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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book deals with the field of identification and sensors, more precisely the possibility of collecting information remotely with RF waves (RFID). The book introduces the technology of chipless RFID starting from classical RFID and barcode, and explores the field of identification and sensors without wire, without batteries, without chip, and with tags that can even be printed on paper. A technique for automatic design of UHF RFID tags is presented , aiming at making the tags as insensitive as possible to the environment (with the ability to increase the reading range reliability), or, conversely, making them sensitive in order to produce sensors, meanwhile keeping their unique ID. The RFID advantages are discussed, along with its numerous features, and comparisons with the barcode technology are presented. After that, the new chipless RFID technology is introduced on the basis of the previous conclusions. Original technological approaches are introduced and discussed in order to demonstrate the practical and economic potential of the chipless technology.
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Seitenzahl: 367
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014
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Table of Contents
Cover
Dedication
Title
Copyright
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Introduction
PART 1: Radio-Frequency Identifications
1 Introduction to RFID
1.1. General introduction to RFID
1.2. The RFID market
1.3. Issues in RFID
1.4. Conclusion
1.5. Bibliography
2 Antenna Design for UHF RFID Tags
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Essential RFID parameters
2.3. Discussions about the two chip impedance states
2.4. Rules of design for RFID antennas: classic design approach
2.5. Robust RFID antenna design methodology
2.6. Conclusion
2.7. Bibliography
3 New Developments in UHF RFID
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Wireless measurement technique for antenna impedance
3.3. Toward the use of RFID as a sensor
3.4. Conclusion
3.5. Bibliography
PART 2: Chipless RFID
4 Introduction to Chipless RFID
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Operating principle of chipless RFID
4.3. Positioning of chipless RFID
4.4. Advantages
4.5. Conclusion
4.6. Bibliography
5 Development of Chipless RFID
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Coding capacity and density of chipless RFID tags
5.3. Improvement of the robustness of detection of chipless RFID tags
5.4. Practical application of chipless RFID technology
5.5. Conclusion
5.6. Bibliography
6 Perspectives on Chipless RFID Technology
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Securing of information
6.3. Multiple readings
6.4. Chipless sensors
6.5. Reconfigurable chipless
6.6. Conclusion
6.7. Bibliography
Conclusion
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Tables
2 Antenna Design for UHF RFID Tags
Table 2.1 Variations of coefficients τ and K
l
for different characteristic load impedance values
Table 2.2 Approximate values of principal parameters involved in the design of antennas for passive UHF RFID tags
Table 2.3 Typical genetic algorithm parameters
3 New Developments in UHF RFID
Table 3.1. Impedance values measured for the two states of chip NXP GX2L compared to the ones given in the manufacturer’s datasheet [NXP 08]
Table 3.2. Read ranges and ΔRCS measured for the tag designed to have a large ΔRCS (Figure 3.13(a)), as well as for the NXP tag, over the three RFID frequency bands
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To my father
“If you work hard at the small things, in time you will achieve the great ones”.
Samuel Beckett
Series Editor
Guy Pujolle
Radio Frequency Identification and Sensors
From RFID to Chipless RFID
Etienne Perret
First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKwww.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2014
The rights of Etienne Perret to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953189
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-84821-766-9
Acknowledgments
This project was completed at the Laboratory of Conception and Integration of Systems (LCIS) at the Grenoble Institute of Technology, in the ORSYS group.
Special thanks go to Hamza Chaabane, Arnaud Vena and Raji Sasidharan Nair, whom I supervised during their PhD degree; the principal results of which are discussed in this book. I extend my warm friendship and gratitude to them.
I would also like to thank all of the master’s, doctoral and postdoctoral students with whom I have worked over the past few years and who contributed to the completion of this book. Particular thanks go to Emna Bel Kamel, Maxime Bernier, Ayslan Caisson Noroes Maia, Mossaab Daiki, Thaïs Luana Vidal, Maher Hamdi, Olivier Rance, Taranjeet Singh, Paul Slomianny, Raphael Tavares De Alencar and Deepu Vasudevan Nair. Both the quality and the relevance of this book owe a great deal to their assiduous work, and I am well aware of being in their debt.
Warm thanks to my colleagues Frédéric Garet and Lionel Duvillaret, with whom I have had many fruitful discussions, notably as part of the THID project. I would like to express my appreciation for all their help and for the time they most kindly spared for me. I also give thanks to Thierry Barron, Patrice Gonon and Christophe Vallée, who also played a role in this work by enabling us to open new paths for chipless RFID.
My sincere thanks also go to the people with whom I have had the opportunity to work on various research contracts, the subjects of which formed the skeleton of this book. I would like to extend my particular thanks to Yann Boutant, Guy Eymin-Petot-Tourtollet, Christophe Halopé, Diez Hubert, Christophe Loussert and Christophe Poyet. Thank you for listening and helping me throughout the years.
I am particularly grateful to my partner Emma, who dedicated herself with patience, diligence and precision to the correction of my manuscript, a task made all the more thankless by not being in her field.
Thanks as well to all my longtime laboratory colleagues and friends, especially the members of the ORSYS group, Darine Kaddour, Pierre Lemaitre Auger, Romain Siragusa and Smail Tedjini, with whom I have spent many hours discussing our respective research. I am very grateful for the highly varied exchanges we have had together through the years, and I extend my deepest friendship and best wishes to them.
This work was supported financially by several research programs, institutions and companies. The principal contributors were the Grenoble Institute of Technology, the French National Research Agency (ANR), Gravit Innovation Grenoble – Alps, the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the department of Drôme.
List of Acronyms
ANR
Agence Nationale de la Recherche
(the French National Research Agency)
CBRAM
Conductive Bridging RAM
CST
computer simulation technology
CTP
Centre Technique du Papier
(the Pulp and Paper Research & Technical Centre)
EAN 13
European Article Numbering 13 barcode
EAS
Electronic Article Surveillance
EIRP
effective isotropic radiated power
EM
electromagnetic
EPC
Electronic Product Code
ERP
effective radiated power
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
FCS
Frame Control Sequence
FET
field effect transistor
GD
group delay
GA
genetic algorithms
HF
high frequency
RH
relative humidity
IC
integrated circuit
ID
identifier
IFF
Identification Friend or Foe
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
ISM
industrial scientific and medical
LF
low frequency
LCIS
Laboratoire de Conception et d’intégration des Systèmes
(Laboratory of Conception and Integration of Systems)
SEM
scanning electron microscopy
MIM
Metal–Insulator–Metal
MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MST
Modulated Scattering Technique
NFC
near-field communication
OOK
on–off keying
PE
polyethylene
PET
polyethylene terephthalate
PMC
programmable metallization cell
PIN
positive intrinsic negative diode
PMC
programmable metallization cell
PMMA
polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic)
PPM
pulse-position modulation
PSD
power spectral density
PTFE
polytetrafluoroethylene
RCS
radar cross-section
REP
RF encoding particles
RF
radio frequencies
RFID
radio frequency identification
SAW
surface acoustic wave
SER
surface equivalent radar
SFH
synthesized frequency hopping
SMA
SubMiniature version A
THID
terahertz identification
THz
terahertz
UHF
ultra high frequency
UWB
ultra wide band
VNA
vector network analyzer
Introduction
There is an unprecedented enthusiasm for radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies today. RFID is based on the exchange of information carried by electromagnetic waves between a label, or tag, and a reader. This technology is currently in full economic expansion, which has manifested itself in widely backed research activities, some of which will be examined in this book. There are multiple annual international conferences dedicated specifically to this theme, and RFID sessions are included in every conference revolving around microwaves, RF systems or issues of communication. This can be explained by the versatile quality of this approach, which makes it possible to address extremely broad domains ranging from software to components. Today, there are thousands of applications that involve RFID. Here too, the spectrum is a considerable one, ranging from logistics to passports but also including niche domains, some of which are quite unexpected. This extremely wide variety of applications has yielded a large number of limitations, which differ according to the intended field of use, necessitating the creation of tags of various sizes, able (or not) to resist high mechanical- or temperature-based stresses or to ensure secure data exchange. To respond to these needs, which can sometimes prove incompatible, different RFID technologies have appeared over time. It is why radio frequency technology is pluralist. Simply attempting to categorize RFID technologies into groups is in itself a fairly complicated undertaking. Of these technologies, we will pay particular attention to passive RFID (meaning that no energy source is present on the tag side) and ultra high frequency (UHF) (in which signal exchanges are conducted by propagation and not by coupling). This technology has overtaken HF technology, which has a short reading distance and which makes remote readings more difficult than contact readings.
RFID has been constructed normatively over time, and this standardization is its true strength. Because of this, in the future, RFID will no longer be limited to the domain of identification, but will take on a whole new dimension. Like WiFi, for example, RFID is being regarded widely as a set of wireless communication protocols regulated by norms, over which any type of data can be transmitted. This is only the beginning, and projected applications include the manufacture of sensors with a unique identifier (ID). Among these multiple RFID applications and technologies, however, certain trackers remain that connect things with one another, thus maintaining a certain unity. Cost remains the most important tracer, particularly that of the tag, clearly distinguishing it from other systems such as Bluetooth or ZigBee. In passive UHF RFID, the absence of a battery in the tag results in a much lower cost, and it is possible with many applications to obtain disposable tags. On a note closely related to the cost aspect, it is also true that RFID is intended to constitute a simple approach, notably from an electronic standpoint. This simplicity of production and application might also be considered in a certain way as another RFID tracer.
When we consider the concepts of identification, tag cost and simplicity of application, we are logically led to think of the barcode, which is truly the benchmark reference for this subject, and will serve as the reference point for a large number of discussions in this book. This leads us to the following statement: if we are seeking to push the envelope of the aforementioned RFID codes, is not it relevant for RFID to attempt to move closer to barcodes? Put like that, this may seem like a strange suggestion, but we will see that it is nothing of the kind. The second part of this book will examine another branch of RFID, which we call chipless RFID. We will discuss in detail the reasons that led researchers to work on this unusual issue, which can be situated from an applicative point of view somewhere halfway between RFID and the barcode.
This book is structured into two parts. Part 1 is entirely dedicated to passive UHF RFID. Following an introduction (Chapter 1) to the general approach used in passive RFID, specifically the principle of backscattering, the issue of designing antennas to create tags that are as impervious as possible to the environment will be discussed in Chapter 2. Conversely, the question of tags used to relay information about their environment will be addressed in Chapter 3. Part 2 will be dedicated to chipless technology. After introducing the principle used in Chapter 4, Chapter 5 will examine the various developments that have been applied. The last chapter, Chapter 6, will present the different functionalities toward which it is envisioned that the chipless approach might converge. We will see, for example, how it is possible to produce tag-sensors and reconfigurable tags.
PART 1Radio-Frequency Identifications
1Introduction to RFID
1.1. General introduction to RFID
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a major technology which, for more than a decade now, has undergone significant development in terms of applications. The traceability market includes a large number of families of tags, with each of these families fulfilling very specific needs. These tags include a label composed of an antenna and a medium for information (generally using a silicon chip); some contain a battery (active tag) and some do not (passive tag) [FIN 10, PAR 09, TED 09]. The operating principle is that of a classic wireless communication device. The reader is used to establish an interface between the identifier (ID) contained in the tag on the one side, and, on the other side, a database is used to access other information on the tag. The reader transmits a frame according to a standardized protocol, and the signal is then modulated. In the case of ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID, the tag receives part of this radio-frequency (RF) wave. The tag’s antenna then collects the signal and transmits it to the RFID chip (Figure 1.1
