standards for Specialist Community Public Health Nursing, relating this nurse to the wider school health service. Consultation with young people and a capacity to advocate for children based on evidence of their health needs are key skills to nurture. When professional training and development was going through a period of neglect concerns were often expressed about the poor evidence base for practice and the paucity of efforts to explain school nursing to other professions, especially general practitioners or service commissioners. Clear practical examples of school health expertise are provided here, e.g. for the epidemic of obesity sweeping the UK. The promotion of ‘positive mental health’ gives a good grounding for coming initiatives like Targeted Mental Health in Schools. These chapters foresee the professional need to enhance ‘collaborative working’ across all the agencies involved in young people’s well-being. SCPHNs have been at the forefront of recent developments to integrate services for every child (ages 0–19) and the professional bodies have seized this challenge to combine innovation with evidence-based practice. The example given of raised standards in personal, social and health education, through an effective collaboration between school nurses and both primary and secondary school teachers, shows us all the way ahead.

Woody CaanProfessor of Public Health, Department of Child & Family Health,Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge

Occupational Health Nursing

The contribution of occupational health (OH) nurses to public health is not new as they have promoted health and practiced at a strategic level for many years. Their contemporary public health role is recognised by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) as those holding an NMC-validated qualification in OH nursing can register as specialist community public health nurses.

OH nurses by definition practice with a specific client group – the workforce. They undertake a proactive role in reducing health inequalities amongst that population. These specialists are involved in policy development and undertake a population-based approach rather than merely providing care to individuals, these are important elements of public health practice.

The workforce is a captive audience for a range of health-promoting activities and never before has the OH nurse’s contribution to public health been higher profile. Dame Carol Black’s recent review of the health of Britain’s working-age population, Working for a Healthier Tomorrow, has been a particular influence on public health and on OH nursing practice in particular. Black’s review emphasises the premise that promoting, improving and maintaining the health of the working-age population makes a significant contribution to the nation’s economic growth and social justice.

An experienced OH nurse educationalist and consultant has edited this book which provides a succinct overview of a workplace-focused public health strategy. It explores the four levels of primordial, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention linking these to contemporary OHN practice and highlights the role of the OHN in advising and supporting employers in ensuring a healthy and productive workforce. It is written in such a way that nurses new to OH nursing as well as those with more experience will benefit from its exploration of the role and function of the OHN within a multidisciplinary team.

Anne HarrissReaderin Educational Development and Course Director,Specialist Community Public Health Nursing (Occupational Health)Programmes,London South Bank University

Preface

Public health (PH) nursing is not a new nursing discipline, but with the advent of the Nursing and Midwifery Council pulling together the nursing disciplines that work in the field of public health it has been necessary to address the issue with a textbook on the subject. Specialist education and training is required to prepare the qualified nurse to undertake PH nursing work as there is evidence that PH is currently taking centre stage in the challenge to improve the population’s health and nursing should be playing an active part.

This book is a basic text aimed at those nurses new to the PH arena and who are undertaking specialist education and training. It is written by relevant experts in the field and the three main specialties of PH nursing, health visitors, who care for families and children up to five; school nurses, who care for the school-aged child and occupational health nurses, who care for the health and well-being of people at work. It does not aim to be all embracing of each discipline, it is designed to be read in conjunction with each discipline’s specialist textbooks and the references and resources given in the book should act as pointers for further more in-depth reading and information.

One of the book’s main aims is to show the diversity of each discipline and how they each address PH in vastly different ways according to the needs of their relevant population. The book starts by exploring the term public health and then how it relates to nursing. The chapters that follow then address each discipline in turn and conclude with a chapter on the all-important continuing professional development.

Greta Thornbory

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the following people for their contributions, help, advice and support in writing this book: All the chapter contributors for their endless patience and for being on time; Rachel Coombs at Wiley-Blackwell for her advice and support with this project; Dr Stuart Whitaker who kindly undertook the job of critical reader; Anne Harriss and Robert Dunn who have given me endless support; All the PH practitioners who have provided examples from practice and they include: Lee Bromwich, Caroline Forrest, Sharon George, Sue Jones, Cassie Parsons, Anne Roberts, Angie Waldron, Penny Wilson, Denize Bainbridge, Christina Butterworth, Jenny Mason, Sandra Neylon, Sue Gee and Gillian Eastwood.

Finally, to Sue Hincliffe who encouraged me on the road to writing.

Greta Thornbory

Abbreviations

ACAS

Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service

AOHNE

Association of Occupational Health Nurse Educators

AOHNP

Association of Occupational Health Nurse Practitioners

BOHS

British Occupational Hygiene Society

CAMHS

Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services

CBI

Confederation of British Industry

CDC

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

CETHV

Council for the Education and Training of Health Visitors

CHPP

Child Health Promotion Programme

CIPD

Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development

CPD

Continuing Professional Development

CPHVA

Community Practitioners and Health Visitors Association

CTHV

Council for the Training of Health Visitors

DDA

Disability Discrimination Act 2005

DEA

Disabled Employment Advisor

DPA

Data Protection Act 1998

DSE

Display Screen Equipment (previously VDU or visual display unit)

EAP

Employee Assistance Programme

EEF

Engineering Employers Federation

ELCI

Employers Liability Compulsory Insurance

EU

European Union

FAO

United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization

GMC

General Medical Council

GP

General Practitioner

HASAWA

Health and Safety at Work (etc.) Act 1974

HPC

Health Professions Council

HPV

Human Papilloma Virus

HR

Human Resources

HSE

Health and Safety Executive

HV

Health Visitor

ILO

International Labor Organization

IOSH

Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

LEA

Local Education Authority

LLM

Master of Laws

MHSW

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999

MMR

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

MSDs

Musculoskeletal Disorders

NATHNAC

National Travel Health Network and Centre

NAW

National Assembly for Wales

NFSHE

National Forum for School Health Educators

NHS

National Health Service

NMC

Nursing and Midwifery Council

OFSTED

Office for Standards in Education

OH

Occupational Health

OHN

Occupational Health Nurse

OM

Occupational Medicine

PCT

Primary Care Trust

PGCE

Post Graduate Certificate of Education

PGCEA

Post Graduate Certificate of Education of Adults

PH

Public Health

PSA

Public Sector Agreement

PSHE

Personal, Social and Health Education

RCN

Royal College of Nursing

RTWI

Return to Work Interviews

SAPHNA

School and Public Health Nurses Association

SCPHN

Specialist Community Public Health Nurses

SMEs

Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

SNs

School Nurses

UKCC

United Kingdom Central Council

UKSC

United Kingdom Standing Conference

VRA

Vocational Rehabilitation Association

WHO

World Health Organization

Chapter 1

What Is Public Health?

Cécile Knai

Learning objectives

After reading this chapter you will be able to:

Discuss the meaning of public healthDescribe the changing approaches to public health over timeDiscuss some of the current debates within public healthComment on some of the implications of health practitioners

Introduction

This chapter attempts to answer the question ‘What is public health?’ and at one level, the answer is simple and straightforward: public health aims at preventing health problems before they occur and focuses on populations rather than on individuals. As we will see in the chapter, there are different ways of going about this task. The more convenient linear, two-dimensional way holds that there is a cause and there is a disease, and to address the disease one needs to address the cause. According to this line of thought, disease is brought about by specific aetiological agents which affect the body’s structure and function, with illness a separate ‘subjective experience of dysfunction’ [1]. This biomedical model has been argued as being narrow: the reality is that achieving public health is a complex task with an ill-defined scope. This is not for lack of effort on behalf of public health practitioners. Indeed, as discussed below, an enormous amount of effort and debate and political commitment have converged over time so that the field of public health is a field in its own right, with educational and professional specialisations. The approach to health has shifted from a relatively narrow approach to a broader conception of what health means, as expressed by the World Health Organization (WHO) definition which has not been amended since 1948: ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ [2]. Moreover, the understanding of public health and the extent to which governments should intervene to support population health will vary according to the sociopolitical stance of countries [3, 4].