Radio Protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced E-Book

SeungJune Yi

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 590

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Provides a unique focus on radio protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)

Giving readers a valuable understanding of LTE radio protocols, this book covers LTE (Long-Term Evolution) Layer 2/3 radio protocols as well as new features including LTE-Advanced. It is divided into two sections to differentiate between the two technologies’ characteristics. The authors systematically explain the design principles and functions of LTE radio protocols during the development of mobile handsets. The book also provides essential knowledge on the interaction between mobile networks and mobile handsets.

• Among the first publications based on the 3GPP R10 specifications, which introduces LTE-A
• Beginning with an overview of LTE, topics covered include: Idle Mode Procedure; Packet Data Convergence Protocol and Public Warning Systems
• Presents the LTE radio interface protocol layers in a readable manner, to enhance the material in the standards publications
• From an expert author team who have been directly working on the 3GPP standards

It is targeted at professionals working or intending to work in the area and can also serve as supplementary reading material for students who need to know how theory on the most extensively used mobile radio interface today is put into practice

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Foreword by Takehiro Nakamura

Preface

About the Authors

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 3GPP

1.2 Evolutionary Path of 3GPP Systems

1.3 Market Trend

1.4 Requirement of LTE

1.5 Overview of LTE Architecture

1.6 UE Capabilities

References

Chapter 2: Idle Mode Procedure

2.1 Idle Mode Functions

2.2 Services and Cell Categorization

2.3 UE States and State Transitions

2.4 PLMN Selection

2.5 Location Registration

2.6 Cell Selection

2.7 Cell Reselection

2.8 Access Verification

2.9 Paging Reception

References

Chapter 3: Radio Resource Control (RRC)

3.1 RRC Functions and Architecture

3.2 System Information

3.3 Paging

3.4 Connection Establishment

3.5 Security

3.6 RRC Connection Reconfiguration

3.7 UE Capability Transfer

3.8 Intra-EUTRA Handover

3.9 Measurement Control

3.10 RRC Connection Re-establishment

3.11 Inter-RAT Mobility

3.12 RRC Connection Release

Reference

Chapter 4: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)

4.1 PDCP Functions and Architecture

4.2 Header Compression

4.3 Security

4.4 Data Transfer

4.5 SDU Discard

4.6 Handover

4.7 PDCP PDU Formats

Reference

Chapter 5: Radio Link Control (RLC)

5.1 RLC Functions and Architecture

5.2 Framing

5.3 Reordering

5.4 ARQ Operation

5.5 Window Operation

5.6 SDU Discard

5.7 RLC Re-establishment

5.8 RLC PDU Formats

Reference

Chapter 6: Medium Access Control (MAC)

6.1 MAC Functions and Services

6.2 MAC Architecture

6.3 MAC Channels and Mapping

6.4 Scheduling

6.5 Scheduling Information Delivery

6.6 Logical Channel Prioritization (LCP)

6.7 Discontinuous Reception (DRX)

6.8 Hybrid-ARQ (HARQ)

6.9 Random Access (RA) Procedure

6.10 Time Alignment

6.11 MAC PDU Formats

Reference

Chapter 7: Overview of LTE and LTE-Advanced New Features

7.1 Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

7.2 Home eNB (HeNB)

7.3 Public Warning System (PWS)

7.4 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)

7.5 Carrier Aggregation (CA)

7.6 Relay

7.7 Minimization of Drive Test (MDT)

7.8 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC)

7.9 Machine Type Communication (MTC)

Chapter 8: Voice over LTE (VoLTE)

8.1 Voice Solutions for LTE

8.2 IMS VoIP

8.3 Circuit-Switched Fallback (CSFB)

8.4 Service Domain Selection

8.5 Comparison between IMS VoIP and CSFB

8.6 RAN Optimization for VoIP

References

Chapter 9: Home eNB (HeNB)

9.1 Architectural Framework

9.2 CSG Provisioning

9.3 System Information Related to CSG

9.4 Identification of CSG

9.5 Mobility with CSG Cells

9.6 Support for Hybrid Cells

References

Chapter 10: Public Warning System (PWS)

10.1 Warning System Architecture

10.2 Warning Messages

10.3 Delivery of Warning Messages on a Network

10.4 Delivery of Warning Messages over the Radio Interface

References

Chapter 11: Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)

11.1 MBMS Services

11.2 Architecture and Functions for MBMS

11.3 MBSFN Transmissions

11.4 Radio Protocols for MBMS

11.5 MBMS Procedures

11.6 MBMS Enhancements in Releases 10 and 11

References

Chapter 12: Carrier Aggregation (CA)

12.1 Spectrum and Deployment Scenarios

12.2 Cell Management

12.3 Extended MAC Functions

References

Chapter 13: Relay

13.1 Deployment Scenarios

13.2 Network Architecture for the Relay Node

13.3 Types of Relay Node

13.4 Relay Node-Specific Operation

13.5 Relay Node Start-Up Procedure

13.6 Simplified Operation of Release 10 Relay Node

References

Chapter 14: Minimization of Driving Test (MDT)

14.1 Architectural Framework

14.2 Logged MDT

14.3 Immediate MDT

References

Chapter 15: Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC)

15.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployment

15.2 CA-based ICIC

15.3 Time Domain ICIC

References

Chapter 16: Machine Type Communication (MTC)

16.1 Overload Control for MTC

16.2 MTC Features in 3GPP

References

Index

This edition first published 2012

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Radio protocols for LTE and LTE-advanced / SeungJune Yi … [et al.].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-18853-8 (cloth)

1. Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications) 2. Mobile communication systems–Technological innovations. 3. Wireless communication systems–Technological innovations. I. Yi, SeungJune.

TK5103.48325.R33 2012

621.3845′6–dc23

2012020587

ISBN: 9781118188538

Foreword

Back in 2004, 3G mobile communication systems providing high-speed Internet access were available, such as HSPA. At that time, the introduction of HSPA was considered a key enabler for 3G systems to meet market demand and remain competitive against other systems for a number of years. Looking forward into the future, however, multimedia and ubiquitous traffic were expected to grow rapidly. To support future traffic growth and maintain competitiveness, many operators shared the strong intention to evolve the 3G system with a long-term perspective. Driven by these motivations, 3GPP started specification work for Long-Term Evolution based on the 3G system and completed the work in Release 8 specifications.

The advent of high-performance smartphones opened a new era of opportunities for service providers and customers in the mobile industry. The rapid adoption of smartphones motivated customers towards the experiences of rich multimedia services including broadband mobile Internet. As a result, mobile traffic has increased explosively in an unprecedented manner, often approaching the network capacity of the existing mobile network, which has given mobile operators a strong incentive to pursue more aggressive strategies for evolution of the mobile network.

With this in mind, LTE is the central focus of the mobile industry, as LTE is the most promising technology on the market. For mobile operators running GSM/UMTS systems, LTE is a natural choice for their future networks. Even operators deploying 2G/3G CDMA systems are choosing the LTE system as their future network, because LTE is the only viable option for their survival. In this sense, LTE is a truly global mobile communication system that will cover almost all of the world. Currently, more than two hundred mobile operators are planning or are already deploying an LTE system.

The unique value of this book is that readers can gain in-depth understanding, especially on the radio protocols of the LTE system. While most other books on LTE focus on Physical layer aspects, this book distinctively focuses on providing sufficient knowledge of the radio protocols of the LTE system. The worth of this book is also found in the intensive treatment given to the technologies of LTE-Advanced. Most up-to-date issues and technologies in terms of LTE radio protocols are explained with fruitful figures and examples to aid readers' understanding.

All the authors have been actively involved in the standardization of radio protocols in 3GPP. The expertise of the authors has already been proven by their active contribution to the development of UMTS, HSPA, LTE, and LTE-Advanced systems. These experts are in a perfect position to take readers forward by explaining to them not only how the LTE system works but also why the system is designed in that way. Furthermore, the authors are currently participating in LTE-Advanced standardization; thus, readers can also ascertain the main issues, direction of enhancement, and the details of LTE-Advanced covered by this book.

The publication of this book is fortunate for those who want to understand how the LTE system really works, because the well-organized contents of this book will guide readers to reach a thorough understanding of the various aspects of LTE radio protocols such as design principles, architectures, and functions. If readers are already familiar with the Physical layer or the core network of LTE, this book will also provide a chance to bridge their knowledge of one part with knowledge of the other parts, such that those readers can reach a complete understanding of the LTE system.

Takehiro Nakamura3GPP TSG RAN ChairmanNTT DOCOMO Inc.

Preface

It was only a few years ago that “ubiquitous connectivity” was recognized as the future of wireless communication systems. In the era of ubiquitous connectivity, it was expected that the broadband mobile Internet experience would be pervasive, and seamless connectivity on a global scale would be no surprise at all. The quality of service would be guaranteed no matter when/where/what the users wanted with the connectivity. Connectivity would even be extended to object-to-object communication, where no human intervention was required. All objects would become capable of autonomous communication.

Looking around at life today, those expectations are no longer what we imagine for the future, but what we already experience – ubiquitous connectivity is becoming reality. We are living in the era of this ongoing revolution of connectivity.

The revolution has been accelerated by the recent monumental enhancement of mobile communication technologies. At the center of the enhancement is the LTE system. It is well known that the development of the initial LTE specifications was completed within an unprecedented tight time schedule. During the course of development of the specifications, all the mobile business sectors including global mobile operators, network vendors, and terminal/chipset vendors have made tremendous efforts with regard to the standardization working process. The success of the LTE system as a truly global mobile communication standard is being proven by the mobile ecosystem whereby the LTE system is proliferating rapidly throughout the world. The success of the LTE ecosystem on a grand scale is fueling the rollout of the revolution towards ubiquitous connectivity.

The possibility of ubiquitous connectivity presents new business opportunities in terms of services. Keen-sighted readers will already recognize that the LTE system should be considered an “enabler” of the services we wish to enjoy, rather than simply a high-performance communication system. For key players in the mobile sector and associated industry, it is very important to understand the LTE system as an enabling technology.

The current design of the LTE system is the result of the 3GPP standardization working process, which comprises long courses of discussion and decision making. Often, not even a single decision meets with unanimous agreement among the companies participating in the standardization process. Many of the decisions are the result of discussions and compromises between the gains achievable and the costs and complexity incurred.

In principle, since specifications are collections of these decisions, they should be written in a neutral and ambiguity-free manner – that is, specifications only specify “minimum requirements.” Specifications do not explain more than the minimum required to avoid violating neutrality. For this reason, readers often feel that specifications are rather closed and unrevealing.

A couple of books on LTE and LTE-Advanced are available on the market, offering readers information complementary to the specifications. However, when readers flick through such books, they will almost invariably notice that most of the pages in them are allocated to explaining the operations of the Physical layer. Only a small portion, if anything at all, is dedicated to giving descriptions of the radio protocols that work beyond the Physical layer. Such a treatment is insufficient for readers thirsty for a complete understanding of LTE radio protocols.

From an end-to-end communication point of view, the radio protocols contribute to the essential parts of operations and signaling that enable the user service with the LTE system. For example, connection control, mobility management, radio resource management, and user data transfer between the mobile terminal and the network are all controlled by radio protocols. Therefore, for the reader who is eager to view the complete picture of the LTE system, it is essential to obtain precise knowledge of the LTE radio protocols.

The main motivation behind this book is to quench the thirst of those readers by focusing on the LTE radio protocols. The details of each LTE Release 8 radio protocol are given in the first half of the book, by explaining how the terminal and the network interact over the radio interface in terms of both user data transfer and control signaling. Readers' understanding of LTE radio protocols can then be solidified when the enhanced technologies and services introduced in LTE Releases 9/10 are presented in the second half of the book, with useful figures to aid readers' understanding. It should be noted that this book only gives a guide to understanding the LTE radio protocols based on the authors' knowledge. Readers who want to have definitive information should also refer to the specifications published by 3GPP.

It is the authors' desire that this book will help to guide readers to a more complete understanding of the LTE system by combining the core of LTE radio protocols presented in this book with readers' knowledge of the Physical layer and the core network obtained elsewhere. As contributors to the LTE specifications, the authors are pleased with the current LTE system, which is already enabling services of which we only ever dreamed. Bearing in mind that the LTE system is still on its evolutionary path, we strongly believe that the timely publication of this book will make it possible for its readers to become the next-step enablers of services and technologies of which they only ever dreamed and that we never imagined.

SeungJune YiSungDuck ChunYoungDae LeeSungJun ParkSungHoon Jung

About the Authors

SeungJune Yi holds an MS degree in Electronics Engineering from Seoul National University. He joined LG Electronics in 1999, and has been actively participating in 3GPP TSG RAN Working Group 2 since 2000, contributing hundreds of papers for UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA, MBMS, LTE, and LTE-Advanced. He has also participated in 3GPP TSG RAN Plenary as a leader of the Radio Protocol Standard team in LG Electronics. He has been the Rapporteur of the LTE PDCP specification (TS36.323) from 2008, and he has been a Vice Chairman of RAN WG2 from August 2011. He is the inventor of hundreds of patents, and won the “Inventor of the Year in LG Electronics” award in 2000, 2002, and 2008. From the Korean Intellectual Property Office, he won the “Patent Technology Award” in 2009, and was awarded “Inventor of the Year in Korea” in 2010. From 2008, he participated in the book LTE: The UMTS Long Term Evolution as a section author of “User Plane Protocols.”

SungDuck Chun holds an MBA degree from Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in MA, USA, and a BS degree in Electric Engineering from Seoul National University in Seoul. He studied at the Mobile Communication Laboratory at SNU for an MS degree. After joining LG Electronics in 2000, he is now Chief Research Engineer, and has been actively participating in the standardization of HSDPA, HSUPA, MBMS, LTE, and LTE-Advanced, with hundreds of contributions to 3GPP. After successfully leading the standardization activities of LG Electronics, he has been awarded “High Performance Individual” with career development opportunities. He also led several projects on the software and hardware development of mobile handsets for both the UMTS system and the CDMA system, and participated and consulted in the Bench Mark Test with telecom operators. He participated in the book LTE: The UMTS Long Term Evolution as a section author of “User Plane Protocols.”

YoungDae Lee received an MS degree in Electronics Engineering from the Seoul National University in 1998. He joined LG Electronics (Anyang, South Korea) in 1998, and has been actively participating in 3GPP since 1999, contributing hundreds of technical documents for the standardization of W-CDMA, HSPA, MBMS, LTE, and LTE-Advanced in 3GPP TSG RAN Working Groups 1, 2, and 3, and 3GPP TSG RAN Plenary. He led the Radio Protocol Standard team in LG Electronics from 2004 to 2006, and worked in LG Electronics Mobilecomm France (Villepinte, France) as a Senior Standard Manager from 2007 to 2010. He was the Rapporteur of the “feasibility study on improvement of the MBMS in UTRAN (TS25.905)” and participated in the specification of the LTE Stage 2 as an editor of the MBMS section (TS36.300 section 15). He was awarded “Inventor of the Year in LG Electronics” in 2000. From 2008, he participated in the book LTE: The UMTS Long Term Evolution as a section author of “User Plane Protocols.”

SungJun Park graduated from Hanyang University, Korea in 2003 and received an MS degree in Computer Science Engineering from the same university in 2005. He is currently a Senior Research Engineer at LG Electronics and has been participating in standardization efforts for 3GPP since 2005. He has made numerous contributions to HSUPA, LTE, and LTE- Advanced.

SungHoon Jung holds an MS degree in Electronics Engineering from the Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and a BS degree from Yonsei University in Seoul. After joining LG Electronics in 2007, he is now a Senior Research Engineer. He has been actively participating in the standardization of radio protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced in 3GPP TSG RAN Working Group 2. His research focus spans a variety of issues such as radio resource control, mobility management, network performance optimization, femto cells, Voice over LTE, and various technologies for heterogeneous networks.

Chapter 1

Introduction

In recent years, the world has seen many changes in terms of how we experience wireless communication. A few years ago, when we talked about wireless cellular communication, we usually meant voice calls through a small handset device or text exchange called Short Message Service (SMS). However, with the wide penetration of smartphones and tablet PCs, people are starting to see possibilities beyond simple voice and text calls. Any time, anywhere, and any place, people can now connect to the Internet to receive up-to-date information such as the latest news, weather information, stock price quotes, traffic information, map data, and so on. The number of applications accessing the Internet is growing rapidly and the bandwidth that these applications require is also growing rapidly. As the use of the Internet through wireless connectivity increases explosively, wireless communication systems are required to provide not just simple connectivity to the Internet but also broadband experiences.

1.1 3GPP

3GPP is an acronym for 3rd Generation Partnership Project [1], which has its roots in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). As the name suggests, the original work scope of 3GPP was to produce technical specifications for the 3G wireless system. The intended 3G wireless system was an evolutionary step from the legacy GSM system, and many functional and network elements of the intended system were to be adopted from the legacy GSM system. In the end, the scope of 3GPP was expanded to include the maintenance and development of the technical specifications for GSM.

3GPP is an entity comprising multiple Organization Partners (OPs) around the world, the goal of whom is to develop a globally adopted standard of wireless communication. GSM, which is one of the 2nd generation wireless systems, is also a collaborative outcome of multiple companies from multiple countries. However, because standardization and development activity for GSM were confined originally to Europe, GSM cannot be recognized as a truly global standard. In fact, in the timeframe of development of 2nd generation communication systems, there were several efforts to standardize and develop a wireless communication system in each geographical region, resulting in the development of multiple standards such as IS-95, GSM, PDC, and so on. To develop a wireless communication standard that would be adopted in most countries, it was deemed necessary to include all regional standardization entities under one roof. The motivation was that one global telecommunication standard would make it easier for people to travel anywhere with continued availability of their wireless service. It would also facilitate easy and low-cost development of wireless handsets and equipment. With these intentions in mind, 3GPP was formed to develop one unified communication standard by including as many regional Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) as possible.