Race, Ethnicity, and Health E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Public Health/Vulnerable Populations
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1389

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Race, Ethnicity and Health, Second Edition, is a critical selection of hallmark articles that address health disparities in America. It effectively documents the need for equal treatment and equal health status for minorities. Intended as a resource for faculty and students in public health as well as the social sciences, it will be also be valuable to public health administrators and frontline staff who serve diverse racial and ethnic populations. The book brings together the best peer reviewed research literature from the leading scholars and faculty in this growing field, providing a historical and political context for the study of health, race, and ethnicity, with key findings on disparities in access, use, and quality. This volume also examines the role of health care providers in health disparities and discusses the issue of matching patients and doctors by race.

New chapters cover: reflections on demographic changes in the US based on the current census; metrics and nomenclature for disparities; theories of genetic basis for disparities; the built environment; residential segregation; environmental health; occupational health; health disparities in integrated communities; Latino health; Asian populations; stress and health; physician/patient relationships; hospital treatment of minorities; the slavery hypertension hypothesis; geographic disparities; and intervention design.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Note from the Publisher

Title

Copyright

Sources

The Editors

The Authors

Introduction: The Ethnic Demographic Transition

Chapter 1: Defining Health and Health Care Disparities and Examining Disparities Across the Life Span

History of Health Disparities

Health Disparity Versus Health Inequality Versus Health Inequity

Health Status Disparities and Health Care Disparities

Summary

References

Part 1: Historical and Political Considerations

Chapter 2: The Color Line: Race Matters in the Elimination of Health Disparities

Race Matters

The Historical Perspective

References

Chapter 3: Health Care Disparities—Science, Politics, and Race

References

Part 2: Conceptualizing Race and Ethnicity

Chapter 4: Why Genes Don’t Count (for Racial Differences in Health)

The Myth of Race as Biology

The Double Error Inherent in Genetic Explanations of Racial Differences

Why Race-as-Genes Fails in Practice

From Studies of Race-as-Genetics to Studies of Racialism and Racism

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Using “Socially Assigned Race” to Probe White Advantages in Health Status

Introduction

Methods

Data Analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Author Contributions

Part 3: Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities

Psychosocial and Individual-Level Determinants

Chapter 6: Racism as a Stressor for African Americans: A Biopsychosocial Model

Conceptualizations of Racism

Evidence of Racism

Biopsychosocial Effects of Perceived Racism in African Americans: A Contextual Model

Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Chapter 7: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 8: Stress, Coping, and Health Outcomes Among African-Americans: A Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis

John Henryism

References

Chapter 9: Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities Over the Life Course

Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 10: Epigenetics and the Embodiment of Race: Developmental Origins of U.S. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health

Background

An Epigenetic Model of Black-White Disparities in CVD

Discussion

Literature Cited

The Effects of Culture

Chapter 11: Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context

Introduction

Acculturation and Assimilation: A History of the Concepts

Definitions of Acculturation Used in the Public Health Literature

Current Evidence Regarding the Effects of Acculturation on Latino Health Outcomes

Recommendations for Public Health Practice and Research

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Literature Cited

Chapter 12: Measuring Culture: A Critical Review of Acculturation and Health in Asian Immigrant Populations

Introduction

Background

Method

Literature Review

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Appendix A

Notes

References

Chapter 13: Racial Influences Associated with Weight-Related Beliefs in African American and Caucasian Women

Introduction

Method

Results

Discussion

References

Author Contributions

Chapter 14: Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Between U.S.- and Foreign-Born Women in Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Social Determinants

Chapter 15: Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale

Levels of Racism

Levels of Racism: A Gardener’s Tale

References

Chapter 16: Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health

Nature and Origins of Residential Segregation

Segregation and Health Status: Individual and Household SES

Segregation and Educational Opportunity

Segregation and Employment Opportunities

Consequences of Segregation: Racial Differences in SES

Race, SES, and Health

Segregation and the Effects of Place

Segregation and Neighborhood and Housing Quality

Segregation and Health Behaviors

Segregation and Medical Care

Segregation and Crime, Homicide, and Social Context

Research Directions

Conclusion

References

Chapter 17: Life Course Theories of Race Disparities: A Comparison of the Cumulative Dis/Advantage Theory Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis

Introduction

Overview

How Social Disadvantage Affects Health

Similarities and Distinctions Between the CDA Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis

Future Directions for the CDA Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis in Health Disparities Research

Summary

References

Chapter 18: U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

Introduction

Socioeconomic Status and Health

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health Status

Mechanisms Underlying SES and Racial Differences in Health

Are Inequalities in Health Inevitable?

Conclusion

Literature Cited

Chapter 19: Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities

Introduction

Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities—EHDIC

Analysis Strategy

Findings from the EHDIC-SWB Study

Race Inequalities, Health Policy, and Social Conditions

References

Environmental Determinants

Chapter 20: Race/Ethnicity, the Social Environment, and Health

Perceptions of Race/Ethnicity and Socio-Economic Status

Understanding the Social Context of Health

Reasons for Racial/Ethnic Differences in Health

Methodological Issues in Studying Race/Ethnicity and the Social Environment

Importance of Research on Race/Ethnicity and the Social Environment

References

Chapter 21: Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations

Introduction

Background

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 22: Health Risk and Inequitable Distribution of Liquor Stores in African American Neighborhoods

Background

Methods

Results

Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 23: Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts

Health Disparities and the Environment

The Stress-Exposure Disease Framework

The Exposure-Disease Paradigm

Race and Residential Location

Environmental Hazards and Pollutants

Structural Factors

Community Stressors

Neighborhood Resources

Community Stress

Future Directions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 24: Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Scientific Evidence, Methods, and Research Implications for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Occupational Health

People of Color in the US Workforce

Classic Case Studies

Disproportionate Exposure, Disproportionate Disease

Methodological Issues

Strategies to Decrease Injury and Disease

Research and Surveillance Agenda

References

Part 4: Health Services and Health System Effects

Patients

Chapter 25: Attitudes About Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Care Among African American and White Cardiac Patients

New Contribution

Conceptual Framework

Methods

Results

Discussion

Appendix

References

Chapter 26: The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care?

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 27: Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient–Physician Communication During Medical Visits

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Providers

Chapter 28: Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients

Background

Methods

Results

Comment

Appendix

References

Chapter 29: The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients

Introduction

Methods

Results

Summary of Results

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusion

References

Chapter 30: Ethnicity and Analgesic Practice

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 31: The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

System

Chapter 32: Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework

Three Phases of Health Disparities Research

Phase 1: Detection

Phase 2: Understanding

Phase 3: Reducing Disparities

Conclusions

References

Chapter 33: Linking Cultural Competence Training to Improved Health Outcomes: Perspectives from the Field

The Evolution and Key Principles of Cultural Competence

Evaluating Cultural Competence and Linking It to Health Care Outcomes

Summing Up

References

Chapter 34: “We Don’t Carry That”—Failure of Pharmacies in Predominantly Nonwhite Neighborhoods to Stock Opioid Analgesics

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 35: Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care to Minorities Than to Whites?

Study Data And Methods

Study Results

Discussion

Notes

Part 5: Health Disparities Solutions

Chapter 36: Linking Science and Policy Through Community-Based Participatory Research to Study and Address Health Disparities

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 37: The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality

Genesis of the NHPC

Design of the NHPC

Progress to Date

Challenges and Lessons Learned

Next Steps

Summary and Conclusions

Epilogue

References

Chapter 38: Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care

New Contribution

Conceptual Model of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care

Key Questions

Lessons Learned from Each Paper

Cardiovascular Disease

Diabetes

Depression

Breast Cancer

Culture

Performance Incentive Programs: Pay-for-Performance and Public Reporting

Summary Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Introduction: The Ethnic Demographic Transition

Table I.1. General Fertility Rates of U.S.-Born and Foreign-Born Women, Aged 15–44, 2009

Chapter 1: Defining Health and Health Care Disparities and Examining Disparities Across the Life Span

Table 1.1. Definitions of Health Disparities, Health Inequalities, and Health Equity

Table 1.2. Definitions of Health Care Disparities and Health Care Equity

Chapter 5: Using “Socially Assigned Race” to Probe White Advantages in Health Status

Table 5.1. Percent Distribution of Socially Assigned Race Within Each Self-Identified Racial/Ethnic Group

Table 5.2. Percent of the Population Whose General Health Status Is Excellent or Very Good, by Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity and Socially Assigned Race

Chapter 7: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health

Table 7.1. Characteristics of 138 Empirical Quantitative Studies of Self-Reported Racism and Health

Table 7.2. Findings of 138 Empirical Quantitative Studies of Self-Reported Racism and Health (P < 0.05 Unless Otherwise Indicated)

Table 7.3. Significance of Associations Examined in 138 Empirical Quantitative Studies of Self-Reported Racism and Health (P < 0.05)

Chapter 8: Stress, Coping, and Health Outcomes Among African-Americans: A Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis

Table 8.1. Published Empirical Studies of the John Henryism Hypothesis

Chapter 9: Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities Over the Life Course

Table 9.1. Sample Characteristics, by Race/Ethnicity: Americans’ Changing Lives Survey, 1986 and 1989

Table 9.2. Results of Logistic Regressions Predicting DSM-III Depression at Wave 2 Among Blacks (n = 864) and Whites (n = 1887): Americans’ Changing Lives Survey, 1986 and 1989

Table 9.3. Results of Logistic Regressions Predicting 2 Levels of Chronic Health Conditions at Wave 2: Americans’ Changing Lives Survey, 1986 and 1989

Chapter 11: Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context

Table 11.1. Referenced Studies Examining the Relationship Between Acculturation and Selected Behaviors, Health Care Use Measures, and Health Outcomes Among U.S. Latinos

1

Chapter 12: Measuring Culture: A Critical Review of Acculturation and Health in Asian Immigrant Populations

Table 12.1. Types of Acculturation Measures Used in Reviewed Articles

Table 12.2. Summary of 67 Reviewed Studies, Arranged by Type of Acculturation Measurement (Scale or Non-Scale), and Health Domain (Mental Health, Health Services Use, Physical Health)

Chapter 13: Racial Influences Associated with Weight-Related Beliefs in African American and Caucasian Women

Table 13.1. African American Women’s Themes and Ideas in Response to “How Does Being a Black Woman Affect Your Weight?”

Table 13.2. Caucasian Women’s Themes and Ideas in Response to “How Does Being a White Woman Affect Your Weight?”

Chapter 14: Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Between U.S.- and Foreign-Born Women in Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups

Table 14.1. Pregnancy Outcomes and Selected Sociodemographic Characteristics, by Maternal Nativity Status and Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1985 Through 1987

Table 14.2. Multivariate Logistic Regressions Showing Net Differentials in Pregnancy Outcomes, by Maternal Nativity Status and Other Sociodemographic Characteristics: United States, 1985 Through 1987

Table 14.3. Crude and Adjusted Differentials in Risks of Infant Mortality, Low Birthweight, and Preterm Birth Between US- and Foreign-Born Mothers, by Race and Ethnicity: United States, 1985 Through 1987

Chapter 16: Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health

Table 16.1. Selected Socioeconomic Indicators for Black and White Populations, United States, 1998

Table 16.2. Percentage of Individuals Reporting Fair or Poor Health and Activity Limitations, by Black vs White Race and by Household Income, United States, 1997

Table 16.3. Homicide Rates Among Adults 25–44 Years of Age by Educational Attainment, Sex, and Black vs White Race, 1994–1995

Chapter 18: U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations

Table 18.1. Median Net Worth in 1991 by Monthly Household Income Quintiles for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics

Table 18.2. Median Earnings in 1990 by Education (Years of School Completed) for White, Black, and Hispanic Male and Female Full-Time Workers.

Chapter 19: Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities

Table 19.1. Logistic Regression Analysis of Race, Income, and ADL Limitations in the National Health Interview Survey

Table 19.2. Cross-Tabulation of Race, Income, and ADL Limitations in the National Health Interview Survey

Table 19.3. Demographics of the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Southwest Baltimore Study Compared with National Studies

Table 19.4. Summary of Previously Published Findings from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Southwest Baltimore Study

Chapter 21: Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations

Table 21.1. Characteristics of Studies of Potential Obesogenic Environmental Factors in Disadvantaged Populations or Areas in the United States, January 1995–January 2009

Table 21.2. Evidence on Obesogenic Environmental Characteristics That Could Explain Obesity Risk Among Disadvantaged Populations or Areas in the United States, January 1995–January 2009

Chapter 22: Health Risk and Inequitable Distribution of Liquor Stores in African American Neighborhoods

Table 22.1. Linear Regression Model of per Capita Liquor Stores Regressed on % African Americans Living in Tract and Median Income of Census Tract

Table 22.2. Linear Regression Model of per Capita Liquor Stores Regressed on Interaction Between % African Americans Living in Tract and Median Income of Census Tract (Continuous Variable)

Chapter 23: Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts

Table 23.1. Segregation of Ethnic Minorities Compared with Whites, United States, 1980–2000

Chapter 24: Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Scientific Evidence, Methods, and Research Implications for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Occupational Health

Table 24.1. Data Availability for Occupational Fatalities: Total Deaths per 100 000 Workers over Age 16 Years, United States, 1998

Chapter 25: Attitudes About Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Care Among African American and White Cardiac Patients

Table 25.1. Description of Independent and Control Variables

Table 25.2. Race Differences in Items in the Racism Index, Percentage Reporting Agree and Strongly Agree

Table 25.3. Race Differences in the Items in the Medical Mistrust Index, Percentage Reporting Agree and Strongly Agree

Table 25.4. Race Differences in Items in the Patient Hospital Satisfaction Index, Percent Reporting Good and Excellent Care from Main Doctor While in the Hospital

Table 25.5. Pearson Product-Moment Correlations and Mean Differences Among Perceived Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Patient Satisfaction

Table 25.6. Linear Regression Models Predicting Patient Satisfaction with Main Doctor While Hospitalized (unstandardized coefficients and significance level in parentheses)

Table 25.7. Perceived Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Patient Satisfaction Regressed on Receipt of a Referral for Coronary Angiography

Chapter 26: The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care?

Table 26.1. Demographic Profile of the Sample (N = 401)

Table 26.2. Knowledge About Tuskegee Among Black and White Respondents Aware of the Tuskegee Study (n = 145)

Table 26.3. The Relationship Among Race, Awareness of Tuskegee and Belief That a Similar Study Could Happen Today (n = 378)

Table 26.4. Mistrust of Medical Care Regressed on Race, Knowledge of Tuskegee and Demographic Variables

Chapter 27: Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient–Physician Communication During Medical Visits

Table 27.1. Patient and Physician Demographics by Patient Race/Ethnicity: Baltimore, Md–Washington, DC–Northern Virginia Metropolitan Area, July 1998–June 1999 and January–November 2000

Table 27.2. Association Between Patient Race/Ethnicity and Medical-Visit Communication Quality: Baltimore, Md–Washington, DC–Northern Virginia Metropolitan Area, July 1998–June 1999 and January–November 2000.

Chapter 28: Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients

Table 28.1. Baseline Characteristics and IAT Scores of Physician Participants

Chapter 29: The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients

Table 29.1. Distribution of Ordinal Dependent Variables

Table 29.2. The Effect of Patient Race/Ethnicity on Physicians’ Ratings of Patients

Table 29.3. The Relationship Between Patient Socio-Economic Status and Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients

Chapter 30: Ethnicity and Analgesic Practice

Table 30.1. Baseline Characteristics

Table 30.2. Analgesic Use for White Versus Black Patients

Table 30.3. Results of Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis

Table 30.4. Route and Class of Analgesic by Ethnicity for 140 Patients Receiving Analgesics

Chapter 31: The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization

Table 31.1. Characteristics of the Physicians According to the Race and Sex of the Patient

Table 31.2. Physicians’ Estimates of the Probability of Coronary Artery Disease According to Experimental Factors

Table 31.3. Physicians’ Assessments of the Characteristics of the Patients According to Category of Race and Sex

Table 31.4. Referral for Cardiac Catheterization According to Experimental Factors

Table 31.5. Predictors of Referral for Cardiac Catheterization

Chapter 34: “We Don’t Carry That”—Failure of Pharmacies in Predominantly Nonwhite Neighborhoods to Stock Opioid Analgesics

Table 34.1. Opioid Agents and Doses

Table 34.2 Adequacy of Opioid Supplies at 347 Pharmacies, According to the Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Neighborhood

Chapter 35: Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care to Minorities Than to Whites?

Table 35.1. Risk-Adjusted Morality and Adverse Event Rates in Hospitals in Thirteen States, by Race and Ethnicity, 2001–2003

Table 35.2. Percentage of Hospitals Where Minority Patients Had Statistically Significant Higher Risk-Adjusted Mortality and Adverse Event Rates Than White Patients in the Same Hospital, 2001–2003

Table 35.3. Pairwise Comparisons: Risk-Adjusted Mortality and Adverse Event Rates of Minority Patients to White Patients in the Same Hospital, 2000–2003

Chapter 37: The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality

Table 37.1. Selected Characteristics of the National Health Plan Collaborative (NHPC)

Table 37.2. Plan Disparity Reduction Activities

Table 37.3. Factors That Facilitated or Hindered Plans’ Efforts

List of Illustrations

Introduction: The Ethnic Demographic Transition

Figure I.1. Projected Racial Diversity in the Twenty-First Century, Percentages of Total U.S. Population

Figure I.2. Demographic Transition Model

Figure I.3. Population Pyramids for U.S.-Born and Foreign-Born Populations, 2009 (in percentages)

Figure I.4. Life Expectancy by Race—United States, 1900–1997

Figure I.5. Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Hispanic Origin, 2007

Chapter 4: Why Genes Don’t Count (for Racial Differences in Health)

Figure 4.1. Genetic Distances and Isolation, by Geographic Distance

Chapter 5: Using “Socially Assigned Race” to Probe White Advantages in Health Status

Figure 5.1.

Chapter 6: Racism as a Stressor for African Americans: A Biopsychosocial Model

Figure 6.1. A Contextual Model to Examine the Biopsychosocial Effects of Perceived Racism

Chapter 9: Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities Over the Life Course

Figure 9.1. Logistic Regression Model Predicting DSM-III Depression at Different Levels of Unhealthy Behaviors, by Stressor, for (a) Blacks and (b) Whites: Americans’ Changing Lives Survey, 1986 and 1989

Chapter 10: Epigenetics and the Embodiment of Race: Developmental Origins of U.S. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health

Figure 10.1.

Figure 10.2.

Figure 10.3.

Chapter 14: Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Between U.S.- and Foreign-Born Women in Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups

Figure 14.1. Percentage of Births to Mothers Born Outside the 50 States and the District of Columbia, by Maternal Race/Ethnicity: United States, 1985 Through 1987

Figure 14.2. Percentage of Mothers Smoking During Pregnancy, by Maternal Race/Ethnicity and Nativity: United States, 1992

Chapter 15: Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale

Figure 15.1. Institutionalized Racism

Figure 15.2. Personally Mediated Racism

Figure 15.3. Internalized Racism

Figure 15.4. Who Is the Gardener?

Chapter 17: Life Course Theories of Race Disparities: A Comparison of the Cumulative Dis/Advantage Theory Perspective and the Weathering Hypothesis

Figure 17.1. Estimated Trajectories of IADL Limitations for Black Older Adults and for White Older Adults

Figure 17.2. Estimated Trajectories of IADL Limitations for Black Older Adults and for White Older Adults, with a Random Sample of Individual Trajectories

Chapter 20: Race/Ethnicity, the Social Environment, and Health

Figure 20.1. Ratio of Minority-White Death Rates, Ages 1−65+, 1988

Figure 20.2. U.S. Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990

Figure 20.3. Percentage Change in the U.S. Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1980–1990

Figure 20.4. Poverty Status by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1990

Figure 20.5. Monthly Income and Education by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1993

Chapter 21: Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations

Figure 21.1. Residential Density and Sprawl in 951 US Counties and Population Characteristics from the Year 2000 Census

Chapter 23: Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts

Figure 23.1. Exposure-Disease-Stress Model for Environmental Health Disparities

Chapter 24: Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Scientific Evidence, Methods, and Research Implications for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Occupational Health

Figure 24.1. Conceptual Model for Generating Testable Hypotheses About Causal Relationships Between Demographic Variables and Environmental/Occupational Exposures

Chapter 28: Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients

Figure 28.1. Magnitude of Physicians’ Explicit (Self-Reported) and Implicit (Implicit Association Test) Race Bias on a Standardized Scale—Cohen’s Effect Size d

Figure 28.2. Relationship Between Physician Race Preference Implicit Association Test (IAT) Score and Thrombolysis Decisions by Patient Race

Figure 28.3. Relation Between Physicians’ Awareness of the Study’s Purpose and Implicit Association Test (IAT) Bias on Recommendation for Thrombolysis (Black Patients Only)

Chapter 30: Ethnicity and Analgesic Practice

Figure 30.1. Study Exclusions

Figure 30.2. Steps Involved in Patient-Physician Pain-Analgesic Process

Chapter 32: Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework

Figure 32.1. The 3 Phases of the Disparities Research Agenda

Figure 32.2. Understanding the Origins of Health and Health Care Disparities from a Health Services Research Perspective: Key Potential Determinants of Health Disparities Within the Health Care System, Including Individual, Provider, and Health Care System Factors

Chapter 37: The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality

Figure 37.1. Steps to Addressing Disparities

Chapter 38: Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care

Figure 38.1. Conceptual Model for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care

Figure 38.2. Key Domains in the Conceptual Model for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care

Guide

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Note from the Publisher

For an enlarged, clearer view of the tables and figures in this title, please visit www.wiley.com/go/laveist_tables_and_figures.

These images are best viewed from a personal computer.

RACE, ETHNICITY, AND HEALTH

A Public Health Reader

SECOND EDITION

Thomas A. LaVeist

Lydia A. Isaac

Editors

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by Jossey-Bass

A Wiley Imprint

One Montgomery Street, Suite 1200

San Francisco, CA 94104-4594—www.josseybass.com

Cover design by Michael Rutkowski

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax [phone], or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax [phone], or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Readers should be aware that Internet Web sites offered as citations and/or sources for further information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when it is read.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Race, ethnicity, and health : a public health reader / [edited by] Thomas A. LaVeist, Lydia A. Isaac.—2nd ed.

p.; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-04908-2 (pbk), ISBN 978-1-118-08698-8 (ePub), ISBN 978-1-118-21938-6 (Adobe PDF), ISBN 978-1-118-21941-6 (MobiPocket)

I. LaVeist, Thomas Alexis. II. Isaac, Lydia A., 1977–

[DNLM: 1. Ethnic Groups—United States. 2. Healthcare Disparities—ethnology—United States. 3. Health Services Accessibility—United States. 4. Health Status—United States. 5. Minority Health—United States. 6. Socioeconomic Factors—United States. WA 300 AA1]

362.108900973—dc23

2012026426

SOURCES

Chapter 1: Lydia A. Isaac, “Defining Health and Health Care Disparities and Examining Disparities Across the Life Span,”

previously unpublished

.

Chapter 2: Stephen B. Thomas, “The Color Line: Race Matters in the Elimination of Health Disparities,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 91(7):1046–1048, 2001.

Chapter 3: M. Gregg Bloche, “Health Care Disparities—Science, Politics, and Race,”

New England Journal of Medicine

, 350(15):1568–1570, 2004.

Chapter 4: Alan H. Goodman, “Why Genes Don’t Count (for Racial Differences in Health,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 90(11): 1699–1702, 2000.

Chapter 5: Camara Phyllis Jones, Benedict I. Truman, Laurie D. Elam-Evans, Camille A. Jones, Clara Y. Jones, Ruth Jiles, Susan F. Rumisha, and Geraldine S. Perry, “Using ‘Socially Assigned Race’ to Probe

White

Advantages in Health Status,”

Ethnicity & Disease

, 18(4):496–504, 2008.

Chapter 6: Rodney Clark, Norman B. Anderson, Vernessa R. Clark, and David R. Williams, “Racism as a Stressor for African Americans: A Biopsychosocial Model,”

American Psychologist

, 54(10):805–816, 1999.

Chapter 7: Yin Paradies, “A Systematic Review of Empirical Research on Self-Reported Racism and Health,”

International Journal of Epidemiology

, 35(4):888–901, 2006.

Chapter 8: Gary G. Bennett, Marcellus M. Merritt, John J. Sollers III, Christopher L. Edwards, Keith E. Whitfield, Dwayne T. Brandon, and Reginald D. Tucker-Seeley, “Stress, Coping, and Health Outcomes Among African-Americans: A Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis,”

Psychology and Health

, 19(3):369–383, 2004.

Chapter 9: James S. Jackson, Katherine M. Knight, and Jane A. Rafferty, “Race and Unhealthy Behaviors: Chronic Stress, the HPA Axis, and Physical and Mental Health Disparities Over the Life Course,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 100(5):933–939, 2010.

Chapter 10: Christopher W. Kuzawa and Elizabeth Sweet, “Epigenetics and the Embodiment of Race: Developmental Origins of U.S. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health,”

American Journal of Human Biology

, 21:2–15, 2009.

Chapter 11: Marielena Lara, Cristina Gamboa, M. Iya Kahramanian, Leo S. Morales, and David E. Hayes Bautista, “Acculturation and Latino Health in the United States: A Review of the Literature and Its Sociopolitical Context,”

Annual Review of Public Health

, 26:367–397, 2005.

Chapter 12: Talya Salant and Diane S. Lauderdale, “Measuring Culture: A Critical Review of Acculturation and Health in Asian Immigrant Populations,”

Social Science & Medicine

, 57(1):71–90, 2003.

Chapter 13: Christie Z. Malpede, Lori F. Greene, Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick, Wendy K. Jefferson, Richard M. Shewchuk, Monica L. Baskin, and Jamy D. Ard, “Racial Influences Associated with Weight-Related Beliefs in African American and Caucasian Women,”

Ethnicity & Disease

, 17(1):1–5, 2007.

Chapter 14: Gopal K. Singh and Stella M. Yu, “Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Between U.S.- and Foreign-Born Women in Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 86(6):837–843, 1996.

Chapter 15: Camara Phyllis Jones, “Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 90(8):1212–1215, 2000.

Chapter 16: David R. Williams and Chiquita Collins, “Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health,”

Public Health Reports

, 116(5):404–416, 2001.

Chapter 17: Roland J. Thorpe Jr. and Jessica A. Kelley-Moore, “Life Course Theories of Race Disparities: A Comparison of the Cumulative Dis/Advantage Theory and the Weathering Hypothesis,”

previously unpublished

.

Chapter 18: David R. Williams and Chiquita Collins, “U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations,”

Annual Review of Sociology

, 21:349–386, 1995.

Chapter 19: Thomas A. LaVeist, “Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities,”

previously unpublished

.

Chapter 20: Marsha Lillie-Blanton and Thomas A. LaVeist, “Race/Ethnicity, the Social Environment, and Health,”

Social Science & Medicine

, 43(1): 83–91, 1996.

Chapter 21: Gina S. Lovasi, Malo A. Hutson, Monica Guerra, and Kathryn M. Neckerman, “Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged Populations,”

Epidemiologic Reviews

, 31:7–20, 2009.

Chapter 22: Thomas A. LaVeist and John M. Wallace Jr., “Health Risk and Inequitable Distribution of Liquor Stores in African American Neighborhoods,”

Social Science & Medicine

, 51(4):613–617, 2000.

Chapter 23: Gilbert C. Gee and Devon C. Payne-Sturges, “Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts,”

Environmental Health Perspectives

, 112(17):1645–1653, 2004.

Chapter 24: Linda Rae Murray, “Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired: Scientific Evidence, Methods, and Research Implications for Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Occupational Health,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 93(2):221–226, 2003.

Chapter 25: Thomas A. LaVeist, Kim J. Nickerson, and Janice V. Bowie, “Attitudes About Racism, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Care Among African American and White Cardiac Patients,”

Medical Care Research and Review

, 57(Supplement 1):146–161, 2000.

Chapter 26: Dwayne T. Brandon, Lydia A. Isaac, and Thomas A. LaVeist, “The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care?”

Journal of the National Medical Association

, 97(7):951–956, 2005.

Chapter 27: Rachel L. Johnson, Debra Roter, Neil R. Powe, and Lisa A. Cooper, “Patient Race/Ethnicity and Quality of Patient–Physician Communication During Medical Visits,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 94(12):2084–2090, 2004.

Chapter 28: Alexander R. Green, Dana R. Carney, Daniel J. Pallin, Long H. Ngo, Kristal L. Raymond, Lisa I. Iezzoni, and Mahzarin R. Banaji, “Implicit Bias Among Physicians and Its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients,”

Journal of General Internal Medicine

, 22(9): 1231–1238, 2007.

Chapter 29: Michelle van Ryn and Jane Burke, “The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-Economic Status on Physicians’ Perceptions of Patients,”

Social Science & Medicine

, 50(6):813–828, 2000.

Chapter 30: Knox H. Todd, Christi Deaton, Anne P. D’Adamo, and Leon Goe, “Ethnicity and Analgesic Practice,”

Annals of Emergency Medicine

, 35(1):11–16, 2000.

Chapter 31: Kevin A. Schulman, Jesse A. Berlin, William Harless, Jon F. Kerner, Shyrl Sistrunk, Bernard J. Gersh, Ross Dubé, Christopher K. Taleghani, Jennifer E. Burke, Sankey Williams, John M. Eisenberg, and José J. Escarce, “The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization,”

New England Journal of Medicine

, 340(8): 618–626, 1999.

Chapter 32: Amy M. Kilbourne, Galen Switzer, Kelly Hyman, Megan Crowley-Matoka, and Michael J. Fine, “Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 96(12):2113–2121, 2006.

Chapter 33: Joseph R. Betancourt and Alexander R. Green, “Linking Cultural Competence Training to Improved Health Outcomes: Perspectives from the Field,”

Academic Medicine

, 85(4): 583–585, 2010.

Chapter 34: R. Sean Morrison, Sylvan Wallenstein, Dana K. Natale, Richard S. Senzel, and Lo-Li Huang, “‘We Don’t Carry That’—Failure of Pharmacies in Predominantly Nonwhite Neighborhoods to Stock Opioid Analgesics,”

New England Journal of Medicine

, 342(14):1023–1026, 2000.

Chapter 35: Darrell J. Gaskin, Christine S. Spencer, Patrick Richard, Gerard F. Anderson, Neil R. Powe, and Thomas A. LaVeist, “Do Hospitals Provide Lower-Quality Care to Minorities Than to Whites?”

Health Affairs

, 27(2):518–527, 2008.

Chapter 36: Meredith Minkler, “Linking Science and Policy Through Community-Based Participatory Research to Study and Address Health Disparities,”

American Journal of Public Health

, 100 (Supplement 1): S81–S87, 2010. Epub February 10, 2010.

Chapter 37: Nicole Lurie, Allen Fremont, Stephen A. Somers, Kathryn Coltin, Andrea Gelzer, Rhonda Johnson, Wayne Rawlins, Grace Ting, Winston Wong, and Donna Zimmerman, “The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality,”

Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety

, 34(5): 256–265, 2008.

Chapter 38: Marshall H. Chin, Amy E. Walters, Scott C. Cook, and Elbert S. Huang, “Interventions to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care,”

Medical Care Research and Review

, 64(5 Supplement):7S–28S, 2007.

THE EDITORS

Thomas A. LaVeist is director of the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions and the William C. and Nancy F. Richardson Professor in Health Policy at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. He has been on the Johns Hopkins faculty since 1990. His research focuses on health inequalities and health policy. LaVeist is a recipient of the Minority Health Knowledge Award given by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, and also the Health Disparities Innovation Award given by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health. He received his PhD degree, in medical sociology, from the University of Michigan in 1988 and his BA degree from the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in 1984. He is the author of four books, including Minority Populations and Health: An Introduction to Health Disparities in the United States (Jossey-Bass, 2005). He may be reached at [email protected].

Lydia A. Isaac is currently an assistant professor in the program in Community Health, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Health Policy and Management at the CUNY School of Public Health at Hunter College. She teaches classes on community health assessment and social disparities in health. She has an AB degree in ecology and evolutionary biology from Princeton University, an MSc degree in health and social behavior from the Harvard School of Public Health, and a PhD degree in health policy and management from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her dissertation studied the role of the neighborhood physical environment on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Her research interests include translating research into policy and practice, racial and ethnic health disparities, the social determinants of health, and the neighborhood environment and its role in health promotion.

THE AUTHORS

Gerard F. Anderson

, PhD, director, Center for Hospital Finance and Management, and professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Norman B. Anderson

, PhD, chief executive officer of the American Psychological Association.

Jamy D. Ard, MD

, assistant professor, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Health Professions.

Mahzarin R. Banaji

, PhD, Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social Ethics, Department of Psychology, Harvard University.

Monica L. Baskin

, PhD, assistant professor, Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health.

Gary G. Bennett

, PhD, associate professor of psychology and neuroscience, and global health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University.

Jesse A. Berlin

, ScD, vice president of epidemiology, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development.

Joseph R. Betancourt

, MD, MPH, director, Disparities Solutions Center; senior scientist, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, and director, multicultural education, Multicultural Affairs Office, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; assistant professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School.

M. Gregg Bloche

, JD, MD, professor of law and co-director, Georgetown-Johns Hopkins Joint Program in Law and Public Health.

Janice V. Bowie

, PhD, MPH, associate professor, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Dwayne T. Brandon

, PhD, assistant professor, Department of Psychology, North Carolina Central University.

Jane Burke

(now

Burke-Miller

), MS, senior research analyst, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago; Hektoen Institute.

Jennifer E. Burke

, MA, MS, RAND Health Program.

Dana R. Carney

, PhD, assistant professor, University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business.

Marshall H. Chin

, MD, MPH, FACP, associate professor of medicine, University of Chicago; director, Finding Answers: Disparities Research for Change National Program Office, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; and associate director, Diabetes Research and Training Center; co-director of research, Section of General Internal Medicine; and research associate, Center for Health Administration Studies and Center on the Demography and Economics of Aging, University of Chicago.

Rodney Clark

, who was a member of the Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, passed away May 18, 2006.

Vernessa R. Clark

, PhD, associate professor and coordinator, General Psychology Program, Virginia State University.

Chiquita Collins

, PhD, research director, health equity, Altarum Institute, San Antonio, Texas.

Kathryn Coltin

, M.P.H., director, external quality and data initiatives, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Wellesley, Massachusetts.

Scott C. Cook

, PhD, deputy director, Finding Answers: Disparities Research for Change National Program Office, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Lisa A. Cooper

, MD, MPH, James F. Fries Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine/GIM, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; director, Johns Hopkins Center to Eliminate Cardiovascular Health Disparities.

Megan Crowley-Matoka

, PhD, assistant professor, Medical Humanities and Bioethics Program, Northwestern University.

Anne P. D’Adamo

, MD, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.

Christi Deaton

, PhD, RN, FESC, FAHA, professor of nursing, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust and School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, University of Manchester.

Ross Dubé

, senior software engineer, Amazing Charts; owner/photographer, Ross Dubé Photography.

Christopher L. Edwards

, PhD, associate professor in psychiatry and behavioral sciences; associate professor in medicine; medical director, Biofeedback Laboratory and Pediatric Neuropsychology Service, Duke University School of Medicine.

John M. Eisenberg

, MD, formerly the director of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, passed away March 2002.

Laurie D. Elam-Evans

, PhD, MPH, epidemiologist, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Division of Behavioral Surveillance, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

José J. Escarce

, MD, PhD, adjunct health researcher at RAND and professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School.

Michael J. Fine

, MD, MSc, director, VA Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion (CHERP); staff physician, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System; professor of medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick

, BS, PhD, candidate in the Department of Psychology, University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences.

Allen Fremont

, MD, PhD, natural scientist and sociologist, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.

Cristina Gamboa

, second-year OB/GYN resident at UCSF, formerly a medical student at the University of Illinois College of Medicine.

Darrell J. Gaskin

, PhD, associate professor and deputy director, Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Gilbert C. Gee

, PhD, associate professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA School of Public Health.

Andrea Gelzer

, M.D, chief medical officer, Boston Medical Center HealthNet Plan, Boston; formerly senior vice president, Clinical Public Affairs, CIGNA Healthcare.

Bernard J. Gersh

, MB, ChB, DPhil, professor of medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.

Leon Goe

, PhD, MHS, acting administrative officer for research and research & development, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System.

Alan H. Goodman

, PhD, vice president for academic affairs and dean of faculty, College of Hampshire School of Natural Science.

Alexander R. Green

, MD, MPH, associate director, Disparities Solutions Center; senior scientist, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; assistant professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Lori F. Greene

, MS, RD, LD, registered dietitian, Student Health Center and University Medical Center, University of Alabama.

Monica Guerra

, MA, PhD candidate in the Department of Urban Planning, University of Michigan.

William G. Harless

, PhD, director, TIME Project, Georgetown University School of Medicine.

David E. Hayes Bautista

, PhD, professor of medicine and director, Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.

Elbert S. Huang

, MD, MPH, associate professor of medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago.

Lo-Li Huang

, MD, FACP, endocrinologist, Queens Diabetes & Endocrinology, PC.

Malo A. Hutson

, PhD, MCP, assistant professor, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley.

Kelly Hyman

(now

Hyman Burkitt

), PhD, director, research development, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System.

Lisa I. Iezzoni

, MD, MSc, professor of medicine, Harvard Medical School; director, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

James S. Jackson

, PhD, professor, Department of Psychology; co-director, Center for Integrative Approaches to Health Disparities, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education; and director, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Wendy K. Jefferson

, MA, health partner, Emory-Georgia Tech Center for Health Discovery and Well Being, Predictive Health Institute.

Ruth Jiles

, PhD, epidemiologist, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Rachel Johnson

(now

Johnson Thornton

), MD, PhD, assistant professor, general pediatrics and adolescent medicine, Johns Hopkins Children’s Center.

Rhonda Johnson

, MD, medical director, Highmark, Inc., Pittsburgh.

Camara Phyllis Jones

, MD, MPH, PhD, research director, social determinants of health and equity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; adjunct professor, Rollins School of Public Health; adjunct associate professor, Morehouse School of Medicine.

Camille A. Jones

, MD, MPH, internist (subspecialty public health and general preventive medicine), Little Rock, Arkansas; assistant professor, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.

Clara Y. Jones

, MD, MPH, assistant professor, Nutrition/Infection Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine.

M. Iya Kahramanian

, research analyst, Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture, UCLA.

Jessica A. Kelley-Moore

, PhD, associate professor of sociology, Case Western Reserve University.

Jon F. Kerner

, PhD, as of 2008 deputy director for research dissemination and diffusion, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.

Amy M. Kilbourne

, PhD, MP, associate professor of psychiatry, University of Michigan; associate director, VA National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource & Evaluation Center (SMITREC).

Katherine M. Knight

, graduate student instructor, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts; and graduate student research assistant, Director’s Office, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.

Christopher W. Kuzawa

, PhD, associate professor, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University.

Marielena Lara

, MD, MPH, natural scientist, UCLA/RAND Program on Latino Children with Asthma, RAND Health and Culture, Santa Monica, California; Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Medical Center.

Diane S. Lauderdale

, PhD, professor, Department of Epidemiology, University of Chicago.

Marsha Lillie-Blanton

, DrPH, chief quality officer and director, Division of Quality, Evaluation, and Health Outcomes Center for Medicaid, CHIP and Survey & Certification, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.

Gina S. Lovasi

, PhD, assistant professor in epidemiology, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health and Society Scholars Program, Institute of Social and Economic Research and Policy, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.

Nicole Lurie

, MD, MSPH, Alcoa Professor and director, Center for Population Health and Health Disparities, RAND Corporation, Arlington, Virginia.

Christie Z. Malpede

, MA, Department of Nutrition Sciences, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Marcellus M. Merritt

, PhD, assistant professor, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee.

Meredith Minkler

, DrPH, MPH, professor, Health and Social Behavior Program, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health.

Leo S. Morales

, MD, PhD, assistant professor, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; behavioral scientist, RAND Corporation.

R. Sean Morrison

, MD, director, Lilian and Benjamin Hertzberg Palliative Care Institute; director, National Palliative Care Research Center; professor and vice chair for research, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine; and professor, Department of Internal Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital.

Linda Rae Murray

, MD, MPH, president of APHA; chief medical officer, primary care and community health, Ambulatory and Community Health Network, Cook County Bureau of Health Services, Cook County, Chicago.

Dana K. Natale

, MA, pre-award officer for special initiatives, Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, Montclair State University.

Kathryn M. Neckerman

, PhD, executive director, Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago.

Long H. Ngo

, PhD, assistant professor of medicine (biostatistics), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School.

Kim J. Nickerson

, PhD, assistant dean for diversity, College of Health and Human Performance, and assistant dean, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland School of Public Health.

Daniel J. Pallin

, MD, MPH, research director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; member of the emergency medicine faculty, Children’s Hospital Boston; teaches epidemiology at Harvard Medical School.

Yin Paradies

, PhD, senior research fellow, Centre for Health & Society, Onemda VicHealth Koori Health Unit and the McCaughey Centre: VicHealth Centre for the Promotion of Mental Health and Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population Health.

Devon C. Payne-Sturges

, DrPH, assistant director, National Center for Environmental Research, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Geraldine S. Perry

, DrPH, RD, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Neil R. Powe

, MD, MPH, MBA, chief of medical services, San Francisco General Hospital; Constance B. Wofsy Distinguished Professor and vice-chair of medicine, University of California, San Francisco.

Jane A. Rafferty

, MA, research associate II: School of Social Work and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.

Wayne Rawlins

, MD, medical director, Aetna, Hartford, Connecticut.

Kristal L. Raymond

(now

Chichlowska

), PhD, MPH, director, California Tribal Epidemiology Center.

Patrick Richard

, PhD, assistant research professor, Department of Health Policy, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services.

Debra Roter

, DrPH, MPH, professor, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Susan F. Rumisha

, MSc, National Institute for Medical Research.

Talya Salant

, MD, PhD, practicing internal medicine in Boston, Massachusetts.

Kevin A. Schulman

, MD, MBA, director, Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics; director, Health Sector Management Program of the Fuqua School of Business; and professor of medicine, general internal medicine.

Richard S. Senzel

, MRP, Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

Richard M. Shewchuk

, PhD, professor, master of science in health administration program, University of Alabama, Birmingham.

Gopal K. Singh

, PhD, senior epidemiologist, Office of Data and Program Development, Maternal and Child Health Bureau, U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration.

Shyrl Sistrunk

, MD, associate professor, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and associate dean for curriculum and assessment, Georgetown University School of Medicine.

John J. Sollers III

, PhD, senior lecturer, University of Auckland.

Stephen A. Somers

, PhD, president and chief executive officer, Center for Healthcare Strategies, Hamilton, New Jersey.

Christine S. Spencer

, SM, ScD, associate professor, University of Baltimore (Maryland) School of Health and Human Services and School of Public and International Affairs.

Elizabeth Sweet

, PhD, MPH, assistant professor, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.

Galen Switzer

, PhD, associate professor of medicine and psychiatry, Center for Research on Health Care, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; associate director and co-chief, and measurement core health scientist, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System.

Christopher K. Taleghani

, MD, MBA, neurosurgeon, Cumberland Brain & Spine.

Stephen B. Thomas

, PhD, FAAHB, professor, Department of Health Services Administration, and director, Maryland Center for Health Equity, University of Maryland School of Public Health.

Roland J. Thorpe Jr

., MS, PhD, associate scientist, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Grace Ting

, health services director, WellPoint Health Networks, Inc., Indianapolis.

Knox H. Todd

, MD, MPH, FACEP, department chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.

Benedict I. Truman

, MD, MPH, associate director for science, Epidemiology and Analysis Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Reginald D. Tucker-Seeley

, ScD research associate, Department of Society Health and Human Development, Harvard School of Public Health.

Michelle van Ryn

, PhD, MPH, professor, family medicine and community health, University of Minnesota.

John M. Wallace Jr

., PhD, Philip Hallen Endowed Chair in Community Health and Social Justice, University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work.

Sylvan Wallenstein

, PhD, research professor in preventive medicine and health evidence and policy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

Amy E. Walters

(now

Schlotthauer

), MPH, program manager, Injury Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin.

Keith E. Whitfield

, PhD, professor and developmental program director, psychology and neuroscience, Duke University.

David R. Williams

, PhD, Florence Sprague Norman and Laura Smart Norman Professor of Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health; professor, African and African American studies and sociology, Harvard University.

Sankey Williams

, MD, Solomon Katz Professor of general medicine and professor of health care management (formerly health care systems), The Wharton School; associate, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania.

Winston Wong

, MD, clinical director of community benefit, Kaiser Permanente, Washington, DC.

Stella M. Yu