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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Real-Time Ground-Based Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorder Unique text determining the feasibility for implementation and manufacture of ground-based black box systems Real-Time Ground-Based Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorder helps familiarize the reader with the nature of issues surrounding existing black box technology integrated on aircrafts and to understand the benefits and importance of proposed real-time ground-based alternative solutions. These are based on predicting aircraft problems while in flight, including understanding the feasibility of using the already existing space and ground-based wireless technologies infrastructures for this purpose. The authors discuss expense reductions in the crash investigation when implementing the new concepts in this book as compared to existing procedures when aircraft accidents occur. The text also opens new research ideas for future investigations. Simulation codes are included to allow for further independent exploration into the covered concepts and ideas. Topics covered in the book include: * Satellite Data Transfer Implementation, including basics of the technology, channel data rate, PSTN-based satellite implementation, and expected availability of spectrum * Very High Frequency Digital Link (VDL), including modes, sublayers, data transfer, packet and frame structure, and number of channels needed to support a certain number of airplanes * Modern Airplane Communication Technologies (including direct air-to-ground communication using 5G) and terahertz band communications; and their integration into aviation communications * Black box final architecture and connectivity, including ground and UAV connectivity, and general black box wireless communications challenges For aviation industrial engineers and technical staff, managers, and aerospace and academic researchers, Real-Time Ground-Based Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorder is a valuable guide to existing and future technology to successfully predict aircraft problems during flight.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
1 Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Entities Involved in Air Crash Investigations
1.3 Existing Traditional FDR/CVR
1.4 Real‐Time Data Transmission as a Solution
1.5 System Capacity Requirements
1.6 Summary
References
2 State of the Art
2.1 Preceding Research
2.2 Wireless FDR/CVR Products in Market
2.3 Wireless FDR/CVR Challenges
2.4 Summary
References
3 Aviation Communication Overview
3.1 History
3.2 Communication Traffic Classes
3.3 Main Actors and Organizations
3.4 Spectrum Allocation to Aeronautical Services
3.5 Air‐to‐Air Communications
3.6 Air‐to‐Ground Communications
3.7 Summary
References
Note
4 Satellite Data Transfer Implementation
4.1 The Iridium Satellite System
4.2 Iridium First Generation
4.3 Second Generation
4.4 PSTN‐Based Data Transfer Implementation: One Channel per Aircraft
4.5 Alternative Satellite Transmission Implementations
4.6 Data Transfer – Internet Protocol over Satellite Link Data Transmission
4.7 Number of Channels Needed to Support 5000 Planes
4.8 Expected Availability of Spectrum
4.9 Emerging LEO Satellite Constellations
4.10 Discussion
4.11 Summary
References
5 VHF Digital Link Implementation
5.1 VHF Communications System
5.2 VDL Modes
5.3 Data Transfer – VDL Mode 4 Implementation
5.4 Data Transfer – Internet Protocol Over VDL Transmission
5.5 Number of Channels Needed to Support 5000 Planes
5.6 Expected Availability of Spectrum
5.7 Summary
References
6 Cooperative Data Transmission Implementations
6.1 VDL System‐Based Relaying
6.2 VHF and Satellite System Cooperation
6.3 Aeronautical Ad‐hoc Network (AANET)
6.4 Software‐Defined Networking
6.5 Summary
References
7 UAV Wireless Networks and Recorders
7.1 UAV Communication Networks
7.2 Space‐Air‐Ground Integrated Network for 5G/B5G Wireless Communications
7.3 Integrating UAVs Into Aviation Communication
7.4 UAV Recorders
7.5 Summary
References
8 Future Aviation Communication
8.1 System Wide Information Management (SWIM)
8.2 Air‐to‐Ground (A2G) Future Communication
8.3 Advancements in Air‐to‐Air (A2A) Communication for Aviation
8.4 Emerging Technologies Shaping Aviation Communication
8.5 Machine Learning in Future Communications
8.6 Summary
References
Appendix A
A.1 Useful MATLAB Codes
Note
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Commercial aviation accidents over water from 2000 to 2015 where ...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Satellite communication frequency bands.
Table 4.2 Specification of Iridium NEXT spacecraft [eoPortal, 2013].
Table 4.3 Comparison of most efficient slot per burst transmissions (Slot e...
Table 4.4 Comparison of most efficient slot per burst transmissions.
Table 4.5 Comparison of slot per frame transmissions.
Table 4.6 Satellite implementation spectrum use comparison.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Link characteristics.
Table 5.2 VDL mode 4 implementation comparison.
Table 5.3 VDL mode 4 implementation spectrum use comparison.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Dr. David Warren with the first prototype flight data recorder, 2...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Honeywell Aerospace and its partners are readying for real‐time b...
Figure 2.2 Honeywell Recorder (HCR‐25).
Figure 2.3 FLYHT AFIRS 228.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 The earliest communication with aircraft was by visual signaling....
Figure 3.2 Aeronautical communication traffic classes.
Figure 3.3 Overview of spectrum allocation to aeronautical services.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Iridium satellite Matale [2010].
Figure 4.2 Iridium system overview.
Figure 4.3 FDMA scheme for Iridium.
Figure 4.4 TDMA scheme for Iridium.
Figure 4.5 Quadrature phase shift keying constellation diagram.
Figure 4.6 Iridium time slot format.
Figure 4.7 Iridium NEXT satellite.
Figure 4.8 Space‐based automatic dependent surveillance‐broadcast (ADS‐B) sy...
Figure 4.9 Iridium NEXT Satellite (Illustration of RF overlapping footprints...
Figure 4.10 Iridium NEXT Satellite (Orbital coverage of the Iridium NEXT con...
Figure 4.11 Iridium NEXT Ka‐band frequency and polarization.
Figure 4.12 TDMA frame structure
Figure 4.13 System model for PSTN‐based implementation.
Figure 4.14 Single channel TDMA scheme for 1 plane per channel utility.
Figure 4.15 Iridium eight slots per aircraft per second TDMA scheme.
Figure 4.16 Required buffer time for different slots per burst.
Figure 4.17 Number of planes that can use a single channel.
Figure 4.18 Efficiency of each burst (user data/transmission capacity).
Figure 4.19 Number of planes that can be supported in system.
Figure 4.20 Single channel TDMA scheme for three second buffer and burst cha...
Figure 4.21 Required buffer time for different slots per frame.
Figure 4.22 Number of planes that can use a single channel.
Figure 4.23 Efficiency of each burst (User Data/Transmission Capacity).
Figure 4.24 Number of planes that can use a single channel.
Figure 4.25 System model for Internet‐based implementation.
Figure 4.26 Packet formation for Internet protocol.
Figure 4.27 Structure of each burst frame.
Figure 4.28 (a) Snapshot of the proposed algorithm implementation. (b) Aircr...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 VDL mode 4 time slot.
Figure 5.2 System model for the VDL mode 4 implementation.
Figure 5.3 First data carrying time slot.
Figure 5.4 Slot usage for data transfer in VDL mode 4.
Figure 5.5 Single channel utilization using no buffer.
Figure 5.6 Single channel utilization using two second buffer.
Figure 5.7 Single channel utilization using three seconds buffer.
Figure 5.8 Amount of buffer time for different number of slots per transmiss...
Figure 5.9 Number of planes that can occupy one channel for varying slots pe...
Figure 5.10 Efficiency of transmissions. (a) Data transfer efficiency in tra...
Figure 5.11 System model for Internet‐based VDL implementation.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 VHF relay implementation.
Figure 6.2 Channel sharing in cell pairs.
Figure 6.3 AANE.
Figure 6.4 AANET layers.
Figure 6.5 Model for oceanic flights route employing mobile ad‐hoc network....
Figure 6.6 SDN architecture in Kreutz et al. [2015].
Figure 6.7 Time‐expanded connectivity graph in Wang et al. [2019].
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 FANETs subclass.
Figure 7.2 Wireless communications between FANET nodes.
Figure 7.3 Illustration of space‐air‐ground integrated networks.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 SWIM.
Figure 8.2 SWIM global interoperability framework.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Authors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
Begin Reading
Appendix A
Index
End User License Agreement
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Real-Time Ground-Based Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorder
Implementation Scenarios and Feasibility Analysis
Mustafa M. MatalgahDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MississippiOxford, MS, USA
Mohammed Ali AlqodahDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MississippiOxford, MS, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Matalgah, Mustafa M., author. | Alqodah, Mohammed Ali, author.
Title: Real‐time ground‐based flight data and cockpit voice recorder : implementation scenarios and feasibility analysis / Mustafa M. Matalgah, Mohammed Ali Alqodah.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2024] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023043757 (print) | LCCN 2023043758 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119984863 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119984870 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119984887 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Flight recorders. | Cockpit voice recorders. | Aircraft accidents.
Classification: LCC TL589.2.F5 M38 2024 (print) | LCC TL589.2.F5 (ebook) | DDC 629.135–dc23/eng/20231102
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023043757
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023043758
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © bluebay/Shutterstock
This book is dedicated to our beloved mothers and the cherished memory of our fathers, as well as to our dear families. Your profound impact on our lives is immeasurable, and we are forever grateful for the remarkable gift of family.
Mustafa M. Matalgah
Mohammed Ali Alqodah
About the Authors
Mustafa M. Matalgah obtained his undergraduate and master's education from Jordan and his PhD from the University of Missouri, Columbia, United States, all in electrical engineering. He has a wide range of academic and industry experiences in the electrical engineering field with emphasis on communication engineering. From 1996 to 2002, he was with Sprint Corporation, Kansas City, MO, United States, where he held various technical positions leading a wide range of projects dealing with optical communication systems deployment and the evaluation and assessment of emerging wireless communication technologies. Since August 2002, he has been with the University of Mississippi where he is now a full professor of electrical engineering. In Summer 2008, he was a visiting professor at Chonbuk National University in South Korea. He was also a visiting professor and program evaluator at Misr International University (MIU) in Egypt in Summers 2009, 2010, and 2012. He also held academic positions in Saudi Arabia and short‐term positions in Jordan. His current technical and research experience is in the performance evaluation and optimization of wireless communication systems in emerging technologies. He has more than 150 archival publications (including journals, conference proceedings, book chapters, and patents) in addition to more than two dozens of industry technical reports in these areas. He served as the research supervisor of, and served on defense committees on, several MSc and PhD students. He received several certificates of recognition for his work accomplishments in industry and academia. He is the recipient/co‐recipient of the Best Paper Award on several international and regional conferences and workshops. He is the recipient of the 2006 School of Engineering Junior Faculty Research Award at the University of Mississippi. He served on the Editorial Board of a few international journals, served as member and chair on several university committees, chair on several international conferences sessions and workshops, member on several international conferences technical program and organizing committees, reviewer for several funding proposals in United States and Canada, and project manager on several projects in the industry. He served on the Faculty Senate of the University of Mississippi for four years.
Mohammed Ali Alqodah holds a master's degree in electrical engineering/communications and electronics engineering from the Jordan University for Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan, which he attained in March 2008. Prior to that, he earned his bachelor's degree in the same discipline from the same university in June 2004. His academic journey is currently culminating with his PhD program at the University of Mississippi, where he is continually advancing his research skills and contributing to cutting‐edge developments in the field of electrical and computer engineering. His research interests span diverse areas, including wireless communication, image processing, nonlinear theory, and optical communication. He has gained significant experience in the academic field, serving as a teaching assistant at the University of Mississippi since August 2021. Additionally, he was a Lecturer at the Electrical Engineering Department of Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University in KSA from September 2009 to June 2021. During his tenure, he conducted various courses and labs, imparting knowledge in Signal and Systems, Communications Systems, Digital Signal Processing, Wireless Communications, Electromagnetics, Microwave Engineering, and more. His passion for education is further evident through his active participation in various committees. As an accomplished researcher, he has contributed significantly to his field, with several of his publications being recognized for their impact. In addition to his academic pursuits, he actively engages in professional service, serving as a Technical Reviewing Committee member for esteemed international conferences and journals.
Foreword
This book presents information on flight data and cockpit voice recorders that are fundamental to the investigations of aircraft accidents and flight abnormality incidents. Starting with a motivation explaining the inadequacy of usefulness of hardware recorders onboard the aircraft, in case of long delays in locating them or missing/damaged recorders after aircraft crashes overseas or inaccessible terrains, the authors proceed to deliver in next seven chapters details of the current recording systems, current aviation communications systems technology, utility of satellite, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and other cooperative communications for transmitting in‐flight data in real‐time to a ground‐based server facility, and future of aviation communications in gathering real‐time data safely and securely. Professor Matalgah, with his expertise in wireless communications and in collaboration with his graduate student Mr. Alqodah, is able to render the book concisely within 150 pages. This book should be useful to general readers who have an interest in science and technology as well as to engineers and technicians working in aviation electronics and communications technology.
Dr. Ramanarayanan ViswanathanProfessor and ChairDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MississippiOxford, MS, USA
In the rapidly evolving sphere of aviation, a domain where safety is paramount, the quest for relentless innovation and progressive development is a constant. Nestled within this incessant journey toward enhanced safety emerges a groundbreaking piece – Real‐Time Ground‐Based Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorder: Implementation Scenarios and Feasibility Analysis. This is not just a book but a revolutionary paradigm that stands distinguished, illuminating uncharted territories in aviation safety.
Written with intricate detail and profound expertise, this seminal work serves not just as a manuscript but as an essential compass for aviation specialists, academics, and aficionados alike. It is an invitation to delve into the depths of the transformative impact that real‐time data transmission harbors for augmenting aviation safety standards globally.
Authored by the esteemed Professor Matalgah and Mr. Alqodah, this book transcends the conventional narratives and ideologies. It is an assemblage of disruptive ideas that challenge status quo thinking, unveiling an enlightened pathway toward a safety ecosystem that is empowered and enhanced by the immediacy and accessibility of real‐time data.
My exploratory journey through the vast expanse of existing literature and research in this domain bore no resemblance to the innovative discourse presented in this book. The authors have managed to encapsulate complex challenges and ingenious solutions with an elegance and thoroughness that is unparalleled. The discourse is not just compelling but emerges as a pressing narrative in the contemporary context, demanding the attention of professionals and experts spanning airplane safety systems, airline safety protocols, and aero communication research labs.
Real‐Time Ground‐Based Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorder: Implementation Scenarios and Feasibility Analysis is a pioneering endeavor. In a world where information on this pivotal topic is dispersed and fragmented, this book encapsulates, organizes, and presents insights with a clarity and coherence that is distinctly absent in existing literature. The implications of this work are far‐reaching; it stands poised to ignite dialogs, foster collaborations, and propel advancements that could redefine the contours of aviation safety.
In essence, this is more than a commendable read – it is a monumental contribution that could potentially recalibrate our approach to, and expectations of, safety in the multifaceted world of aviation. Every page is imbued with the promise of a future where aviation safety is not just an organizational commitment but a global, collaborative, and innovative venture that harnesses the potency of real‐time data in ways previously unimagined.
Dr. Farid Nait‐Abdesselam
Professor of Computer Science
University of Missouri Kansas City
Kansas City, MO, USA
This book serves as a comprehensive guide to the evolving landscape of aviation safety through real‐time ground‐based flight data and cockpit voice recorder solutions. By examining existing challenges, exploring innovative technologies, and envisioning future advancements, it paves the way for a safer and more effective aviation industry. This book marks a pioneering endeavor, introducing innovative concepts and solutions that are poised to capture the attention and interest of various stakeholders within the aviation industry.
In the aviation industry where safety is paramount, this work aims to address existing challenges in traditional recorders and explore innovative approaches to enhance airplane crucial data transmission. This book embarks on a journey to introduce an alternative paradigm – real‐time ground‐based flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder (FDR/CVR) implementation. By shifting the focus from on‐board recorders to ground‐based solutions, the aim is to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. The book also ventures into the future of aviation communication, unveiling advancements that hold promise for improving the streaming of FDR and CVR data. The introduction of developments in air‐to‐ground and air‐to‐air communication and the integration of machine learning are all explored as potential pathways to reshape aviation communication for heightened safety and efficiency.
I recommend this book for its groundbreaking insights into aviation safety, featuring real‐time integration of flight data and cockpit voice recorders and setting a transformative course for the industry.
Dr. Majdi Bsoul
Data Science and Analytics Practice Lead
Nokia
Dallas, TX, USA
Preface
The skies have always captivated humanity's imagination, and aviation has become an integral part of our modern lives. Countless hours of meticulous effort have been invested in enhancing the safety standards of aircraft, whether for civilian, commercial, or military purposes. For aviation history, safety measures have evolved significantly, transforming air travel into one of the safest modes of transportation today. Despite this remarkable progress, the aviation industry remains committed to comprehending the intricacies of aviation accidents and finding ways to prevent them from occurring in the first place. The study and analysis of aircraft incidents and crashes are pivotal to achieving this objective.
Central to the endeavor of investigating aircraft accidents is the flight data and cockpit voice Recorder (FDR/CVR), often referred to as the “Black Box.” This electronic marvel, housed within the aircraft, records critical information about the aircraft's operational parameters and cockpit conversations. By scrutinizing the data stored within the FDR/CVR, investigators endeavor to unravel the chain of events leading up to an accident, discerning the root causes that contributed to the tragedy. This wealth of data plays an indispensable role in understanding and addressing aircraft malfunctions and accidents.
However, the path to uncovering these invaluable insights has not always been smooth. There have been instances where the retrieval of FDR/CVR from crash sites posed significant challenges, leaving investigators without this crucial tool for deciphering accident causes. Throughout the years, numerous aviation accidents have involved difficulties in recovering FDR/CVRs, impeding the thorough analysis needed for comprehensive accident investigations.
As technology advances, so does the potential to refine aviation safety practices. This book explores the domain of real‐time ground‐based FDR/CVR, offering an innovative approach to augment existing FDR/CVR technology. By exploring alternative methodologies for data transmission, we aim to address the limitations faced by traditional on‐board recorders, especially in cases where access to crash sites is restricted or delayed.
In “Real‐Time Ground‐Based Flight Data and Cockpit Voice Recorder: Implementation Scenarios and Feasibility Analysis,” we embark on a journey through the intricate landscape of aviation safety. This book investigates the challenges and prospects of implementing real‐time data streaming from aircraft to ground stations. We examine existing technologies, explore cutting‐edge communication systems, and analyze the feasibility of deploying innovative solutions to enhance aviation safety.
Chapter 1: The introduction highlights the crucial significance of aviation safety and the role of FDR/CVRs in accident investigations. We investigate the history of safety enhancements and the ongoing necessity to understand accidents comprehensively, aiming to prevent potential disasters ahead.
Chapter 2: State of the Art takes a comprehensive look at the current landscape of FDR/CVR technology and its challenges. We examine the potential of real‐time data streaming and review existing developments in flight data transmission systems.
Chapter 3: Aviation Communication Overview offers insights into the evolution of aviation communication systems from their inception to the present day. We explore the diverse forms of communication in the aviation realm and the pivotal role of various stakeholders.
Chapter 4: The potential of satellite‐based data transfer for FDR/CVRs is explored. We assess the capabilities of different satellite systems and their applicability in ensuring real‐time data transfer.
Chapter 5: VHF Digital Link Implementation introduces the concept of very high‐frequency digital Link (VDL) and its potential to transmit vital flight data. We examine the viability of VDL implementation and its technical details.
Chapter 6: Cooperative Data Transmission Implementations explores the concept of cooperative communication among aircraft to overcome limitations in direct communication methods. We delve into the potential of collaborative data transmission to enhance aviation safety.
Chapter 7: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play a key part in wireless communication networks, as explored in the UAV Wireless Networks and Recorders chapter. We discuss the deployment of real‐time recorders on airplanes using UAVs and their significance in accident investigations.
Chapter 8: Future Aviation Communication provides a glimpse into the promising future of aviation communication. We explore advancements such as System Wide Information Management (SWIM), cutting‐edge air‐to‐ground and air‐to‐air communication technologies, and the integration of machine learning for enhanced communication.
This book is a journey of discovery, innovation, and determination to make aviation even safer. It explores of how technology can reshape the way we understand and prevent accidents, offering a fresh perspective on the vital interplay between data, communication, and aviation safety. Through each chapter, we explore deeper into the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead to make the skies safer for future generations.
Mustafa M. Matalgah
Mohammed Ali Alqodah
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
University of Mississippi
Oxford, MS, USA
14 August 2023
Acknowledgments
We express our heartfelt gratitude to Situmbeko A. Matale for his invaluable contributions to this book. His diverse expertise and efforts were instrumental in shaping Chapters 4–6. Situmbeko played a pivotal role in providing in‐depth discussions, conducting numerical validations, and creating essential figures for the first‐generation Iridium satellite data transfer implementation, the VDL Mode 4 implementation, the VHF and satellite system cooperation, and VDL system‐based relaying. His valuable input has greatly enriched this work, and we sincerely appreciate his dedication and support.
Mustafa M. Matalgah
Mohammed Ali Alqodah
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
University of Mississippi
Oxford, MS, USA
Acronyms
AAC
airline administration communications
AANET
aeronautical ad‐hoc network
ACARS
Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
ACAS
airborne collision avoidance system
ACKs
send Acknowledgments
ADS‐B
automatic dependent surveillance‐broadcast
ADS‐C
aircraft position reporting for air traffic control
ADS‐R
automatic dependent surveillance – rebroadcast
AeroMACS
aeronautical mobile communication system
AFN
air traffic services facilities notification
AI
artificial intelligence
ALOHA
additive links on‐line Hawaii area
AM
amplitude modulation
AMBE
advanced multi‐band excitation
AMSK
amplitude modulated minimum shift keying
ANS
air navigation system
APD
Aireon Processing and Distribution
ARINC
Aeronautical Radio Incorporated
ASAS
airborne separation assurance systems
ATC
air traffic control
ATCRBS
air traffic control radar beacon system
ATSCs
air traffic service communications
CPDLC
controller pilot data link communications
CR
cooperative radiation
CRC
cyclic redundancy check
CRN
cognitive radio networks
CSMA
carrier sense multiple access
CTAF
common traffic advisory frequency
CVR
cockpit voice recorder
DDM
difference in depth modulation
DEQPSK
differentially encoded QPSK
DLS
data link service
DSPs
datalink service providers
EGC
enhanced group call
ELM
extended‐length message
EUROCAE
European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
FANET
flying ad‐hoc network
FANS
future air navigation system
FDAMS
flight aata acquisition and management systems
FDAU
flight data acquisition unit
FDM
frequency division multiplexing
FDR
flight data recorder
FDS
flight deck safety
FDX
full duplex
FEC
forward error correction
FSO
free‐space optical
GBAS
ground based augmentation system
GFSK
Gaussian frequency shift keying
GPS
global positioning system
HF
high frequency
HFDL
HF data link
IBN
infrastructure‐based network
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
ILN
infrastructure‐less network
ILS
instrument landing system
IMP
information management panel
IoT
Internet of Things
LAAS
local area augmentation system
LEO
low earth orbit
LME
link management entity
LoRa
long range
LOS
line of sight
LUF
lowest usable frequency
MAC
media access control
MANET
mobile ad‐hoc networks
MEC
mobile edge computing
METAR
meteorological aerodrome report
MILP
Mixed Integer Linear Programming
MIMO
multiple‐input multiple‐output
mmWave
millimeter wave
M‐PSK
M‐ary phase shift keying
MSC
mobile switching center
MUF
maximum usable frequency
NAS
national airspace system
NOMA
non‐orthogonal multiple access
NTSB
National Transportation Board
NTSC
National Transportation Safety Committee
NVIS
near visual interface
OOOI
out, off, on, in format
POA
plain old ACARS
PPM
pulse position modulation
PSTN
public switched telephone network
QPSK
quadrature phase shift keying
RAs
resolution advisories
REQ
resend requests
RHC
right hand circular
RTCA
radio technical commission for aeronautics
SARPS
standards and recommended practices
SATCOM
satellite communications
SB‐S
SwiftBroadband‐Safety
SDN
software‐defined networking
SD‐WFR
software‐defined wireless flight recorder
SITA
international company for aeronautical telecommunications
SNAcP
subnetwork access protocol
SNR
signal‐to‐noise ratio
SPOs
single‐pilot operations
SSB
single sideband
STDMA
self‐organized TDMA
SWIM
system wide information management
TCAS
traffic alert and collision avoidance system
TDD
time division duplex
TDM
time division multiplexing
TIS‐B
traffic information service – broadcast
TT&C
telemetry, tracking, and commanding
UAs
unmanned aerial vehicle
UAT
universal access transceiver
UAVCN
unmanned aerial vehicle communication network
ULB
Underwater Locator Beacon
VANET
vehicular ad‐hoc networks
VDB
VHF data broadcast
VDL
very high‐frequency digital link
VHF
very high frequency
VOR
VHF omnidirectional radio range
WMNs
wireless mesh networks
WSN
wireless sensor network
