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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
PWM DC-DC power converter technology underpins many energy conversion systems including renewable energy circuits, active power factor correctors, battery chargers, portable devices and LED drivers. Following the success of Pulse-Width Modulated DC-DC Power Converters this second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest challenges and advances in the field. Key features of 2nd edition: * Four new chapters, detailing the latest advances in power conversion, focus on: small-signal model and dynamic characteristics of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode; voltage-mode control of buck converter; small-signal model and characteristics of the boost converter in the discontinuous conduction mode and electromagnetic compatibility EMC. * Provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of operation, synthesis, analysis and design of PWM power converters and semiconductor power devices, including wide band-gap power devices (SiC and GaN). * Fully revised Solutions for all end-of-chapter problems available to instructors via the book companion website. * Step-by-step derivation of closed-form design equations with illustrations. * Fully revised figures based on real data. With improved end-of-chapter summaries of key concepts, review questions, problems and answers, biographies and case studies, this is an essential textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering. Its superior readability and clarity of explanations also makes it a key reference for practicing engineers and research scientists.
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Pulse-Width Modulated DC–DC Power Converters
Second Edition
MARIAN K. KAZIMIERCZUK
Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kazimierczuk, Marian K. Pulse-width modulated DC–DC power converters / Marian K. Kazimierczuk. – Second edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-00954-2 (cloth) 1. DC-to-DC converters. 2. Pulse circuits. 3. PWM power converters. I. Title. TK7872.C8K387 2015 621.381′044–dc23
2015018212
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781119009542
To my wife Alicja
CONTENTS
About the Author
Preface
Nomenclature
1: Introduction
1.1 Classification of Power Supplies
1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators
1.3 Power Relationships in DC–DC Converters
1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC–DC Converters
1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators
1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators
1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators
1.8 Topologies of PWM DC–DC Converters
1.9 Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power
1.10 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
2: Buck PWM DC–DC Converter
2.1 Introduction
2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM
2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM
2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter
2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier
2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail
2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter
2.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters
2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter
2.10 Switched-Inductor Buck Converter
2.11 Layout
2.12 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
3: Boost PWM DC–DC Converter
3.1 Introduction
3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM
3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM
3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters
3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter
3.6 Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters
3.7 Duality
3.8 Power Factor Correction
3.9 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
4: Buck–Boost PWM DC–DC Converter
4.1 Introduction
4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for CCM
4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck–Boost Converter for DCM
4.4 Bidirectional Buck–Boost Converter
4.5 Synthesis of Buck–Boost Converter
4.6 Synthesis of Boost–Buck (Ćuk) Converter
4.7 Noninverting Buck–Boost Converters
4.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck–Boost Converters
4.9 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
5: Flyback PWM DC–DC Converter
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Transformers
5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM
5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM
5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter
5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter
5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter
5.8 Flyback Converter with Passive Dissipative Snubber
5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode Voltage Clamp
5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping
5.11 Two-Transistor Flyback Converter
5.12 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
6: Forward PWM DC–DC Converter
6.1 Introduction
6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM
6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM
6.4 Multiple-Output Forward Converter
6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier
6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping
6.7 Two-Switch Forward Converter
6.8 Forward–Flyback Converter
6.9 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
7: Half-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter
7.1 Introduction
7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM
7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM
7.4 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
8: Full-Bridge PWM DC–DC Converter
8.1 Introduction
8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for CCM
8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM
8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter
8.5 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
9: Small-Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Assumptions
9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM
9.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances
9.5 Model Reduction
9.6 Large-Signal Averaged Model for CCM
9.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM
9.8 Block Diagram of Small-signal Model of PWM DC–DC Converters
9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM
9.10 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM
9.11 Modeling of Ideal Switching Network for DCM
9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM
9.13 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
10: Small-Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Small-Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter
10.3 Open-Loop Transfer Functions
10.4 Open-Loop Step Responses
10.5 Open-Loop DC Transfer Functions
10.6 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
11: Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM
11.1 Introduction
11.2 DC Characteristics
11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function
11.4 Delay in Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function
11.5 Open-Loop Audio Susceptibility
11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance
11.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance
11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses
11.9 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
12: Voltage-Mode Control of PWM Buck Converter
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback
12.3 Stability
12.4 Single-Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter
12.5 Closed-Loop Small-Signal Model of Buck Converter
12.6 Pulse-Width Modulator
12.7 Feedback Network
12.8 Transfer Function of Buck Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network
12.9 Control Circuits
12.10 Closed-Loop Step Responses
12.11 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
13: Voltage-Mode Control of Boost Converter
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage-Mode Control
13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network
13.4 Integral-Double-Lead Controller
13.5 Design of Integral-Double-Lead Controller
13.6 Loop Gain
13.7 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function
13.8 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility
13.9 Closed-Loop Input Impedance
13.10 Closed-Loop Output Impedance
13.11 Closed-Loop Step Responses
13.12 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions
13.13 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
14: Current-Mode Control
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak CMC
14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current Slopes
14.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop
14.5 Slope Compensation
14.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop
14.7 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function in
s
-Domain
14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop
14.9 Gain-Crossover Frequency of Inner Loop
14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop
14.11 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters Without Slope Compensation
14.12 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation
14.13 Minimum Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck–Boost Converter
14.14 Minimum Slope Compensation for Boost Converter
14.15 Error Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function
14.16 Closed-Loop Control Voltage-to-Duty Cycle Transfer Function of Current Loop
14.17 Alternative Representation of Current Loop
14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances
14.19 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control
14.20 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope Compensation
14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation
14.22 Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains
14.23 Audio-Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains
14.24 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains
14.25 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform
14.26 Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control
14.27 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
14.28 Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling
15: Current-Mode Control of Boost Converter
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions
15.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current
15.4 Closed-Current-Loop Transfer Functions
15.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop Transfer Functions
15.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses
15.7 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions
15.8 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
16: Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost Converter for DCM
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Small-Signal Model of Boost Converter for DCM
16.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function
16.4 Open-Loop Input-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function
16.5 Open-Loop Input Impedance
16.6 Open-Loop Output Impedance
16.7 Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM
16.8 Open-Loop Duty Cycle-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function
16.9 Open-Loop Input Voltage-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function
16.10 Open-Loop Output Current-to-Inductor Current Transfer Function
16.11 Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM
16.12 DC Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM
16.13 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
17: Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power Diodes
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Electronic Power Switches
17.3 Atom
17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass
17.5 Semiconductors
17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors
17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors
17.8 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors
17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes
17.10 Static
I
–
V
Diode Characteristic
17.11 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes
17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes
17.13 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes
17.14 Schottky Diodes
17.15 Solar Cells
17.16 Light-Emitting Diodes
17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes
17.18 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
Note
18: Silicon and Silicon-Carbide Power MOSFETs
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Integrated MOSFETs
18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs
18.4 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs
18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics
18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics
18.7 Mobility of Charge Carriers
18.8 Short-Channel Effects
18.9 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs
18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs
18.11 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs
18.12 Specific On-Resistance
18.13 Figures-of-Merit of Semiconductors
18.14 On-Resistance of Power MOSFETs
18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs
18.16 Switching Waveforms
18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs
18.18 IGBTs
18.19 Heat Sinks
18.20 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problems
19: Electromagnetic Compatibility
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Definition of EMI
19.3 Definition of EMC
19.4 EMI Immunity
19.5 EMI Susceptibility
19.6 Classification of EMI
19.7 Sources of EMI
19.8 Safety Standards
19.9 EMC Standards
19.10 Near Field and Far Field
19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction
19.12 Insertion Loss
19.13 EMI Filters
19.14 Feed-Through Capacitors
19.15 EMI Shielding
19.16 Interconnections
19.17 Summary
References
Review Questions
Problem
Appendices
A: Introduction to SPICE
B: Introduction to MATLAB®
C: Physical Constants
Answers to Problems
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Index
EULA
List of Tables
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
Chapter 17
Table 17.1
Table 17.2
Table 17.3
Table 17.4
Chapter 18
Table 18.1
Appendix C
Table A.1
