Radio-Frequency Human Exposure Assessment E-Book

Joe Wiart

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 230

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Nowadays approximately 6 billion people use a mobile phone and they now take a central position within our daily lives. The 1990s saw a tremendous increase in the use of wireless systems and the democratization of this means of communication. To allow the communication of millions of phones, computers and, more recently, tablets to be connected, millions of access points and base station antennas have been extensively deployed. Small cells and the Internet of Things with the billions of connected objects will reinforce this trend. This growing use of wireless communications has been accompanied by a perception of risk to the public from exposure to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF). To address this concern, biomedical research has been conducted. It has also been important to develop and improve dosimetry methods and protocols that could be used to evaluate EMF exposure and check compliance with health limits. To achieve this, much effort has was made in the 1990s and 2000s. Experimental and numerical methods, including statistical methods, have been developed. This book provides an overview and description of the basic and advanced methods that have been developed for human RF exposure assessment. It covers experimental, numerical, deterministic and stochastic methods.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Dedication

Title

Copyright

Preface

1 Human RF Exposure and Communication Systems

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Metric and limits relative to human exposure

1.3. European standards and regulation framework

1.4. Conclusion

2 Computational Electromagnetics Applied to Human Exposure Assessment

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Finite difference in time domain to solve the Maxwell equations

2.3. FDTD and human exposure assessment

2.4. RF exposure assessment

2.5. Conclusion

3 Stochastic Dosimetry

3.1. Motivations

3.2. The challenge of variability for numerical dosimetry

3.3. Stochastic dosimetry and polynomial chaos expansion

3.4. PC and numerical dosimetry

3.5. Calculation of the PC coefficients

3.6. Design of experiments

3.7. Predictive model validation

3.8. Surrogate modeling for dosimetry

3.9. SA and signature of the PC

3.10. Parsimonious quintile estimation

3.11. Conclusion

Conclusion

Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

1 Human RF Exposure and Communication Systems

Table 1.1.

ICNIRP basic restrictions

Table 1.2.

ICNIRP reference levels for general public (from [ICN 98])

Table 1.3.

Repartition of population in urban area of France and Serbia depending on age

Table 1.4.

Proportions of users and non-users of mobile phones per population category

3 Stochastic Dosimetry

Table 3.1.

Example of relationship between families of orthogonal polynomials in generalized polynomial chaos expansion and usual input distributions

Table 3.2.

Number of simulations versus order and number of uncertain variables for sparse grids

Table 3.3.

Order of PCE polynomials, number of simulations and Q

2

of the sparse SAR10 g surrogate PCE model obtained with the iterative process and the “hyperbolic” index set

List of Illustrations

1 Human RF Exposure and Communication Systems

Figure 1.1.

Mobile phone subscriber’s progression (left) [ICT 14]; number of devices versus years (right) [CIS 15]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/wiart/radiofrequency.zip

Figure 1.2.

Whole body averaged SAR for different body modelversus frequency. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/wiart/radiofrequency.zip

Figure 1.3.

Thelonius whole body SAR, in Watt/kg, versus angle of incidence for exposure. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/wiart/radiofrequency.zip

Figure 1.4.

Thelonius whole body SAR versus angle of incidence for exposure induced by five incident plane waves having vertical polarization, log-normal distribution for the amplitude and uniform distribution for the phase. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/wiart/radiofrequency.zip

Figure 1.5.

Antenna modeling using sub-antenna approach

Figure 1.6.

Example of amplitude a) and phase b) applied to the eight dipoles of an array antenna

Figure 1.7.

E field obtained through spherical modes a) and sub-antenna modeling b)

Figure 1.8.

EMF visual use (compliance boundary a), field b) of subantenna models. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/wiart/radiofrequency.zip