Safety and Biological Effects in MRI E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: EMR Books
- Sprache: Englisch
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved into a versatile and critical, if not ‘gold standard’, imaging tool with applications ranging from the physical sciences to the clinical ‘-ology’. In addition, there is a vast amount of accumulated but unpublished inside knowledge on what is needed to perform a safe, in vivo MRI. The goal of this comprehensive text, written by an outstanding group of world experts, is to present information about the effect of the MRI environment on the human body, and tools and methods to quantify such effects. By presenting such information all in one place, the expectation is that this book will help everyone interested in the Safety and Biological Effects in MRI find relevant information relatively quickly and know where we stand as a community. The information is expected to improve patient safety in the MR scanners of today, and facilitate developing faster, more powerful, yet safer MR scanners of tomorrow.
This book is arranged in three sections. The first, named ‘Static and Gradient Fields’ (Chapters 1-9), presents the effects of static magnetic field and the gradients of magnetic field, in time and space, on the human body. The second section, named ‘Radiofrequency Fields’ (Chapters 10-30), presents ways to quantify radiofrequency (RF) field induced heating in patients undergoing MRI. The effect of the three fields of MRI environment (i.e. Static Magnetic Field, Time-varying Gradient Magnetic Field, and RF Field) on medical devices, that may be carried into the environment with patients, is also included. Finally, the third section, named ‘Engineering’ (chapters 31-35), presents the basic background engineering information regarding the equipment (i.e. superconducting magnets, gradient coils, and RF coils) that produce the Static Magnetic Field, Time-varying Gradient Magnetic Field, and RF Field.
The book is intended for undergraduate and post-graduate students, engineers, physicists, biologists, clinicians, MR technologists, other healthcare professionals, and everyone else who might be interested in looking into the role of MRI environment on patient safety, as well as those just wishing to update their knowledge of the state of MRI safety. Those, who are learning about MRI or training in magnetic resonance in medicine, will find the book a useful compendium of the current state of the art of the field.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
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Table of Contents
Cover
eMagRes Books
Safety and Biological Effects in MRI
Copyright
Dedication
eMagRes
Contributors
Series Preface
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part A: Static and Gradient Fields
Chapter 1: Static and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Their Effects in MRIs
1.1 Static Magnetic Field and Its Effects
1.2 Environmental Low‐Frequency Field and Its Effects
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 2: Magnetic‐field‐induced Vertigo in the MR Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Human Inner Ear Physiology
2.3 The Physics of Magnetic Field Interactions
2.4 Magnetic‐field‐induced Vertigo
2.5 Subject Response
2.6 Summary
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 3: Effects of Magnetic Fields and Field Gradients on Living Cells
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effects of Static Magnetic Fields on Cells and Tissues
3.3 Effects of dc Magnetic Field on Cells
3.4 Summary
Acknowledgment
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 4: Effect of Strong Time‐varying Magnetic Field Gradients on Humans
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Descriptions of MRI Gradient Coils
4.3 Calculation of Electric Field and B/ in the ASTM Phantom
4.4 Gradient‐induced Electric Field in the Patient
4.5 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in the Patient by Intense Pulsed Gradients
4.6 Potential for Cardiac Stimulation in the Patient by Intense Pulsed Gradients
4.7 Regulatory Limits on Pulsed Gradients in MRI
4.8 Determination of PNS Thresholds for Nonrectangular Waveforms
4.9 Implant Interactions
4.10 Some Points of Discussion
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 5: Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Modeling for MRI
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Simulation of Gradient Switching‐induced Electric Fields in the Human Body
5.3 Neurodynamic Modeling
5.4 Example: Model of a Single Nerve Response to an External E‐field
5.5 Coupled Electromagnetic and Neurodynamic Simulations
5.6 Whole‐body PNS Simulations
5.7 Example: PNS‐informed Design of MRI Gradients
5.8 Other Uses of PNS Modeling for Mitigation in MRI
5.9 Limitations of PNS Simulation
5.10 Conclusion
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References
Chapter 6: Magnetically Induced Force and Torque on Medical Devices
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Standards for Assessing Magnetically Induced Force and Torque
6.3 Leveraging Test Results and Acceptance Criteria
6.4 MRI Safety Labeling
6.5 Summary
References
Chapter 7: A Review of MRI Acoustic Noise and Its Potential Impact on Patient and Worker Health
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Characterizations of MRI Acoustic Noise Output
7.3 Scanning the Fetus
7.4 Scanning Neonates
7.5 Scanning Children
7.6 Scanning Volunteers
7.7 Additional Clinical Implications of MRI Acoustic Noise
7.8 Training on the Use of Hearing Protection
7.9 Future Investigations
7.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Modeling Blood Flow
8.1 Blood Cells
8.2 Blood Rheology
8.3 Flow in a Straight, Rigid Tube
8.4 Flow in Curved Tubes
8.5 Flow in Branches
8.6 Flow in Compliant Vessels
8.7 Microcirculation
Disclaimer
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References
Chapter 9: Effect of Magnetic Field on Blood Flow
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Blood Flow and Heat Transfer with Variable Viscosity in Magnetic and Vibration Environment
9.3 Blood Flow under Stenotic Conditions with Vorticity–Stream Function Formulation Approach
9.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of Blood in a Slowly Varying Arterial Segment
9.5 Magnetic Field Effect on Blood Flow through Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
9.6 Targeted Drug Delivery with Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
PART B: Radiofrequency Fields
Chapter 10: Safety Standards for MRI
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Clarifying Some Key Safety Terms
10.3 ASTM International Standards
10.4 IEC Standards
10.5 ISO Standards
10.6 NEMA/MITA Standards
10.7 Conclusion
Chapter 11: On the Choice of RF Safety Metric in MRI: Temperature, SAR, or Thermal Dose
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Temperature as an RF Safety Metric
11.3 SAR as an RF Safety Metric
11.4 Thermal Dose as an RF Safety Metric
11.5 Summary
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 12: RF Coil and MR Safety
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Surface Coil
12.3 Volume Coil
12.4 Body Coil
12.5 Safety Remedies by Coil Design
12.6 Safety Remedies by Prescan Safety Protocol
12.7 Summary
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References
Chapter 13: Local SAR Assessment for Multitransmit Systems: A Study on the Peak Local SAR Value as a Function ofMagnetic Field Strength
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methods
13.3 Results
13.4 Discussion
13.5 Conclusion
Disclaimer
Related Articles In Emagres
References
Chapter 14: Radio Frequency Safety Assessment for Open Source Pulse Sequence Programming
14.1 Introduction
14.2 SAR Computation
14.3 Open Source Pulse Sequence Programming
14.4 Time‐averaged RF Power Computation for Pulseq Sequences
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
References
Further Reading
Chapter 15: RF Heating Due to a 3T Birdcage Whole‐body Transmit Coil in Anesthetized Sheep
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods
15.3 Results
15.4 Discussion
Acknowledgments
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References
Chapter 16: In Vivo Radiofrequency Heating due to 1.5, 3, and 7 T Whole‐body Volume Coils
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methods
16.3 Results
16.4 Discussion
16.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 17: Temperature Management and Radiofrequency Heating During Pediatric MRI Scans
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Clinical Effects of Hypothermia in Children
17.3 Hypothermia During MRI Scans in Children
17.4 Recommendations to Prevent Hypothermia During Pediatric MRI Scans
17.5 Hyperthermia During MRI Scans
17.6 Recommendations for Preventing RF Heating During Pediatric MRI Scans
17.7 Cost of Monitoring Temperature During MRI
17.8 Conclusion
Disclaimer
Related Article in Emagres
References
Chapter 18: Failure to Monitor and Maintain Thermal Comfort During an MRI Scan: A Perspective from a Thermal Physiologist Turned Patient
18.1 Summary
18.2 Author's Academic and Research Background
18.3 Medical Conditions Leading to the MRI Scan
18.4 A Brief Summary of My Scan
18.5 Two Critical Thermoregulatory Factors to Consider
18.6 Recommendations: New Guidelines and Research to Improve Quality of Patient Health
18.7 Additional Research and Future Directions
References
Chapter 19: MR Thermometry to Assess Heating Induced by RF Coils Used in MRI
19.1 Introduction
19.2 MR Temperature Imaging (MRTI) Methods
19.3 Logistics of MRTI Measurement
19.4 Conclusion
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 20: Heating of RF Coil
20.1 Summary
20.2 Introduction
20.3 Transmit Body Coils
20.4 Coil Safety Tests
20.5 Reduction of RF Currents from Transmit Electric Fields
20.6 Isolation of Connecting Cables using Cable Baluns
20.7 Reduction of RF Currents from Transmit B1 Fields: RF Blocking Circuits
20.8 Progress in Blocking Circuit Design
20.9 Minimizing Heat from PIN Control Lines and Preamplifiers
20.10 Measurement Tools
20.11 Summary
Acknowledgments
Appendix A. Surface Temperature Limits (IEC)*
11.1.2.2 APPLIED PARTS N I S H PATIENT*
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References
Chapter 21: RF‐Induced Heating in Bare and Covered Stainless Steel Rods: Effect of Length, Covering, and Diameter
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methods
21.3 Results
21.4 Discussion
21.5 Summary
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 22: On the Development of a Novel Leg Phantom for RF Safety Assessment for Circular Ring External Fixation Devices in 1.5 T
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methodology
22.3 Conclusion
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References
Chapter 23: RF Safety of Active Implantable Medical Devices
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Modeling of Induced RF Heating Near an Implant
23.3 MRI Conditional AIMDs
23.4 Implant Friendly Imaging
23.5 Experimental Methods to Determine AIMD Safety and In Vivo Validation
23.6 Clinical Research
23.7 Conclusion
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 24: An Analysis of Factors Influencing MRI RF Safety for Patients with AIMDs
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Theoretical and Numerical Analysis
24.3 Experimental Studies
24.4 Discussion
24.5 Conclusion
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 25: On Using Fluoroptic Thermometry to Measure Time‐varying Temperatures in MRI
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methods
25.3 Results and Discussion
25.4 Summary
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 26: On Using Magnetic Resonance Thermometry to Measure ‘Strong’ Spatio‐temporal Tissue Temperature Variations and Compute Thermal Dose
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Methods
26.3 Results
26.4 Discussion
26.5 Summary
Disclaimer
References
Chapter 27: The Use and Safety of Iron‐Oxide Nanoparticles in MRI and MFH
27.1 Introduction
27.2 IONPs in the Clinic
27.3 Safety Concerns
27.4 IONP Imaging
27.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 28: Numerical Simulation for MRI RF Coils and Safety
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)
28.3 The Finite‐difference Time‐domain (FDTD) Method
28.4 The Finite‐integration Technique (FIT)
28.5 Workflow Example
28.6 Validation of Numerical Simulations
28.7 Nonexhaustive List of Simulation Software
28.8 Summary
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References
Chapter 29: Integral Equation Approach to Modeling RF Fields in Human Body in MRI Systems for Safety
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Integral Equation Approach
Related Articles in Emagres
References
Chapter 30: Safety Practices and Protocols in the MR Research Center of the Columbia University in the City of New York
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Main Magnetic Field Risks
30.3 Radiofrequency Field Risks
30.4 Gradient Field Risks
30.5 Mitigation Practices
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References
PART C: Engineering
Chapter 31: History, Physics, and Design of Superconducting Magnets for MRI
31.1 Historical Review of MRI Superconducting Magnets
31.2 Why Superconducting Magnets for MRI?
31.3 The Sciences within Superconducting Magnet Design
31.4 Basic Magnet Theory, Coils, and Flux Lines
31.5 Superconducting Wire (Conductor)
31.6 1.5 and 3.0 T Superconducting Coil Design
31.7 Coil Lorentz Forces and Hoop Stress
31.8 MRI Superconducting Magnet Design
31.9 Magnet Electrical Circuit and Power Supply
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
References
Chapter 32: Fabrication of Superconducting Magnets for MRI
32.1 Magnet Cross Section
32.2 Helium Vessel Winding Bobbin
32.3 Coil Module Winding
32.4 Wire Bridges and Wire Transitions
32.5 Coil Instrumentation
32.6 Wire Joints
32.7 Persistent Current Switch (PCS)
32.8 Protection Diodes
32.9 Power Lead Multi‐contact Connectors
32.10 Helium Vessel Assembly
32.11 Support System Assembly
32.12 Thermal Radiation Shield Assembly
32.13 Completed Outer Thermal Shield and Helium Vessel Assembly
32.14 Inner Thermal Shield and Vacuum Bore Tube Assembly
32.15 Completed Vacuum Vessel Assembly
32.16 Cold Head Sleeve Assembly
32.17 Cryocooler Cold Head Assembly
32.18 Removable Current Lead Assembly
32.19 Cold Head Sleeve Thermal Shielding
32.20 Helium Gas Vent System
32.21 Instrumentation Vacuum Connectors
32.22 Completed Vent System
32.23 Vacuum Pumping and Leak Detection
32.24 Quality Assurance Verification
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
Chapter 33: Magnet Field Shimming and External Ferromagnetic Influences on the Homogeneity and Site Shielding of Superconducting MRI Magnets
33.1 MRI Superconducting Magnet Field Shimming
33.2 External Ferromagnetic Influences on Magnet Homogeneity
33.3 Shielding Fundamentals
33.4 Site Shielding Examples
Disclaimer
Related Articles in eMagRes
Chapter 34: Gradient Coils
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Gradient Coil Design
34.3 Discretized Stream Function Method
34.4 Mechanical Vibrations and Acoustic Noise
34.5 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
34.6 Manufacturing Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 35: RF Coil Construction for MRI
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Wire Coils
35.3 Transmission Line Coils
35.4 Antennas
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References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Magnetization in object with different geometry
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Comparison of the biological effects of the low‐frequency switching...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Conductivity values in the Hugo model for the calculations in this ...
Table 4.2 Maximum calculated 99.5 percentile electric fields in units of V m
−
...
Table 4.3 Calculated electric fields in fat in human models in gradient coils
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Selected representative noise levels and various regulatory and rec...
Table 7.2 Excess risk estimates for material hearing impairment, by age and d...
Table 7.3 Selected acoustic exposure limits and recommendations
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Potential patient hazards and corresponding test methods
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Table 11.1 presents the mass (
M
), height (
H
), whole‐body average S...
Table 11.2 The relationship between the peak local SAR, averaged SARs, and lo...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 A comparison of Local SAR (L‐SAR) and Global SAR (G‐SAR) values fo...
Table 14.2 Comparison of different open source pulse sequence programming too...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 SAR and thermal simulation results for the adult male whole‐body m...
Table 16.2 SAR and thermal simulation results for the adult female whole‐body...
Table 16.3 SAR and thermal simulation results for the pregnant woman whole‐bo...
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Cost analysis of temperature monitoring of patients
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Estimates of parts dissipations, including preamplifiers
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Relative SAR derived from EM simulations at the tip of 3 mm diamet...
Chapter 22
Table 22.1
B
1
field at the isocenter for different loading positions using 2 W kg
Table 22.2 Maximum 1 g‐averaged SAR for different insertion depths
Table 22.3 Maximum 1 g‐averaged SAR for different ring frame radii
Table 22.4 Maximum 1 g‐averaged SAR for different strut heights
Table 22.5 Thermal properties of the materials
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 Temperature drop (
T
drop
) at the end of the heating, from the peak ...
Table 26.2 Temperature drop (
T
drop
) at the end of the heating, from the peak ...
Table 26.3 Temperature drop (
T
drop
) at the end of the heating from the peak s...
Table 26.4
T
gain
at the end of the heating, for the peak source temperature of 60...
Table 26.5
T
gain
at the end of the heating, for the peak source temperature of 80...
Table 26.6
T
gain
at the end of the heating, for the peak source temperature of 10...
Table 26.7 Peak temporal temperature gradient (°C s
−1
) as a function of...
Table 26.8 Thermal damage (TD) (minor radius, major radius), for the peak sou...
Table 26.9 Thermal damage (TD) (minor radius, major radius) for the peak sour...
Table 26.10 Thermal damage (TD) (minor radius, major radius) for the peak sou...
Table 26.11 Underestimation of thermal damage (TD) (minor radius, major radiu...
Table 26.12 Peak temperature at the end of the heating vs the peak temperatur...
Table 26.13 Peak temperature at the end of the heating vs the peak temperatur...
Table 26.14 Peak temperature at the end of the heating vs the peak temperatur...
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 IONP clinical applications
Table 27.2 Clinical IONPs
Table 27.3 MRI impact of clinical IONPs
Chapter 30
Table 30.1 Unacceptable reasons to make exceptions
Chapter 32
Table 32.1 Typical 1.5 T MRI superconducting magnet specification
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 A 3.0 T MRI scanner
Figure 1.2 A cart with ferromagnetic material attracted to a 3 T MR scanner...
Figure 1.3 FEM simulated magnetic flux density distribution inside ferromagn...
Figure 1.4 Measured radial locations where
F
m
=
F
g
for a cylindrical ferroma...
Figure 1.5 (a)
B
0
field strength |
B
| and field gradient |∇(|
B
|)| of a 3T MRI...
Figure 1.6 Simulation set up: (a) virgin field homogeneity, (b) subject unde...
Figure 1.7 Simulation results: (a) EPI image with zero inhomogeneity; (b) ha...
Figure 1.8 Pulse sequences definition: Low (16 kHz) and high (62 kHz) bandwi...
Figure 1.9 Frequency vs Phase error in echo signals: Phase errors in eight d...
Figure 1.10 Phase error vs echo number: Phase errors for 1, 100, 200 and 100...
Figure 1.11 Phase error for different EMI frequencies: When the frequency is...
Figure 1.12 Reconstructed 1D signal: Low and high BW inverse Fourier transfo...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Figurative graphic depicting the range of frequencies and magneti...
Figure 2.2 The experimentally measured horizontal slow phase velocity (cross...
Figure 2.3 A graph showing perception of rotational velocity due to a period...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1
A sketch of forces acting on cells in the nonuniform magnetic fie
...
Figure 3.2
Cells are either repelled or attracted to the highest magnetic fi
...
Figure 3.3
Static magnetic field gradient inside of 11.7 T whole‐body scanne
...
Figure 3.4
The gradient magnetic field of 3.0 T whole‐body scanners.
...
Figure 3.5
Magnetic field gradients and magnetic force products in high fiel
...
Figure 3.6
Hummingbird phenotype of magnetic field‐exposed and RhoA‐inhibite
...
Figure 3.7
Magnetic force induced the cells breaking. (
a
–
e) Cells stai...
Figure 3.8
The long‐range alignment of cells. (
a–d) RAW 264 cells (Abe...
Figure 3.9
The diagram of the mechanotransduction pathway in the cell expose
...
Figure 3.10
Mitotic spindles rotation by a magnetic force.
The nonhomogeneou...
Figure 3.11
Magnetic force versus magnetic susceptibility plots.
The magneti...
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 Model for a
y
‐gradient coil and d
B
/d
t
map at a slew rate of 200 T...
Figure 4.2 Model for a
z
‐gradient coil and d
B
/d
t
map at a slew rate of 200 T...
Figure 4.3 Waveforms for current and d
B
/d
t
for a gradient coil. The gradient...
Figure 4.4 d
B
/d
t
during a linear ramp for a switched amplifier. Measurement ...
Figure 4.5 Electric field intensity in the ASTM phantom inside the
y
‐coil. T...
Figure 4.6 d
B
y
/d
t
in vertical centerline of ASTM phantom inside
y
‐gradient c...
Figure 4.7 Hugo model for calculation of gradient‐induced voltage
Figure 4.8 Electric field distribution in center plane for Hugo for
x
,
y
, an...
Figure 4.9 99.5th percentile magnitude of gradient‐induced electric field in...
Figure 4.10 99.5th percentile magnitude of gradient‐induced electric field i...
Figure 4.11 99.5th percentile magnitude of gradient‐induced electric field i...
Figure 4.12 99.5th percentile magnitude of gradient‐induced electric field i...
Figure 4.13 Responses for a subject in the Purdue study on physiologic effec...
Figure 4.14 Rank‐ordered intensities required from the Purdue study to achie...
Figure 4.15 Electric field around the end of wires relative to background fo...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Setups for early magnetostimulation experiments carried out by Ja...
Figure 5.2 Stages of neurodynamic model complexity: (a) passive single‐cable...
Figure 5.3 (a) Electric field produced by a point electrode, superimposed to...
Figure 5.5 Simulation setup used by Laakso
et al
.
54
to model magnetostimulat...
Figure 5.4 (a) Homogeneous electric field (produced by a hypothetical coil),...
Figure 5.6 PNS simulation results in the male body model of the
Y
‐axes of th...
Figure 5.7 Simulated PNS threshold curves for the
Y
‐axes of BG1 and BG2 (dep...
Figure 5.8 (a) Wire patterns of the two generic head gradients (primary wind...
Figure 5.9 (a) Electric field maps (maximum intensity projection) induced by...
Figure 5.10 Simulated PNS threshold curves in the male body model for the tw...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 dBA, B, C weighting functions
Figure 7.2 Sample sequence spectra of Spin Echo (green), EPI (red), TrueFISP...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Erythrocyte shape.
22
Figure 8.2 Viscosity for pediatric and adult subjects in four hematocrit qua...
Figure 8.3 Elasticity in four hematocrit percentiles. Differences between pe...
Figure 8.4 Axial velocity contours (solid lines) and secondary flow streamli...
Figure 8.5 Secondary‐flow streamlines for high Womersley number and low Dean...
Figure 8.6 Regimes of oscillatory flow in a curved tube
Figure 8.7 Steady entrance flow in a curved tube.
3
Figure 8.8 Flow from parent to daughter branches (typical of arteries). A pa...
Figure 8.9 Flow from two daughter branches to parent branch (typical of vein...
Figure 8.10 The Fahraeus effect. For blood flowing from an upstream reservoi...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Schematic diagram of the model geometry with overlapping stenosis...
Figure 9.2 Variation of axial velocity
at the middle of the stenosis for d...
Figure 9.3 Variation of axial velocity
at the middle of the stenosis for d...
Figure 9.4 Variation of axial velocity
at the middle of the stenosis for d...
Figure 9.5 Variation of temperature profile
at the middle of the stenosis ...
Figure 9.6 Variation of temperature profile
at the middle of the stenosis ...
Figure 9.7. Variation of skin friction
along the axial direction
in the ...
Figure 9.8 Axial velocity
for different values of Reynolds number
(
, Pr...
Figure 9.9 Streamline (
) contours for different values of Hartmann number: ...
Figure 9.10 Streamline (
) contours for different values of Reynolds number:...
Figure 9.11 Isotherms (temperature contour): (a) 30
stenosis, for Ha = 1, (...
Figure 9.12 Variations of Nusselt number
for different values of Hartmann ...
Figure 9.13 Variations of Nusselt number
for different values of Reynolds ...
Figure 9.14 Schematic diagram of the model geometry with 25% amplitude of wa...
Figure 9.15 Variation of axial velocity
for different values of the amplit...
Figure 9.16 Streamline (
) contours for different values of Hartmann number:...
Figure 9.17 Distribution of wall shear stress with Hartmann number Ha for di...
Figure 9.18 Distribution of wall shear stress in function of Hartmann number...
Figure 9.19 Schematic diagram of the model geometry with 50% arterial aneury...
Figure 9.20 Variation of axial velocity
at
for different heights of the ...
Figure 9.21 Streamline (
) contours for different values of Hartmann number:...
Figure 9.22 Distribution of wall shear stress for different values of Hartma...
Figure 9.23 Distribution of wall shear stress in function of Reynolds number...
Figure 9.24 Variation of Nusselt number
along with the Hartmann number Ha ...
Figure 9.25 Schematic diagram of the model geometry with arterial stenosis. ...
Figure 9.26 Variation of axial velocity
at the downstream of the stenosis ...
Figure 9.27 Variation of velocity (
) of nanoparticles at the downstream of ...
Figure 9.28 Variation of velocity (
) of nanoparticles at the downstream of ...
Figure 9.29 Variation of nondimensional temperature
at the downstream of t...
Figure 9.30 Streamline (
) contours for different values of concentration pa...
Figure 9.31 Distribution of wall shear stress for different values of concen...
Figure 9.32 Variation of Nusselt number
along with the Hartmann number Ha ...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 RF coil. (a)
ω
= 1/(
LC
)
1/2
. (b)
B
1
field transaxial. (c)
B
1
Figure 12.2 MRI and RF magnetic field models of coil + tissue system. (a) Ga...
Figure 12.3 Conduction and displacement currents for the coil + tissue model...
Figure 12.4 SAR and temperature. (a) SAR, W kg
−1
. (b) Temperature, per...
Figure 12.5 Simulations and measurements. (a) Numerical simulation. (b) In v...
Figure 12.6 Model of the RF volume coil. (a) Head loaded coil. (b)
B
1
field....
Figure 12.7 Body coil (copper‐colored elements) in a short magnet. This body...
Figure 12.8 TEM body coil with Faraday shield and receiver array
Figure 12.9 Real 16‐channel TEM body coil with onboard multichannel transmit...
Figure 12.10 Unloaded homogeneous body coil, transaxial and axial views. Fie...
Figure 12.11 Loaded 7 T body coil with
B
1
field (top) and
E
field (bottom)
Figure 12.12 7 T whole‐body images. Inhomogeneous images resulting from RF f...
Figure 12.13 EM and thermal fields of body imaging, coronal view
Figure 12.14 EM and thermal fields of body imaging, sagittal view
Figure 12.15 Model validation though animal modeling
Figure 12.16 Series of potential coils designs. ()
Figure 12.17 Corresponding
B
1
fields
Figure 12.18 Corresponding SAR profiles
Figure 12.19 Precision temperature profile prediction
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Wavelength in tissue at 3 and 7 T and the corresponding signal i...
Figure 13.2
E
‐field distributions in the human model Duke using an eight‐cha...
Figure 13.3 Total
E
‐field distributions (a) and local 10 g‐averaged SAR dist...
Figure 13.4 Simulation geometries of the investigated transmit arrays for ea...
Figure 13.5 Simulated
field distributions with uniform amplitude and prost...
Figure 13.6 Simulated local SAR
10 g
distributions for uniform amplitud...
Figure 13.7 Simulated
per unit power (a) and intrinsic SNR distributions (...
Figure 13.8 Histograms of peak local SAR for the investigated arrays at 3, 7...
Figure 13.9 (a)
and SAR efficiencies in the prostate for the investigated ...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1
Q
matrices: (a) The global
Q
‐matrix to compute whole body SAR fo...
Figure 14.2 Virtual Observation Points: (a) Spectral norm of the 72 VOPs bas...
Figure 14.3 VOP labels: (a) The central axial slice of the Visible Human Mal...
Figure 14.4 The Gradient‐Recalled Echo sequence compiled through the concate...
Figure 14.5 Time‐averaged RF power: (a) The effect of increasing flip angle ...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 The effect of the anesthesia on the rectal temperature of a shee...
Figure 15.2 Absolute temperature (a) and temperature‐change curves (b) for t...
Figure 15.3 Absolute temperature (a) and temperature‐change curves (b) for t...
Figure 15.4 Absolute temperature (a) and temperature‐change curves (b) for t...
Figure 15.5 Absolute temperature (a) and temperature‐change curves (b) for t...
Figure 15.6 Absolute temperature (a) and temperature‐change curves (b) for t...
Figure 15.7 Absolute temperature (a) and temperature‐change curves (b) for t...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 (a) Top view of Duke inside in the coil; (b) Duke orientation in...
Figure 16.2 Landmark positions
Figure 16.3 (a) 10 g average SAR and associated temperature change in a coro...
Figure 16.4 (a) 10 g average SAR and associated temperature change in a coro...
Figure 16.5 (a) 10 g average SAR and associated temperature change in a coro...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Simulated local SAR distribution in a swine (a). The associated ...
Figure 19.2 RF‐power‐induced temperature changes in the subcutaneous layer o...
Figure 19.3 (a) Models of 16‐Rung birdcage coils of 750 mm diameter and 650 ...
Figure 19.4 (a) Agar phantom doped with copper sulfate to shorten the MRI re...
Figure 19.5 Schematics of frequency spectral density,
J
(
ω
), as a functi...
Figure 19.6
T
1
and
T
2
relaxation times as a function of correlation time,
τ
...
Figure 19.7 Schematic diagram depicting the PRF effect. At lower temperature...
Figure 19.8 Demonstration of multibaseline MRTI. (a) Maximum absolute error ...
Figure 19.9 Temperature images obtained from 13 volunteers after 16 min of R...
Figure 19.10 Simulated unaveraged SAR (W kg
−1
) map (a, d), simulated t...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 In (a), the electric field of the body coil is illustrated in th...
Figure 20.2 In (a), electric field measurements were plotted in the
z
‐direct...
Figure 20.3
E
‐fields measured at the 1.5 T frequency using the standard head...
Figure 20.4 In (a), the strut inductance of the high‐pass birdcage is reduce...
Figure 20.5 A representative design verification checklist (circa 2001) for ...
Figure 20.6 A coil or other device centered in the body coil (hatched area) ...
Figure 20.7 In (a) the parallel resonance of a cable balun presents a large ...
Figure 20.8 The transmit
B
1
field of the body coil produces a voltage or emf...
Figure 20.9 In (a), two types of RF blocking circuits are illustrated, an ac...
Figure 20.10 A six station USAI 1.5 T spine coil (circa 2001) illustrating c...
Figure 20.11 In (a) this analytical approach
11
evaluates the blocking impeda...
Figure 20.12 A blocking circuit using the auto‐bias circuit
12
placed across ...
Figure 20.13 Fabrication and use of MEMS switch in blocking circuits for arr...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Results of HFSS simulation showing the maximum relative 1 g aver...
Figure 21.2 Values of the slope of temperature change at the tip of the holl...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Procedures to design the leg phantom
Figure 22.2 Basic dimensions of the leg phantom
Figure 22.3 Morphology comparison between the DUKE model and the leg phantom...
Figure 22.4 Illustration of center plane and 0 mm loading position for the l...
Figure 22.5
E
RMS
field distribution pattern on the center plane for the leg p...
Figure 22.6
E
RMS
field distribution along the center line for the leg phanto...
Figure 22.7
E
RMS
electric field distribution along the center line for the l...
Figure 22.8
x
component of the electric field along the center line using
B
1
Figure 22.9
y
component of the electric field along the center line using
B
1
Figure 22.10
z
component of the electric field along the center line using
B
Figure 22.11
E
RMS
field along the center line at 0 mm loading position using...
Figure 22.12
E
RMS
field along the center line at 100 mm (a) and 200 mm (b) l...
Figure 22.13
E
RMS
field along the center line at 300 mm (a) and 400 mm (b) l...
Figure 22.14
E
RMS
field along the center line at −100 mm (a) and −200 mm (b)...
Figure 22.15
E
RMS
field along the center line at −300 mm (a) and −400 mm (b)...
Figure 22.16 Simulation setup for the leg phantom and the human model with t...
Figure 22.18 SAR distribution for circular external fixation device loaded i...
Figure 22.17 SAR distribution for circular external fixation device loaded i...
Figure 22.19 Induced surface current distribution for a typical circular ext...
Figure 22.20 Illustration of insertion depth for circular external fixation ...
Figure 22.21 Maximum 1 g‐averaged SAR versus insertion depth for the leg pha...
Figure 22.22 Illustration of ring frame radius for circular external fixatio...
Figure 22.23 Maximum 1 g‐averaged SAR versus ring frame radius for the leg p...
Figure 22.24 Illustration of strut height for circular external fixation dev...
Figure 22.25 Maximum 1 g‐averaged SAR versus strut height for the leg phanto...
Figure 22.26 Illustration of experimental setup for leg phantom validation
Figure 22.27 Experiment setup for rod with fixture and the placement in the ...
Figure 22.28 Side view of leg phantom with 10 cm rod loading inside the MRI ...
Figure 22.29 H probe measurement at isocenter
Figure 22.30 Temperature increase at the tip of 10 cm rod versus time
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 The analysis of RF‐induced tissue damage
Figure 23.2 Sketches of the current pattern around (a) an isolated lead and ...
Figure 23.3 The SAR gain for 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 cm bare wire along their ...
Figure 23.4 The IPG case and electrode models. (a) The Norton and Thevenin m...
Figure 23.5 The MoTLiM prediction and experimental results for a lead with a...
Figure 23.6 A lead is connected to inner conductor of a coaxial cable to for...
Figure 23.7 Theoretically predicted safety index when each of the following ...
Figure 23.8 (a) Computed tomographic scan performed immediately after the lu...
Figure 23.9 Panel a shows the induced current artifact near the lead in a ph...
Figure 23.10 Transmit sensitivity (a and d), electric field in the trans‐axi...
Figure 23.11 Transmit sensitivity (a and d), electric field in the trans‐axi...
Figure 23.12 Contour plots of
E
‐field magnitude on a log scale in the plane ...
Figure 23.13 (a) Birdcage coil, signal variation = 24%, (b) 2‐element pTx, s...
Figure 23.14 Magnitude images (
yz
slice at
x
= 0) of the Cu sheet obtained a...
Figure 23.15 Pacemaker lead. Projection images of a pacing lead of 85 cm in ...
Figure 23.16 The variation of the current along the helical wire is plotted ...
Figure 23.17 Temperature increase versus time graphs for four tissues of rab...
Figure 23.18 Tip temperature measurements during the heating experiments. Th...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 (a) Human body with an AIMD in an MRI RF coil. (b) Schematic of ...
Figure 24.2 (a) The forward problem of the transfer function method. (b) The...
Figure 24.3 The transmission line model for an AIMD in a medium
Figure 24.4 (a, b)
T
(
l
) with different real and imaginary parts of
k
z
. (c)
T
Figure 24.5 (a, b) Real and imaginary parts of
k
z
for lead with different
ε
...
Figure 24.6 (a–d) Real and imaginary parts of
k
z
for thick insulation lead a...
Figure 24.7 (a) Magnitude of
T
(
l
) profiles of thick insulation lead in fat, ...
Figure 24.8 Lead tips with different dimensions. (a) Lead tip with small ele...
Figure 24.9 (a, b) Real and imaginary parts of
Z
tip
of the small electrode l...
Figure 24.10 Illustration of the details of the IPG model
Figure 24.11 (a, b) Real and imaginary parts of
Z
IPG
of the 5 ohms IPG in me...
Figure 24.12 Photo of a dummy IPG with an insulated solid lead with bare tip...
Figure 24.13 Photo of the automatic transfer function measurement system. (...
Figure 24.14 (a, b) Normalized magnitude and phase of
T
(
l
) profiles of an in...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Absolute temperatures measured by a fluoroptic temperature probe...
Figure 25.2 Nondimensional temperatures measured by a fluoroptic temperature...
Figure 25.3 Expected probe measurement response and measurement error for a ...
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 (a) Axial
T
1‐weighted liver acquisition with volume acquisition ...
Figure 27.2 Iron cycle with IONP degradation.
Figure 27.3 The change in contrast produced by Feraheme on the liver, spleen...
Figure 27.4 IONP quantitative range with noninvasive imaging methods, comput...
Figure 27.5 Schematic of spin echo (SE), gradient echo (GRE), and echoless p...
Figure 27.6 LNCaP tumor before and after intratumoral injection of 18 mM
Fe
(...
Figure 27.7 The ex vivo specific absorption rate (SAR
v
) with the in vivo
R
1
....
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Single triangular element in the simulation space
Figure 28.2 Sketch of the edge element
N
12
field in equation (28.35).
Figure 28.3 Dispersion characteristics of the insulated image guide (
w
/
h
= 2...
Figure 28.4 (a) Illustration of the mesh refinement in areas of interest in ...
Figure 28.5 Yee cell representation. ()
Figure 28.6 Illustration of the Huygens box method
Figure 28.7 Code structure example to implement the FDTD algorithm
Figure 28.8 Representation of the staircasing issue when modeling curved geo...
Figure 28.9 FIT cubic mesh cell for the Maxwell–Faraday equation reformulati...
Figure 28.10 FIT cubic mesh cell for the reformulation of the Maxwell–Gauss ...
Figure 28.11 Dual‐grid diagram
Figure 28.12 Example of steps to realize a coil simulation
Figure 28.13 (a) TEM head coil model. (b)
B
1
field map from this coil model...
Figure 28.14 (a) ASTM phantom in birdcage coil. (b) Human model in TEM head ...
Chapter 29
Figure 29.1 The region of interest (ROI) shown with the incident fields (
E
i
,...
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 Ferromagnetic detectors
Figure 30.2 Oxygen monitor
Figure 30.1 MR zones
Figure 30.2 MR zones with signs
Figure 30.3 Zone III sign
Figure 30.4 Zone IV sign
Figure 30.5 Labels to indicate the safety of an item
Figure 30.6 MR system power button
Figure 30.7 MR system quench button
Figure 30.8 MR‐conditional fire extinguisher
Chapter 31
Figure 31.1 Critical temperature vs critical magnetic field vs critical curr...
Figure 31.2 Wire in channel cross‐section (http://www.wstitanium.com/superco...
Figure 31.3 HTS superconductor critical current vs magnetic field
2
Figure 31.4 HTS superconductor load line
Figure 31.5 1.5 T coil design
Figure 31.6 3.0 T coil design
Figure 31.7 3.0 T coil axial Lorentz forces
Figure 31.8
B
z
peak field in 3.0 T coil
Figure 31.9 Coil stress analysis
Figure 31.10 (a,b) Coil stress analysis
Figure 31.11 Coil stress analysis summary
Figure 31.12 1.5 T magnet layout
Figure 31.13 Gradient waveform and response
Figure 31.14 Superconducting magnet cross‐section with heat loads
Figure 31.15 Axisymmetric FEA coil/bobbin model
Figure 31.16 FEA coil/bobbin model with applied forces/pressures
Figure 31.17 FEA coil/bobbin analysis
Figure 31.18 FEA coil/bobbin analysis
Figure 31.19 Cryocooler cold head and sleeve
Figure 31.20 Cryocooler cold head and sleeve, side view
Figure 31.21 Magnet current lead assembly
Figure 31.22 MRI magnet's internal electrical circuit
Figure 31.23 Energized magnet in persistent mode
Figure 31.24 Current path through the cold diode protection path
Figure 31.25 Magnet power supply and charging/discharging circuit
Figure 31.26 Charging circuit
Figure 31.27 Discharging circuit
Chapter 32
Figure 32.1 1.5 T magnet pictorial cross section
Figure 32.2 1.5 T magnet cross section
Figure 32.3 Bobbin assembly
Figure 32.4 Bobbin assembly
Figure 32.5 Bobbin assembly
Figure 32.6 Bobbin insulation
Figure 32.7 1.5 T magnet coil winding
Figure 32.8 1.5 T magnet coil winding
Figure 32.9 1.5 T magnet coil winding
Figure 32.10 Main coil module
Figure 32.11 Bucking coil module
Figure 32.12 Opposing bucking coil module and wire transition
Figure 32.13 Completed coil modules with wire transitions
Figure 32.14 Completed coil modules with wire transitions
Figure 32.15 Completed coil module with wire transitions
Figure 32.16 Coil instrumentation
Figure 32.17 Wire bridges and joint cups
Figure 32.18 Persistent current switch (PCS)
Figure 32.19 Completed joint cups and PCS
Figure 32.20 PCS protection diode assembly
Figure 32.21 PCS protection diode assembly
Figure 32.22 Multilam connectors
Figure 32.23 Multilam connectors
Figure 32.24 Axial Lorentz force supports
Figure 32.25 Cold mass supports
Figure 32.26 Cold mass supports
Figure 32.27 Cold mass supports
Figure 32.28 G‐10 trusses
Figure 32.29 G‐10 trusses
Figure 32.30 Completed helium vessel
Figure 32.31 Helium vessel, thermal shield, and vacuum vessel assemblies
Figure 32.32 Completed vacuum vessel assembly
Figure 32.33 Cold head sleeve
Figure 32.34 Cold head sleeve
Figure 32.35 Two‐stage rare earth GM Cryocooler cold head
Figure 32.36 Removable (retractable) current leads
Figure 32.37 Removable (retractable) current leads
Figure 32.38 Removable (retractable) current leads
Figure 32.39 Lead/vent turret
Figure 32.40 Sleeve shield
Figure 32.41 Sleeve shield
Figure 32.42 Sleeve shield w/SI
Figure 32.43 Completed lead and cold head sleeve turrets
Figure 32.44 Helium gas vent system
Figure 32.45 Helium gas vent system
Figure 32.46 Helium gas vent system
Figure 32.47 Pin connectors
Figure 32.48 Completed vent system
Figure 32.49 Completed vent system
Chapter 33
Figure 33.1 12 Plane plot coordinates
Figure 33.2 12 Plane mapped 1.5 T field data
Figure 33.3 Legendre expansion
Figure 33.4 Legendre coefficients
Figure 33.5 Magnetic dipole sink effect
Figure 33.6 Auto zonal ring shim method
Figure 33.7 Auto dipole/harmonics method
Figure 33.8 Auto dipole/field values method
Figure 33.9 Manual dipole method
Figure 33.10 Manual dipole method
Figure 33.11 Field data planar view
Figure 33.12 Field data angular view
Figure 33.13 Side and rear wall shielding effect
Figure 33.14 Ceiling and rear wall shielding effect
Figure 33.15 I‐Beams in ceiling
Figure 33.16 Rebar in floor
Figure 33.17
B
–
H
curves
Figure 33.18 Flux lines – no shielding
Figure 33.19 Flux lines – full six‐sided shielding
Figure 33.20 5G flux lines
Figure 33.21 Shielding example
Figure 33.22 Shielding example
Figure 33.23 Shielding example
Figure 33.24 Shielding example
Figure 33.25 Shielding example
Figure 33.26 Shielding example
Figure 33.27 Shielding example
Figure 33.28 Shielding example, top view
Figure 33.29 Shielding example
Figure 33.30 Shielding example
Figure 33.31 Shielding example
Figure 33.32 Shielding example
Chapter 34
Figure 34.1 Cartoon demonstrating a vector addition of the strong main magne...
Figure 34.2 Magnetic field of an unshielded transverse/
x
gradient coil (a) a...
Figure 34.3 Magnetic field of an actively shielded transverse/
x
gradient coi...
Figure 34.4 2D plots of the surface stream functions for a hypothetical
x
‐gr...
Figure 34.5 3D representation of the stream function along with the wire tra...
Figure 34.6 3D representations of the wire tracks exemplary shielded coil de...
Figure 34.7 Multilayered sandwich structure of a typical gradient coil. The ...
Figure 34.8. Transverse gradient coils built using different manufacturing t...
Chapter 35
Figure 35.1 MRI magnets. Horizontal bore magnets are used for MRI. While sca...
Figure 35.2 MRI coil within a cylindrical Faraday shield
Figure 35.3 Single‐loop wire solenoid, ‘surface coil’
Figure 35.4
B
1
field, transaxial (a), and axial (b), center planes for singl...
Figure 35.5 Coil‐cable, double‐balanced matching circuit
Figure 35.6 Single‐loop, capacitively split, foil solenoid surface coil. Cap...
Figure 35.7
B
1
field, transaxial (a), and axial (b), center planes for singl...
Figure 35.8 Rectangular, sample conforming, foil solenoid surface coil
Figure 35.9 Concentric loops surface coil
Figure 35.10 Phased array surface coil.
Figure 35.11 Parallel PIN diode and preamplifier detuning circuit for receiv...
Figure 35.12 Series PIN diode detuning circuit for transmit array elements
Figure 35.13 Multiloop wire solenoid
Figure 35.14 Crossed‐wire loops.
Figure 35.15 Quadrature surface coil with nested loop for receiver or X‐nucl...
Figure 35.16 Series‐wound saddle pair
Figure 35.17 Crossed‐wire saddle pairs
Figure 35.18
B
1
field, transaxial (a) and axial (b) center planes for circul...
Figure 35.19 Crossed‐foil saddle pairs
Figure 35.20
B
1
field, transaxial and axial center planes for circularly pol...
Figure 35.21 Four‐loop wire array
Figure 35.22 Four‐loop foil array
Figure 35.23 Alderman–Grant coil.
Figure 35.24 High‐pass birdcage
Figure 35.25
B
1
field, transaxial (a) and axial (b) center planes for circul...
Figure 35.26 Millipede coil
Figure 35.27
B
1
field, transaxial (a) and axial (b) for circularly polarized...
Figure 35.28 Litz coil, linear
Figure 35.29 Transaxial (a),
xz
(b), and
yz
(c) axial, center planes for lin...
Figure 35.30 Slotted tube.
Figure 35.31 TEM coil, inductively coupled, coaxial line variant.
Figure 35.32 TEM coil, actively coupled, stripline variant.
Figure 35.33
B
1
field, transaxial (a) and axial (b) center planes for circul...
Figure 35.34 TEM surface array with nested loop phased array.
Figure 35.35 Transmission line, double‐tuned surface coil
Figure 35.36 Open and short stubline coils
Figure 35.37
B
1
field, transaxial (a) and axial (b) for stubline coils
Figure 35.38 Dipole array
Figure 35.39
B
1
field, transaxial (a) and axial (b) center planes for dipole...
Guide
Cover Page
eMagRes
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Table of Contents
PART A Static and Gradient Fields
PART B Radiofrequency Fields
PART C Engineering
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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eMagRes Books
eMagRes (formerly the Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance) publishes a wide range of online articles on all aspects of magnetic resonance in physics, chemistry, biology and medicine. The existence of this large number of articles, written by experts in various fields, is enabling the publication of a series of eMagRes Books ‐ handbooks on specific areas of NMR and MRI. The chapters of each of these handbooks will comprise a carefully chosen selection of eMagRes articles.
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NMR Crystallography
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Multidimensional NMR Methods for the Solution State
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Solid‐State NMR Studies of Biopolymers
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NMR of Quadrupolar Nuclei in Solid Materials
Edited by Roderick E. Wasylishen, Sharon E. Ashbrook,
Stephen Wimperis
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RF Coils for MRI
Edited by John T. Vaughan, John R. Griffiths
ISBN 978‐0‐470‐77076‐4
MRI of Tissues with Short T
2
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NMR Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool for Environmental Research
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NMR in Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Handbook of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy In Vivo:
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Handbook of High Field Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
Edited by Vladimir K. Michaelis, Robert G. Griffin,
Björn Corzilius, Shimon Vega
ISBN 978‐1‐119‐44164‐9
Safety and Biological Effects in MRI
Edited by Devashish Shrivastava, J. Thomas
ISBN 978‐1‐118‐82130‐5
eMagRes
Edited by Sharon Ashbrook, Bela Bode, George A. Gray, John R. Griffiths, Tatyana Polenova, Roberta Pieratelli, Thomas Prisner, André J. Simpson, Myrna J. Simpson.
eMagRes (formerly the Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance) is based on the original publication of the Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, first published in 1996 with an updated volume added in 2000. The Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance was launched in 2007 online with all the existing published material, and was later relaunched as eMagRes in 2013. eMagRes captures every aspect of the interdisciplinary nature of magnetic resonance, providing all the essential information on the science, methodologies, engineering, technologies, applications, and the history of magnetic resonance, whilst encompassing a whole range of techniques, including MRI, MRS, NMR, and EPR/ESR.
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Safety and Biological Effects in MRI
Editors
Devashish Shrivastava
US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA & In Vivo Temperatures, LLC, Burnsville, MN, USA
J. Thomas Vaughan
Director of Magnetic Resonance Research, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Copyright
This edition first published 2021
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Shrivastava, Devashish, 1976‐ editor. | Vaughan, J. Thomas (John Thomas), 1957‐ editor.
Title: Safety and biological effects in MRI / editors, Devashish Shrivastava, J. Thomas Vaughan.
Other titles: Safety and biological aspects in MRI | eMagRes books.
Description: First edition. | Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken : John
Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2021. | Series: eMagRes books | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020042302 (print) | LCCN 2020042303 (ebook) | ISBN
9781118821305 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118821299 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781118821282 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Patient Safety | Magnetic
Fields‐adverse effects | Radio Waves‐adverse effects
Classification: LCC RC386.6.M34 (print) | LCC RC386.6.M34 (ebook) | NLM
WN 185 | DDC 616.07/548‐dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020042302
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020042303
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Courtesy of Malgorzata Kloc; Courtesy of Lawrence L. Wald; Courtesy of Devashish
Shrivastava; Background © kWaiGon / Getty Images
Dedication
To our children Athena Rachana Devashish, Minerva Rachana Devashish, John Thomas Vaughan, Dylan Amelia Vaughan, and Charles Robert Vaughan; & To all those engineers, physicists, biologists, clinicians, MR techs, and numerous others who toil everyday to make MRI safer for everyone.
eMagRes
Editorial Board
Editors‐in‐Chief
Roderick E. Wasylishen (retired 2018)
University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
Canada
Sharon Ashbrook
University of St Andrews
St Andrews
UK
SOLUTION‐STATE NMR & CHEMISTRY
George A. Gray Applications Scientist (formerly Varian Inc. & Agilent) Portola Valley, CA
USA
BIOCHEMICAL NMR
TatyanaPolenova University of Delaware
Newark, DE
USA
RobertaPierattelli University of Florence
Florence
Italy
ENVIRONMENTAL & ECOLOGICAL NMR
André J.Simpson University of Toronto
Ontario
Canada
Myrna J.Simpson University of Toronto
Ontario
Canada
EPR & ESR SPECTROSCOPY
BelaBode University of St Andrews
St Andrews
UK
ThomasPrisner Goethe University Frankfurt
Frankfurt
Germany
MRI & MRS
John R.GriffithsCancer Research UK
Cambridge Research Institute
Cambridge
UK
International Advisory Board
Co‐Chairmen of the Advisory Board
RoderickWasylishen University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada
Robin K.Harris University of Durham
Durham
UK
David M. Grant (Past Chairman)
(deceased)University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA
IsaoAndoTokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo
Japan
AdriaanBaxNational Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD
USA
Edwin D.BeckerNational Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD
USA
ChrisBoeschUniversity of Bern
Bern
Switzerland
Paul A.BottomleyJohns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD
USA
William G.BradleyUCSD Medical Center
San Diego, CA
USA
Graeme M.BydderUCSD Medical Center
San Diego, CA
USA
Paul T. Callaghan (deceased)Victoria University of Wellington
Wellington
New Zealand
Melinda J. DuerUniversity of Cambridge
Cambridge
UK
James W.EmsleyUniversity of Southampton
Southampton
UK
Richard R.ErnstEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)
Zürich
Switzerland
RayFreemanUniversity of Cambridge
Cambridge
UK
LucioFrydmanWeizmann Institute of Science
Rehovot
Israel
Bernard C.GersteinAmes, IA
USA
MauriceGoldmanVillebon sur Yvette
France
HaraldGüntherUniversität Siegen
Siegen
Germany
Herbert Y.Kressel
