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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Advances in Petroleum Engineering
- Sprache: Englisch
Resistivity logging represents the cornerstone of modern petroleum exploration, providing a quantitative assessment of hydrocarbon bearing potential in newly discovered oilfields. Resistivity is measured using AC coil tools, as well as by focused DC laterolog and micro-pad devices, and later extrapolated, to provide oil saturation estimates related to economic productivity and cash flow. Interpretation and modeling methods, highly lucrative, are shrouded in secrecy by oil service companies - often these models are incorrect and mistakes perpetuate themselves over time. This book develops math modeling methods for layered, anisotropic media, providing algorithms, validations and numerous examples. New electric current tracing tools are also constructed which show how well (or poorly) DC tools probe intended anisotropic formations at different dip angles. The approaches discussed provide readers with new insights into the limitations of conventional tools and methods, and offer practical and rigorous solutions to several classes of problems explored in the book. Traditionally, Archie's law is used to relate resistivity to water saturation, but only on small core-sample spatial scales. The second half of this book introduces methods to calculate field-wide water saturations using modern Darcy flow approaches, and then, via Archie's law, develops field-wide resistivity distributions which may vary with time. How large-scale resistivity distributions can be used in more accurate tool interpretation and reservoir characterization is considered at length. The book also develops new methods in "time lapse logging," where timewise changes to resistivity response (arising from fluid movements) can be used to predict rock and fluid flow properties.
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Seitenzahl: 325
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Physics, Math and Basic Ideas
1.1 Background, Industry Challenges and Frustrations
1.2 Iterative Algorithms and Solutions
1.3 Direct Current Focusing from Reservoir Flow Perspective
1.4 General Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Model
1.5 Closing Remarks
1.6 References
Chapter 2: Axisymmetric Transient Models
2.1 Physical Ideas, Engineering Models and Numerical Approaches
2.2 Transient Axisymmetric Coil Source Calculations
2.3 Effects of Frequency, from Induction, to Propagation, to Dielectric
2.4 Depth of Investigation
2.5 Closing Remarks Related to Interpretation
2.6 References
Chapter 3: Steady Axisymmetric Formulations
3.1 Laterolog Voltage Modeling and Interpretation Approach
3.2 Current Trajectories from Streamfunction Analysis
3.3 Voltage Calculations and Current Trajectories
3.4 Current and Monitor Electrodes
3.5 References
Chapter 4: Direct Current Models for Micro-Pad Devices
4.1 Three-Dimensional, Anisotropic, Steady Model
4.2 Finite Difference Approach and Subtleties
4.3 Row versus Column Relaxation
4.4. Pads Acting on Vertical and Horizontal Wells
4.5 Closing Remarks
4.6 References
Chapter 5: Coil Antenna Modeling for MWD Applications
5.1 Axisymmetric and 3D Model Validation
5.2 Modeling a Center-Fed Linear Dipole Transmitter Antenna
5.3 More Antenna Concepts
5.4 References
Chapter 6: What is Resistivity?
6.1 Resistance in Serial and Parallel Circuits, Using Classical Algebraic Approach
6.2 Resistance in Serial and Parallel Circuits, Using Differential Equation Approach
6.3 Isotropy and Anisotropy in Cross-bedded Sands
6.4 Tool Measurements and Geological Models
6.5 References
Chapter 7: Multiphase Flow and Transient Resistivity
7.1 Immiscible Buckley-Leverett Lineal Flows Without Capillary Pressure
7.2 Molecular Diffusion in Fluid Flows
7.3 Immiscible Radial Flows with Capillary Pressure and Prescribed Mudcake Growth
7.4 Immiscible Flows with Capillary Pressure and Dynamically Coupled Mudcake Growth – Theory and Numerics
7.5 Immiscible Flows with Capillary Pressure and Dynamically Coupled Mudcake Growth – Detailed Examples
7.6 Simple Example in Time Lapse Logging
7.7 Resistivity Distributions Variable in Space and Time
7.8 References
Chapter 8: Analytical Methods for Time Lapse Well Logging Analysis
8.1 Experimental Model Validation
8.2 Characterizing Mudcake Properties
8.3 Porosity, Permeability, Oil Viscosity and Pore Pressure Determination
8.4 Examples of Time Lapse Analysis
8.5 References
Cumulative References
Index
About the Author
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Begin Reading
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Resistivity Modeling
Propagation, Laterolog and Micro-Pad Analysis
Wilson C. Chin, Ph.D., M.I.T.
Copyright © 2017 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Beverly, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-92599-7
Acknowledgements
The author gratefully acknowledges the efforts of several generations of petroleum physicists who have endeavored to bring rigor and understanding to very complicated geological applications of modern electromagnetism. Also, many of the problems successfully addressed here and in Electromagnetic Well Logging: Models for MWD/LWD Interpretation and Tool Design could not have been were it not for the Boeing Commercial Airplane Company in Seattle, Washington. It was here, during the author’s formative years just out of M.I.T., where exciting ideas related to complex Helmholtz partial differential equations, distributed sources, sinks and vortexes, three-dimensional streamline tracing, functions with discontinuous values or derivatives, and so on, were discussed and debated with enthusiasm and turned into software productively used to design modern aircraft. Many thanks go to Boeing, and in particular, to Paul Rubbert, Edward Ehlers, Donald Rizzetta and other colleagues. As usual, the author is indebted to Phil Carmical, Acquisitions Editor and Publisher, for his support and encouragement in disseminating his highly technical research monographs, together with equations, cryptic Greek symbols, formal algorithms and more. In times of uncertainty, such as the economic turmoil now facing all of us, it is even more important to “solve problems right” and work more productively. What our industry needs is more math and not less, more questioning and less acceptance, and it is through this latest volume that the author hopes to stimulate thought and continuing research in an important engineering endeavor central to modern exploration for oil and gas.
