197,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Handbook of Petroleum Engineering
- Sprache: Englisch
Real-world reservoirs are layered, heterogeneous and anisotropic, exposed to water and gas drives, faults, barriers and fractures. They are produced by systems of vertical, deviated, horizontal and multilateral wells whose locations, sizes, shapes and topologies are dictated "on the fly, at random"by petroleum engineers and drillers at well sites. Wells may be pressure or rate-constrained, with these roles re-assigned during simulation with older laterals shut-in, newer wells drilled and brought on stream, and so on. And all are subject to steady and transient production, each satisfying different physical and mathematical laws, making reservoir simulation an art difficult to master and introducing numerous barriers to entry. All of these important processes can now be simulated in any order using rapid, stable and accurate computational models developed over two decades. And what if it were further possible to sketch complicated geologies and lithologies, plus equally complex systems of general wells, layer-by-layer using Windows Notepad? And with no prior reservoir simulation experience and only passing exposure to reservoir engineering principles? Have the user press "Simulate," and literally, within minutes, produce complicated field-wide results, production forecasts, and detailed three-dimensional color pressure plots from integrated graphics algorithms? Developed over years of research, this possibility has become reality. The author, an M.I.T. trained scientist who has authored fifteen original research books, over a hundred papers and forty patents, winner of a prestigious British Petroleum Chairman's Innovation Award in reservoir engineering and a record five awards from the United States Department of Energy, has delivered just such a product, making real-time planning at the well-site simple and practical. Workflows developed from experience as a practicing reservoir engineer are incorporated into "intelligent menus" that make in-depth understanding of simulation principles and readings of user manuals unnecessary. This volume describes new technology for down-to-earth problems using numerous examples performed with our state-of-the-art simulator, one that is available separately at affordable cost and requiring only simple Intel Core i5 computers without specialized graphics boards. The new methods are rigorous, validated and well-documented and are now available for broad petroleum industry application.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 286
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
Ähnliche
Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Reservoir Modeling – Background and Overview
Overview
Reservoir Flow Algorithms for Petroleum Engineers
Multisim™ Features – Advanced Interactive Reservoir Modeling
Simple Wells to Multilateral Systems for Laymen
Advanced Graphics for Color Display
Tracer Movement in Three-Dimensional Reservoirs
Chapter 2: Mathematical Modeling Ideas, Numerical Methods and Software
Overview and Background
Fundamental Issues and Problems
Governing Equations and Numerical Formulation
Early 1990s Validation Calculations
Chapter 3: Simulation Capabilities – User Interface with Basic Well
Example 3-1. Single vertical well, user interface and menu structure for steady flow.
Example 3-2. Volume flow rate constraint at a well.
Example 3-3. Pressure constraint and transient shut-in.
Example 3-4. Heterogeneities, anisotropy and multiple wells.
Example 3-5. Reversing well constraints – consistency check.
Example 3-6. Changing farfield boundary conditions.
Example 3-7. Fluid depletion in a sealed reservoir.
Example 3-8. Depletion in rate constrained well in sealed reservoir.
Example 3-9. Steady flow from five spot pattern.
Example 3-10. Drilling additional wells while simulating.
Chapter 4: Vertical, Deviated, Horizontal and Multilateral Well Systems
Overview
Example 4-1. Multilateral and Vertical Wells in Multilayer Media.
Example 4-2. Dual lateral with transient operations.
Example 4-3. Producer and injector conversions.
Example 4-4. Production with top and bottom drives.
Example 4-5. Transient gas production from dual horizontal with wellbore storage effects.
Chapter 5: Well Models and Productivity Indexes
Radial vs 3D modeling - loss of wellbore resolution.
Analogies in computational aerodynamics.
Curvilinear grids in reservoir simulation.
Productivity index modeling.
References
Index
About the Author
Professional Interests
Scientific Book Publications
United States Patents
Recent Patent Applications
International and Domestic Patents
Journal Articles and Conference Publications
Multisim™ Software Order
Features
Licensing Options
Disclaimer
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Begin Reading
Pages
ii
iii
iv
ix
x
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Reservoir Engineering in Modern Oilfields
Vertical, Deviated, Horizontal and Multilateral Well Systems
Wilson Chin
Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Beverly, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-119-28378-2
Preface
Computational simulation has been heralded as the most significant advance in modern engineering and analysis, bringing untold increases in productivity and cost-effectiveness to the design process. However, its capabilities and potential are often misunderstood. For example, in high speed aerodynamics where the environment – namely, simple dry air – is very well characterized, state-of-the-art partial differential equation solvers and grid generation algorithms can predict properties like lift and drag well. Nonetheless, when this author, on earning his Ph.D. from M.I.T. and joining Boeing’s well known C.F.D. group, asked his new Manager, “What types of answers can computers produce?” the response was sarcastic. This member of the National Academy of Engineering and a founding father of the profession, would reply, “Any answer you want.” And to be sure, hundreds of three dimensional simulations would be performed for every set of available wind tunnel data – and only carefully calibrated runs were used to “predict” flow consequences at off-design conditions. Boeing planes fly reliably and efficiently, but modeling provides only a guarded window to engineering design.
Now consider reservoir engineering or flow simulation from huge underground reservoirs. Grid blocks are typically hundreds of feet across in each and every direction. Properties like porosity and anisotropic permeability are inferred from core level data obtained in widely separated delineation wells. Unseen faults, shale streaks, fractures and undulating layers may lurk beneath the surface. Drive mechanisms and reservoir boundaries may not be known accurately. Multiphase effects and coning are possible, which may completely invalidate baseline single phase flow simulations. Well radii cannot be resolved on the scale of large grid block analyses and “productivity indexes” (or “fudge factors,” in the colloquial) are typically used. So can any normal person seriously expect usable predictions, let alone numbers that might guide investment decisions that routinely put billions of dollars at risk? Certainly, one cannot abandon simulation and turn back the clock – but its limitations and roles must be prudently understood and a practical philosophy put into place.
In reservoir engineering, as opposed to airframe aerodynamics, one must be careful to understand that small-scale events will likely be predicted inaccurately. Simulation should be used to understand large-scale consequences associated with dominant parameters, e.g., the pressure levels in the well and in the farfield, multilateral well topology, the locations of specific wells. Results should be used qualitatively. It would be unrealistic to assume that production differences, say less then twenty percent, would be even credible. However, if one scenario proved twice as productive as another, well maybe that one is worth a second look. In taking this approach, we are not promoting a doomsday mentality. But the rock permeability predicted, say from formation testing pressure transient log responses, is unlikely to be too correct for simulator input – it is corrupted by small depths of investigation, mud invasion and hosts of other uncontrolled effects. However, the performance of a long horizontal well or an all-encompassing multilateral relative to a traditional vertical well is likely to be correct, even if simpler inputs like viscosity or porosity are not accurate.
This author has found this philosophy useful in other petroleum applications. For instance, in studying cuttings transport in horizontal wells, it is unreasonable to model the fluid mechanics past every conceivable piece of moving rock – chips which may be spinning, tumbling and falling in space. Modeling the flow past a stationary Boeing wing in clean air is difficult enough – so our suggestion derives from experience and not pessimism. However, effective hole cleaning correlates with the mean viscous stress at the low side of the borehole annulus – that high stresses actually “rub away” debris provides the correct physical explanation and guiding design principle. So in cuttings transport, our simulations help control stresses themselves, in order to understand how these are affected by rheology, annular geometry and flow rate.
In reservoir engineering, we define our approach by asking, “How do key parameters like well location, multilateral topology, pressure levels and drive mechanisms affect production? We should and will be concerned with large scale qualitative consequences as opposed to “detailed results” which cannot be entirely accurate given errors due to uncertain input data. In our work, we thus focused on developing a simulator that offers a reasonable number of layers and a respectable level of grid density – one that runs rapidly and stably all of the time but is not in itself excessive – and a useful product that produces the simple credible suggestions needed for what must ultimately be subjective decisions.
This philosophy has guided the author’s work in numerous petroleum disciplines over the past three decades, for instance, in formation testing, electromagnetic logging, Measurement-While-Drilling design, and drilling and cementing rheology modeling. Ease of software use, low licensing costs and reduced barriers to entry are also paramount objectives. In reservoir simulation, it is not uncommon for oil companies to spend tens of thousands per license, purchase sophisticated hardware and resource-consuming graphics, and provide weeks upon weeks of training. But, as explained, the returns are often limited.
And as of this writing, few user manuals are written with illustrative calibration examples and even fewer will display real well systems with their computed pressure distributions and production rates. The reservoir simulator discussed in this Handbook, the first of several from Wiley-Scrivener, provides capabilities that no other commercial product offers. It is not a “black box” with all results to be taken at face value. Computed results must be prudently judged. But the theory and algorithms are fully explained in several publications – the methods have won numerous awards from leading organizations over the years.
A significant contribution, however, is the user interface developed under multiple operating company funding that allows engineers and novices alike to “sketch any well” and see large-scale flow consequences almost immediately – not crude answers but computed results grounded in rigorous documented and validated theory. And to ensure that the methods are useful immediately to readers, almost two dozen examples are introduced which clearly highlight the capabilities of the tools newly available. It is my hope that Multisim™ will make a difference to small companies as well as large, to students as well as engineers, and to doubters as well as experts. Like other projects that this author has published during the past two years, the work has long been a labor of love and an obsession to do it right. And doing it right and explaining the problem clearly and simply are more important now than ever before.
Wilson C. Chin, Ph.D., M.I.T.Houston, Texas and Beijing, ChinaEmail: [email protected] States cell: (832) 483-6899
