Responsive Materials and Methods E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Advance Materials Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 682

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

The development of finely-tuned materials that adjust in a predictable manner by specific environment change is the recent arena of materials research. It is a newly emerging supra-disciplinary field with huge commercial potential. Stimuli-responsive materials answer by a considerable change in their properties to small changes in their environment. Responsive materials are becoming increasingly more prevalent as scientists learn about the chemistry and triggers that induce conformational changes in materials structures and devise ways to take advantage of and control them. Responsive Materials and Method offers state-of-the-art of the stimuli-responsive materials and their potential applications. This collection brings together novel methodologies and strategies adopted in the research and development of responsive materials and technology.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Part 1: Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Materials

Chapter 1: Smart Thermoresponsive Biomaterials

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Temperature-Responsive Polymers

1.3 Development of Thermoresponsive Surfaces

1.4 Surface Characterization

1.5 Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering Applications

1.6 Chromatography

1.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Light-Triggered Azobenzenes: From Molecular Architecture to Functional Materials

2.1 Why Light-Triggered Materials?

2.2 Azobenzene-Based Light-Activatable Materials

2.3 Photoswitchable Azobenzene-Based Materials

2.4 Photodeformable Azobenzene-Based Materials: Artificial Muscle-like Actuation

2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 3: Functionalization with Interpenetrating Smart Polymer Networks by Gamma Irradiation for Loading and Delivery of Drugs

Abbreviations

3.1 Introduction

3.2 General Concepts

3.3 Radiation Synthesis and Modification of Polymers (Approaches)

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4: Biomedical Devices Based on Smart Polymers

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Stimuli Responsive Polymers

4.3 Sensitive Hydrogels

4.4 Responsive Materials for Drug Delivery Systems

4.5 Intelligent Polymers for Tissue Engineering

4.6 Types of Medical Devices

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5: Stimuli-Responsive Polymers as Adjuvants and Carriers for Antigen Delivery

Abbreviations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Responsive Polymers as Antigen Carriers

5.3 Factors Affecting Adjuvant Potential of Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Adjuvant

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: Cyclodextrins as Advanced Materials for Pharmaceutical Applications

6.1 Inclusion Complexes

6.2 Preparation of Inclusion Complexes

6.3 Historical Development of Cyclodextrins

6.4 Equilibrium

6.5 Confirmation of Formed Inclusion Complexes

6.6 Application of Cyclodextrins in the Pharmacy

6.7 Cyclodextrins as a Drug Delivery System

6.8 Cyclodextrin as Solubilizers

6.9 Pharmaceutical Formulation Containing Cyclodextrin

6.10 Conclusion

References

Part 2: Smart Nano-Engineered Materials

Chapter 7: Advances in Smart Wearable Systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Classification of Smart Polymers

7.3 Applications

7.4 Current Features of Wearable Systems

7.5 Conclusions

7.6 Challenges and Future Prospects

References

Chapter 8: Functionalization of Smart Nanomaterials

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Functionalizing Agents

8.3 Carbon Nanomaterials

8.4 Silica Nanoparticles

8.5 Confirmation of Functionalization

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 9: Role of Smart Nanostructured Materials in Cancers

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Experimental

9.3 Results Related to Use of Smart Nanostructured Materials to Control Cancers Cells

9.4 Summary and Future Direction

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 10: Quantum Cutter and Sensitizer-Based Advanced Materials for their Application in Displays, Fluorescent Lamps and Solar Cells

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Quantum Cutter and Sensitizer-Based Advanced Materials

10.3 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 11: Nanofibers of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites

11.1 Conducting Polymers

11.2 Nanostructure Conducting Polymers

11.3 Electrical Conductive Properties of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites

11.4 Applications of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers Nanocomposites

11.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Part 3: Smart Biosystems Engineering

Chapter 12: Stimuli-Responsive Redox Biopolymers

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Method of Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanism

12.3 Stimuli-Responsive Redox and Electrical Conductive Behavior

12.4 Biosensor Applications

12.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Commodity Thermoplastics with Bespoken Properties using Metallocene Catalyst Systems

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Metallocene Catalyst Systems

13.3 Metallocene Thermoplastics

13.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

Part 4: Theory and Modeling

Chapter 14: Elastic Constants, Structural Parameters and Elastic Perspectives of Thorium Mono-Chalcogenides in Temperature Sensitive Region

Nomenclature

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Formulation

14.3 Evaluation

14.4 Results and Discussions

14.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Index

Responsive Materials and Methods

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The Advance Materials Series is intended to provide recent advancements of the fascinating field of advanced materials science and technology, particularly in the area of structure, synthesis and processing, characterization, advanced-state properties, and applications. The volumes will cover theoretical and experimental approaches of molecular device materials, biomimetic materials, hybrid-type composite materials, functionalized polymers, super-amolecular systems, information- and energy-transfer materials, biobased and biodegradable or environmental friendly materials. Each volume will be devoted to one broad subject and the multidisciplinary aspects will be drawn out in full.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-68622-5

Preface

The development of tuned materials by environmental requirements is the recent arena of materials research. It is a newly emerging, supra-disciplinary field with great commercial potential. Stimuli-responsive materials answer by a considerable change in their properties to small changes in their environment. They are becoming increasingly more prevalent as scientists learn about the chemistry and triggers that induce conformational changes in material structures and devise ways to take advantage of and control them. New responsive materials are being chemically formulated that sense specific environmental changes and adjust in a predictable manner, making them useful tools.

Stimuli-responsive materials are in widespread demand among researchers because they can be customized via chemistry to trigger induced conformational changes in structures or be taken advantage of in the form of structural or molecular regime via minute external environmental changes. Their effectors are both i) physical, i.e., temperature, electric or magnetic fields, mechanical stress; and ii) chemical, i.e., pH, ionic factors, chemical agents, biological agents. Thermoresponsive polymers represent an important class of “smart” materials as they are capable of responding dramatically to small temperature changes. The chapter on “Smart Thermoresponsive Biomaterials” describes a range of thermoresponsive polymers and the criteria that influence their thermoresponsive character for surface modifications and applications, in particular for cell culture and chromatography. In the chapter “Light-Triggered Azobenzenes: From Molecular Architecture to Functional Materials,” the principle of light-triggered materials is covered, for example, azobenzene-based materials, their photochromic switching and oscillation ability, and potential biological and artificial muscle-like actuation applications. The chapter entitled “Functionalization with Interpenetrating Smart Polymer Networks by Gamma Irradiation for Loading and Delivery of Drugs,” discusses the γ-irradiation assisted graft copolymerization containing interpenetrating polymer networks and other architectures, mainly focusing on the performance of materials modified with stimuli-responsive components capable of high loading therapeutic substances and their control release properties. The recently investigated applications of smart or intelligent polymeric materials for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, implants, stents, and medical devices are overviewed in “Biomedical Devices Based on Smart Polymers.” The chapter “Stimuli Responsive Polymers as Adjuvants and Carriers for Antigen Delivery,” illustrates the promising advantages of responsive materials in immunology as carriers for an antigen and adjuvant for enhancing immunogenicity of an antigen. “Cyclodextrins and Advanced Materials for Pharmaceutical Applications” highlights the combination of cyclodextrins and pharmaceutical excipients or carriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, etc., and fosters the progress of the advanced dosage forms with the improved physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties.

“Recent Advances in Smart Wearable Systems,” presents an overview of the smart nanoengineering that yields state-of-the-art wearable systems and sensor technologies, and underlying challenges are overviewed. The high surface functionalities available in such materials provide an opportunity to modify their outer surfaces and achieve multivalent effects. The chapter on “Functionalization of Smart Nanomaterials” describes the surface nanoengineering aimed at coupling advanced features for a range of optoelectronic applications. A thrust towards the development of novel nanoparticles has paved the way for sucessful cancer diagnosis and treatment. The chapter “Role of Smart Nanostructured Materials in Cancers,” summarizes different types of nanoparticles currently available for cancer therapy. Smart nanomaterials including visible quantum cutting and near-infrared quantum cutting phosphors such as fluoride phosphors, oxide phosphors, phosphate phosphors and silicate phosphors, and their potential application for PDPs and Hg-free fluorescent lamps, are the focus of “Quantum Cutter and Sensitizer-Based Advanced Materials for Their Application in Displays, Fluorescent Lamps and Solar Cells.” The chapter on “Nanofibers of Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites” focuses on the preparative strategies of nanofibers of conducting polymers and nanocomposites and their electrical conductive properties and applications.

The biocompatible smart polymeric architect has significantly in creased attention in biodevice and system managements. “Stimuli-Responsive Redox Biopolymers” investigates Arabic-co-polyaniline as pH-responsive redox copolymers and their properties for biosensor applications. The development of the metallocene catalysts, from their discovery to their present state-of-the-art, is portrayed in “Commodity Thermoplastics with Bespoke Properties Using Metallocene Catalyst Systems,” with an emphasis on weighing up discrete catalysts for stereo-specific polymerization and technologically important processes.

The study of elastic properties provides information about the magnitude of the forces and nature of bonding between the atoms. The impact of solids on the world of science and technology has been enormous, covering such diverse applications as solar energy, image processing, energy storage, computer and telecommunication technology, thermoelectric energy conversion, and new materials for numerous applications. The chapter “Elastic Constants, Structural Parameters and Elastic Perspectives of Thorium Monochalcogenides in Temperature Sensitive Region” predicts the anharmonic elastic properties of thorium chalcogenides having NaCl-type structure under high temperature using Born-Mayer repulsive potentials and the long- and short-range interaction approach.

This book is written for a large readership including university students and researchers from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, materials science, physics, pharmacy, medical science, and biomedical engineering. It can be used not only as a textbook for both undergraduate and graduate students, but also as a review and reference book for researchers in the materials science, bioengineering, medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and nanotechnology fields. We hope the chapters of this book will provide valuable insight in the important area of responsive materials and cutting-edge technologies.

Editors

Ashutosh Tiwari Linköping, Sweden

Hisatoshi Kobayashi Tsukuba, Japan

August 15, 2013

PART 1

STIMULI-RESPONSIVE POLYMERIC MATERIALS

Chapter 1

Smart Thermoresponsive Biomaterials

Mohammed Yaseen* and Jian R. Lu

Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Abstract

Thermoresponsive materials represent an important class of advanced materials that have evolved over the past few decades. These materials are also designated as “smart” materials as they are capable of responding dramatically to small temperature changes. In this chapter we will present a select range of polymers that exhibit thermoresponsive behavior, with a particular focus on polyacrylamide-based polymers. We also review the criteria that influence their thermoresponsive character. Inherently, many materials are not thermoresponsive, thus approaches for surface modification of such materials resulting in unique thinly-coated thermoresponsive surface layers or films are also shown. Finally, select biological applications of thermoresponsive biomaterials are presented, in particular for cell culture and chromatography applications.

Keywords: Temperature responsive, functional polymers, nanofilms, cell culture, chromatography

1.1 Introduction

Synthetic polymers that can respond to external stimuli in a controlled manner are increasingly of interest to science and industry. Such polymers have been designed to mimic natural biopolymers, such as proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids in living organisms within which responses to stimuli are common processes. Such “smart” or “intelligent” stimuli-responsive polymers are capable of undergoing relatively large and abrupt changes in response to small external environmental changes. The exemplar stimuli are often classified as either physical (temperature, electric or magnetic fields, and mechanical stress) or chemical effectors (pH, ionic factors, chemical agents, biological agents), resulting in changes of the interactions between polymer chains or between chains and solvents at the molecular level (Figure 1.1). Such changes in the physiochemical properties of the polymers can subsequently affect their interactions with other systems, for example, adherent cells. These stimuli-responsive polymer systems are attractive to bio-related applications such as cell expansion, tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, non-viral gene transfection, enzymatic activity control, biotechnology and chromatography for bio molecular separation and purification [1, 2].

Figure 1.1 A schematic representation of stimuli-responsive polymer change for (a) free polymer in aqueous bulk environment, and (b) surface immobilized polymer. The temperature-dependent soluble (hydrated below the LCST) to insoluble (dehydrated above the LCST) change of polymer in aqueous media is shown.

Significant scientific research towards the understanding and development of dynamically responsive materials has resulted in a number of excellent reviews by other authors on the general topic of thermoresponsive polymer materials and related areas. The references in this chapter are hence primarily provided as starting points for further reading [3–7]. In this chapter we will describe the development of a select range of temperature-responsive polymers that exhibit thermoresponsive behavior. In particular we will review the use of polyacrylamide-based polymers and also the criteria that influence their temperature-responsive character. Inherently, many materials are not thermoresponsive, thus approaches for surface modification of such materials need to be taken to produce unique thinly-coated thermoresponsive surface layers or films. Finally, we will present cell culture and chromatographic purification as select biological applications of thermoresponsive biomaterials.

1.2 Temperature-Responsive Polymers

1.2.1 Thermoresponsive Polymers Based on LCST

The change of temperature is a relatively easy and widely used stimulus for causing responsive behavior of polymers. A common phenomenon is the change in solubility when the temperature is shifted across the critical solution temperature at which the phase of a polymer solution or composite changes discontinuously. In general, solutions that appear as monophasic (isotropic state) below a specific temperature and turn biphasic above it, exhibit a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). LCST is hence the critical temperature beyond which immiscibility or insolubility occurs. Acquisition and control of LCST within the physiological temperature range is essential for applications such as cell culture and drug delivery. LCST is dependent on factors such as the ratios of monomers, their hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature, polydispersity, branching and the degree of polymerization [5]. Thus the LCST of polymers in water can be altered by incorporating hydrophilic or hydrophobic moieties. For example, the copolymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) with hydrophilic monomers results in the increase of the LCST [7, 8]. In contrast, the LCST decreases when copolymerized with hydrophobic monomers, but this process may also affect the temperature sensitivity of NIPAAm-based copolymers. The copolymerization of ionizable groups such as acrylic acid (AAc) or N, N’-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) with NIPAAm can result in the discontinuous alternation or even disappearance of LCST at the pKa of the ionizable group [9].