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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Rad Tech's Guides'
- Sprache: Englisch
Concise guide offering a thorough exploration of the transformative technology of photon counting
Rad Tech’s Guide to Photon Counting Computed Tomography is a comprehensive resource that enables readers to stay at the forefront of medical imaging with the first FDA-cleared Photon Counting Computed Tomography (PCCT) scanner. Ensuring compliance and cutting-edge practice, readers can prepare for the future with a guide that addresses upcoming educational requirements in medical imaging technology. This book is designed for quick reference, with precise, bulleted guidance, and material that aligns with international standards.
Rad Tech’s Guide to Photon Counting Computed Tomography includes information on:
- Essential physics of radiation attenuation in CT and the physical principles of MSCT imaging, with a review of CT image quality
- Fundamental physical principles of PCCT, including the technical design characteristics of their semiconductor sensors and associated electronics
- Advantages of PCCT systems compared to CT systems using EIDs, with each advantage illustrated with selected anatomical areas
- Elements of the ACR manual for quality control of CT systems and quality assurance programs for a PCD CT imaging system
Suitable for an international audience, Rad Tech’s Guide to Photon Counting Computed Tomography is an excellent reference for professionals and practitioners in the fields of computed tomography, nuclear medicine, diagnostic medical sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and biomedical engineering technology.
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Seitenzahl: 124
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The Invention of the Computed Tomography Scanner and the Nobel Prize
Introduction
What Is Computed Tomography?
Invention of the Computed Tomography Scanner: Contribution of the Pioneers
Physical Principles and Technology of Computed Tomography: A Brief Overview
The Evolution of Computed Tomography Detectors
Photon‐Counting Detectors: Current State of Computed Tomography Imaging
References
2 Conventional Computed Tomography
Introduction
Radiation Attenuation Considerations in Computed Tomography: Essential Physics
Attenuation and Computed Tomography Numbers
Multislice Computed Tomography: Principles and Technology
Image Reconstruction Algorithms in a Nutshell
Detector Technology: Key Features
Limitations of Energy Integrating Detectors: Image Quality Considerations
References
3 Photon‐Counting Computed Tomography
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Photon‐Counting Detectors for Computed Tomography Imaging – Early Preclinical Works
Computed Tomography Detectors: Physical Principles and Technology
Photon‐Counting Detectors: Physical Principles and Technology
Image Reconstruction in Photon‐Counting Computed Tomography
Advantages of Photon‐Counting Computed Tomography at a Glance
Technical Limitations of Photon‐Counting Detectors
References
4 Advantages of Photon Counting Computed Tomography
Introduction
Advantages of Photon‐CountingDetectors
References
5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Considerations
Introduction
What Is Quality Assurance/Quality Control?
Three Major Components of a Quality Control Program
Performance Criteria
The American College of Radiology Quality Control Manual for Computed Tomography
The American College of Radiology Computed Tomography Phantom
Establishing a Quality Control Program for a Clinical Photon Counting Detector Computed Tomography System
Results
References
6 Clinical Applications of Photon‐Counting Computed Tomography: A Brief Overview
Introduction
Clinical Applications of Photon‐Counting Computed Tomography
Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Comparison of characteristics between cadmium‐based and silicon‐b...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Features of PCDs that may limit the direct translation of QC proc...
Table 5.2 A summary of the results of the annual CT equipment performance e...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 The advantages of photon‐counting CT linked to their clinical app...
Table 6.2 Cardiovascular applications of photon‐counting CT.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Three major processes used by a conventional computed tomography ...
Figure 1.2 The major system components of the data acquisition system, illus...
Figure 1.3 A generalized evolution of computed tomography detector types....
Figure 1.4 The fundamental differences between indirect and direct conversio...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Radiation attenuation differences between a homogeneous beam and ...
Figure 2.2 The conversion of attenuation values into integers (0, a positive...
Figure 2.3 The conversion of the numerical image (computed tomography number...
Figure 2.4 Multislice computed tomography scanners use fan‐beam geometry to ...
Figure 2.5 The main difference between conventional slice‐by‐slice computed ...
Figure 2.6 Computed tomography imaging at low dose using the filtered back p...
Figure 2.7 The major steps involved in the filtered back projection algorith...
Figure 2.8 The fundamental steps involved in an artificial neural network–ba...
Figure 2.9 The main components of two types of detectors used in computed to...
Figure 2.10 The main difference between single‐slice computed tomography and...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Graphical representation of the evolution of third‐generation com...
Figure 3.2 A schematic overview of two types of detectors used in computed t...
Figure 3.3 A notable distinction between the energy‐integrating detectors (E...
Figure 3.4 The basic structural components of an energy‐integrating detector...
Figure 3.5 Schematic drawing of an energy‐integrating scintillator detector:...
Figure 3.6 The limited spatial resolution and image noise between an energy‐...
Figure 3.7 The basic structural components of a photon‐ounting detector.
Figure 3.8 X‐ray photons falling on the semiconductor detector produce elect...
Figure 3.9 Schematic drawing of a direct converting photon‐counting detector...
Figure 3.10 Example of a 500‐ns signal output of a photon‐counting detector ...
Figure 3.11 Schematic representation of an energy‐integrating detector (top)...
Figure 3.12 Comparison of the distal arterial pulmonary tree imaged with a d...
Figure 3.13 Images of a 55‐year‐old female patient with atypical pneumonia. ...
Figure 3.14 A summary of pile‐up, charge sharing, k‐escape, and Compton scat...
Figure 3.15 Charge sharing, K‐escape, and Compton scattering cause inaccurat...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Comparison of spatial resolution in the phantom images between ul...
Figure 4.2 Maximum‐intensity projection images of fish (using author’s own u...
Figure 4.3 Images of the whole lung (a–c) and enlarged image sections (d–f) ...
Figure 4.4 Coronal reformatted Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) usin...
Figure 4.5 X‐ray photons falling on the semiconductor detector produce elect...
Figure 4.6 The major steps of the image‐based energy weighting in photon‐cou...
Figure 4.7 Graphical representation of material‐specific imaging enabled by ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 The American College of Radiology computed tomography (CT) qualit...
Figure 5.2 Image‐based approach for dual‐energy computed tomography (CT) ana...
Figure 5.3 Raw data‐based approach for dual‐energy computed tomography (CT) ...
Figure 5.4 Computed tomography (CT) image processed with image‐based analysi...
Figure 5.5 Daily computed tomography (CT) quality control images from the ph...
Figure 5.6 The modulation transfer function measured from the photon‐countin...
Figure 5.7 Sample images of the multienergy phantom (see text) at different ...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 A comparison of the image quality of the tegmen tympani (arrows) ...
Figure 6.2 Photon‐counting computed tomography imaging shows excellent spati...
Figure 6.3 Noncontrast abdominal computed tomography (CT) images of a patien...
Figure 6.4 Using a photon‐counting detector, virtual monochromatic images of...
Figure 6.5 Photon‐counting computed tomography (CT) is also excellent for CT...
Figure 6.6 Improved spatial resolution between photon‐counting detector comp...
Figure 6.7 Metal artifact reduction: transverse reformats of photon‐counting...
Figure 6.8 Photon‐counting detector computed tomography generates virtual mo...
Figure 6.9 The use of photon‐counting computed tomography in cardiac imaging...
Figure 6.10 Cardiac/coronary photon‐counting computed tomography examples of...
Figure 6.11 Cardiac/coronary photon‐counting computed tomography example of ...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Rad Tech’s Guide to Photon Counting Computed Tomography
EUCLID SEERAM, PHD., FCAMRT
Adjunct Associate Professor; Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences; Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Adjunct Professor; Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Regular Guest Lecturer; Vision, Compassion, Awareness (VCA) Education Solutions for Health Professionals Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for
Paperback ISBN: 9781394307227
Cover Design: WileyCover Images: © Si‐Mohamed, Salim Aymeric, Jade Miailhes, Pierre‐Antoine Rodesch, Sara Boccalini, Hugo Lacombe, Valérie Leitman, Vincent Cottin, Loic Boussel, and Philippe Douek. 2021. “Spectral Photon‐Counting CT Technology in Chest Imaging” Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 24: 5757. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm1024575
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my smart and caring son, Dave, the best Dad on the planet, with love and blessings forever.
Preface
Photon Counting Computed Tomography (PCCT) has been hailed as one of two “monumental” developments in Computed Tomography (CT) by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). The other is using Artificial Intelligence to improve brain CT imaging. Both have been cleared for clinical use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). PCCT is expected to become the new generation of X‐ray CT. This book is about PCCT imaging systems.
The major characteristic of PCCT is that of the detector. While conventional CT systems use Energy Integrating Detectors (EIDs) based on Scintillators such as Gadolinium Oxysulfide (Gd2O2S) or Cadmium Tungstate (CdWO4) to convert X‐ray photons to light photons, which are then subsequently converted to electrical signals that are digitized and sent to the computer for processing; the PCCT detector is a Photon Counting Detector (PCD) based on the use of semiconductors such as Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) or Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT). PCDs convert X‐ray photons directly to electrical signals that are digitized and sent to the computer for processing.
By virtue of their design, PCDs offer several advantages compared with EID CT imaging systems, namely, reduction of electronic noise, improved spatial resolution, improved contrast and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) reduced radiation dose, reduction of image artifacts, and material specific imaging. For example, the advantage of the absence of electronic noise and greater dose efficiency has been shown to decrease the radiation dose of whole‐body low‐dose CT examinations by over 50%. Furthermore, these advantages have provided gains in the clinical applications of PCCT to image small lesions, visualize microstructures, measure iodine concentrations, and reduce radiation dose, thus demonstrating that PCCT is a “valuable tool for disease diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring in various medical scenarios” (Ref. 17 in Chapter 6).
The major purpose of this book, Rad Tech’s Guide to Photon Counting Computed Tomography, is to provide a useful resource to meet the developing educational requirements of the imaging personnel, not only in the United States and Canada, but also in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia and New Zealand.
The contents in this book are organized into 6 Chapters as follows:
Chapter 1
provides a brief description of CT, as presented by the pioneers Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack. Second, three major processes involved in CT imaging, namely Data Acquisition, Image Reconstruction, and Image Display and Communications, are reviewed, followed by a short overview of the evolution of CT detectors, leading to the introduction of photon counting detectors, used in current state‐of‐the‐art CT scanners.
Chapter 2
presents a review of the essential physics of radiation attenuation in CT, followed by a description of the physical principles of MSCT imaging, including a review of CT image quality, in an effort to set the stage for understanding current state‐of‐the‐art CT technology, photon counting CT.
Chapter 3
presents a comprehensive description of the fundamental physical principles of PCCT, including the technical design characteristics of their semiconductor sensors and associated electronics. Finally, the advantages of PCDs compared to EIDs are identified.
Chapter 4
outlines the advantages (listed above) of PCCT systems compared with CT systems using EIDs. Second, each advantage is illustrated with selected anatomical areas.
Chapter 5
