Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3379

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery Provides a fully updated new edition of this comprehensive, detailed reference to surgical syndromes and diseases in small animals Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery, Second Edition offers a thoroughly revised new edition of this comprehensive, detailed reference to surgical syndromes and diseases in small animal patients. Featuring detailed surgical descriptions accompanied by high-quality illustrations, the book updates the procedures throughout to include new and revised techniques. New chapters cover pyloric hypertrophy, coagulation factors and anticoagulation strategies, and pacemakers, with a newly standalone chapter on persistent aortic arches. Organized by body system, each section of the book includes a brief review of surgical anatomy and physiology. Chapters present surgical techniques, with information on pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and a companion website provides video clips and slideshows demonstrating the procedures. The Second Edition: * Presents a complete resource to small animal soft tissue surgery * Features detailed surgical descriptions accompanied by high-quality illustrations * Updates surgical techniques throughout to reflect new or refined procedures * Adds chapters on pyloric hypertrophy, coagulation factors and anticoagulation strategies, and pacemakers, and splits persistent aortic arches into an expanded standalone chapter * Features video clips and slideshows on a companion website to demonstrate the techniques covered Relying on the very latest literature to present the current state of the art, Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery is an essential reference for small animal surgeons, residents, and practitioners performing soft tissue surgery.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

About the Companion Website

Section 1: Gastrointestinal Surgery

1 Disorders of the Salivary Gland

Anatomy

Pathophysiology

Specific disorders

References

2 Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Disease

Surgical principles

Surgical technique

Diagnostics

Esophageal disease

References

3 Vascular Ring Anomalies

Different types of vascular ring anomalies

Diagnostic

Complications and aftercare

References

4 Hiatal Hernia

Anatomy and physiology

Pathophysiology

History and clinical signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

5 Pyloric Hypertrophy

Pathophysiology

Clinical signs and physical examination

Diagnostics

Surgical management

References

6 Gastroduodenal Ulceration

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcers in dogs

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and gastroduodenal ulcers

Pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulceration in cats

Clinical presentation of dogs and cats with gastroduodenal ulceration

Diagnosis of gastroduodenal ulceration

Treatment of gastroduodenal ulceration

Outcome

References

7 Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

Etiology

Previous splenectomy

Pathophysiology

Clinical signs

Cardiac biomarkers and echocardiography

Serum lactate

Inflammatory biomarkers C‐reactive protein, high‐mobility group box 1, and procalcitonin

Immediate diagnostics and treatment/stabilization

References

8 Focal and Linear Gastrointestinal Obstructions

Pathophysiology

Clinical signs and physical examination

Diagnostics

Surgical management

Minimally invasive techniques

Biopsies

Leak testing

Enteroplication

Conclusion

References

9 Mesenteric Volvulus and Colonic Torsion

Mesenteric volvulus

Colonic torsion/volvulus

References

10 Gastrointestinal Neoplasia

Tumors of the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum

References

11 Megacolon

Pathophysiology

Clinical presentation

Diagnosis

Concurrent conditions

Medical treatment

Surgical treatment

Methods of anastomosis

Anastomotic leakage/dehiscence

Post‐colectomy intestinal adaptation

Stricture

Recurrent constipation

Fecal incontinence

Prognosis

References

12 Anal Sac Disease

Anatomy

Anal sac diseases

Surgery of the anal sacs

References

Section 2: Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

13 Portosystemic Shunts

Hepatic encephalopathy

Brain edema

Glutamate, gamma‐aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptors

Alteration of amino acid metabolism

Mercaptans

Short‐chain fatty acids

Phenols

Other identified factors

Signalment, clinical signs, and physical examination

Biochemical profile, hematology, and urinalysis

Special blood tests

Imaging

Nonsurgical differentials

Medical treatment of dogs with portosystemic shunt

Lactulose

Antibiotics

Retention enema

Probiotics and fecal transplantation

Acarbose

L‐ornithine‐L‐aspartate

Surgical treatment

Ligature

Ameroid ring

Silicone‐polyacrylic acid gradual venous occlusion device

Cellophane or thin film banding

Hydraulic occluder

Embolization with stent and coils

Other techniques for intrahepatic shunts

Prognostic indicators

References

14 Liver Lobe Torsion and Abscess

Liver Lobe Torsion

Liver abscess

References

15 Liver Tumors and Partial Hepatectomy

Specific tumor types

Clinical signs

Laboratory findings

Imaging modalities

Surgical treatment

References

16 Gallbladder Mucocele

Etiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

17 Extrahepatic Biliary Tract Obstruction

Physiology of the biliary system

Clinical signs of extrahepatic biliary disease

Diagnostic evaluation

Pathology affecting the biliary system

Medical management and perioperative therapeutics

Surgery related to the biliary system

Surgery of the gallbladder

Surgery of the biliary ducts

Surgery to palliate acute and chronic biliary outflow acute obstruction: cholecystostomy and choledochal stenting

Chronic obstruction: biliary–enteric anastamoses (cholecystoenterostomy)

Prognosis for patients with extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction

References

18 Other Surgical Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract

Trauma

Necrotizing cholecystitis and cystic artery infarction

Emphysematous cholecystitis

Neoplasia

References

19 Pancreatitis

Pathogenesis

Etiology and risk factors

Diagnosis

Treatment

Surgery for pancreatitis

Pancreatic and peripancreatic fluid collections

Walled‐off necrosis (previously termed pancreatic abscess)

Pancreatic pseudocyst

Acute peripancreatic fluid collection

Acute necrotic fluid collection

References

Section 3: Peritoneal Cavity

20 Peritonitis

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

References

21 Hemoperitoneum

Etiology

Diagnosis

Abdominal radiography

Abdominal ultrasonography

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Emergency treatment

Surgical intervention

Prognosis

References

22 Pneumoperitoneum

Etiology

Presentation

Diagnosis

Sequelae

Definitive treatment

Prognosis

References

23 Retroperitoneal Diseases

Pathogenesis

History and clinical signs

Diagnostics

Treatment

Prognosis

References

24 Congenital Abdominal Wall Hernia

Umbilical and ventral midline hernias

Inguinal, scrotal, and femoral hernias

Inguinal hernia repair

Scrotal hernia repair

Femoral hernia repair

References

25 Acquired Abdominal Wall Hernia

Traumatic hernias

Incisional hernias in abdominal wall closures

References

26 Diaphragmatic and Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias

Diaphragmatic hernia

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

References

27 Perineal Hernia

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Historical findings and clinical signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

Surgical anatomy

Transposition of internal obturator

Colopexy, cystopexy, and vasopexy

Postoperative management

References

Section 4: Chest Wall

28 Pectus Excavatum

Incidence

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

External splinting technique

Complications

Postoperative management

References

29 Surgery of the Thoracic Wall

Perioperative monitoring and management

Thoracoscopy

Transdiaphragmatic subxiphoid approach

Intercostal approach

Thoracotomy

Postoperative management

References

30 Tumors of the Thoracic Wall

Diagnosis

Treatment: chest wall resection and reconstruction

Omental pedicle flap

Prognosis

References

31 Flail Chest

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Section 5: Pleural Space

32 Chylothorax

Diagnosis

Pathophysiology

Treatment

Future directions

References

33 Pyothorax in Dogs and Cats

Etiology

Diagnosis

Therapy

Antibiotic therapy

Thoracostomy tube

Monitoring of medical treatment

Thoracoscopic evaluation

Median sternotomy

Outcomes

References

34 Pneumothorax

Definition and classification

Clinical signs and physical examination findings

Pathophysiology

Diagnostic imaging

Treatment

Types of pneumothorax

References

Section 6: Respiratory Surgery

35 Oronasal and Oroantral Fistula

Anatomy

Etiology

Diagnosis

Repair techniques

References

36 Cleft Lip and Palate

Classification

Embryology

Causative factors

Problems associated with facial clefting

Diagnosis

Management of cleft lip and palate

Presurgical management

Surgical management

General considerations

Surgical considerations

Cleft lip

Cleft of the primary palate

Postoperative management and complications

Cleft of the secondary palate

Postoperative management and complications

Prognosis

References

37 Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome

Anatomy and pathophysiology

Primary static anomalies of the airway

Secondary dynamic changes of the airway

Diagnosis

Treatment

Controversy of which surgical techniques to apply

Complications

Prognosis

References

38 Laryngeal Paralysis

Etiology

Clinical findings

Treatment

Arytenoid cartilage lateralization

Partial laryngectomy per os

Ventral laryngotomy approach

Castellated laryngofissure

Permanent tracheostomy

Prognosis

References

39 Laryngeal Neoplasia

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

Surgical treatment

References

40 Tracheal Surgery

Tracheal collapse

Tracheal obstruction

Tracheal trauma

Tracheal resection and anastomosis

Palliative tracheal surgery

References

41 Surgical Diseases of the Lungs

Cyst, bullae, and bleb

Bronchoesophageal fistulas

Consolidated lung lobe and abscess

Bronchiectasis

Lung laceration

Lung lobe torsion

Neoplasia

Surgery of the lungs

References

Section 7: Urinary Tract

42 Pathophysiology of Renal Disease

Renal physiology and its importance in overall body function

Determinants of glomerular filtration rate

Renal blood flow

Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease

Urine output and renal failure

Differentiating acute kidney injury from chronic kidney disease

Acute kidney injury

Chronic kidney disease

References

43 Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction

Pathophysiology of upper urinary tract stones

Patient evaluation

Plain radiography

Contrast study

Ultrasound

Computed tomography

Renal scintigraphy

Management of nephroliths

Nephrotomy

Pyelolithotomy

Nephrectomy

Management of ureteroliths

Ureterotomy

Ureteroneocystostomy

Ureteroureterostomy

Renal descensus and psoas cystopexy

Boari tube

Urinary diversion

Complications after surgery of the ureter

References

44 Urolithiasis of the Lower Urinary Tract

Patient evaluation

Medical management: dietary modification and antibiotic therapy

Nonsurgical approach for removal of calculi in the lower urinary tract

Surgical removal of calculi in the lower urinary tract

Scrotal urethrostomy

Perineal urethrostomy in dogs

Perineal urethrostomy in cats

Prepubic urethrostomy

Subpubic urethrostomy

Transpelvic urethrostomy

References

45 Ureteral Ectopia and Urinary Incontinence

Anatomic considerations

Physiology of continence

Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence

History, clinical signs, and physical examination

Diagnostic imaging

Urethral pressure profilometry

References

46 Treatment Strategies for Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence

Medical management

Surgical management

Injectable bulking agents

Hydraulic occluders

References

47 Treatment Strategies for Ureteral Ectopia

Creation of a new opening of the ureter in the bladder

Reimplantation of the ureter

Ureteronephrectomy

Cystoscopic‐guided laser ablation of ectopic ureters

Prognosis for ureteral ectopia in dogs and cats

References

48 Neoplasia of the Urinary Tract

Renal Neoplasia

Ureteral neoplasia

Neoplasia of the urinary bladder and urethra

References

49 Urinary Tract Trauma

Clinical signs of urinary tract trauma

Initial stabilization

Clinicopathologic evaluation

Radiographic evaluation of the patient with urinary tract trauma

Retroperitoneal hematoma

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

References

50 Urinary Diversion Techniques

Kidney

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

References

51 Idiopathic or Benign Essential Renal Hematuria

Diagnosis

Treatment options

Conclusion

References

52 Renal Transplant

Feline renal transplantation

Donor cat

Surgery

Acute complications

Chronic complications

References

Section 8: Reproductive Tract

53 Pyometra

Pathophysiology

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Treatment

References

54 Cesarean Section

Indications for an elective cesarean section

Preoperative considerations

Anesthetic considerations

References

55 Congenital Vaginal Defects

Vaginal defects

Clitoral hypertrophy

References

56 Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy

Effects of age of patient at time of neutering

Ovariohysterectomy versus ovariectomy

Surgical techniques

References

57 Scrotal and Testicular Trauma and Neoplasia

Scrotum

Testes

Diagnosis

Metastases

Treatment

References

58 Prostatic Disease

Noninfectious, nonneoplastic prostate diseases

Infectious prostate diseases

Neoplastic prostate diseases

Diagnosis

Treatment

Antimicrobials

Prognosis

References

59 Cryptorchidism

Causes

Normal development

Abnormal development

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

Laboratory assessment

Medical treatment

Surgical treatment

References

60 Paraphimosis

Causes

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

References

61 Priapism

Normal anatomy and physiology of erection

Etiology

High‐flow priapism

Low‐flow priapism

Presentation

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

62 Phimosis

Causes

Presentation

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

63 Penile and Preputial Trauma and Neoplasia

Trauma to the prepuce and penis

Neoplasia of the prepuce and penis

References

Section 9: Endocrine

64 Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Anatomy

Physiology

History and clinical signs

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Nonsurgical therapy

References

65 Feline Hyperthyroidism

Pathogenesis and etiology

Signalment

Clinical features

Supportive diagnostic tests

Definitive diagnostic tests

Treatment

Complications of treatment: kidney disease and hypothyroidism

Conclusion

References

66 Canine Thyroid Neoplasia

Clinical features

Diagnostic procedures

Treatment

References

67 Canine and Feline Insulinoma

Pathology

Pathophysiology

Signalment

Clinical signs

Physical examination

Clinical pathology

Differential diagnoses

Diagnosis

Treatment

Surgical techniques

Prognosis

Feline insulinoma

References

68 Adrenal Tumors

Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma, adrenal adenoma, adrenocortical adenomatous hyperplasia

Adrenal medullary tumor (pheochromocytoma)

Aldosteronoma

Surgical considerations

Histopathology results

Prognosis

References

Section 10: Ear Surgery

69 Anatomy of the Ear

Pinna

External ear canal

Middle ear

Inner ear

Innervation of the ear

Blood supply to the ear

References

70 Surgery of the Pinna

Lacerations

Resection of portions of the pinna

Wedge excision, partial amputation, and total pinnectomy

Reconstruction of auricular margin defects

Aural hematoma

Ear canal separation

References

71 Aural Neoplasia

Origins, occurrence, and clinical signs

Tumors of the canine ear

Tumors of the feline ear

Alternative or adjunctive therapy for ear neoplasia

References

72 Otitis Externa

Indications for surgical treatment

References

73 Feline and Canine Otitis Media

Causes

Pathogenesis

Clinical signs

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

74 Surgery of the Vertical Ear Canal

Lateral wall resection

Vertical ear canal ablation

Lateral wall resection versus vertical canal ablation

References

75 Imaging of the Ear for Surgical Evaluation

Radiology

Ultrasonography

Computed tomography

Magnetic resonance imaging

References

76 Total Ear Canal Ablation and Lateral Bulla Osteotomy

Owner education

Preoperative work‐up

Preoperative antibiotic and analgesia regimen choice

Surgical anatomy

Complications and treatment

References

77 Subtotal Ear Canal Ablation

Indications

Surgical technique

Outcome

References

78 Surgical Diseases of the Middle Ear

Diseases of the middle ear

Treatment and surgical recommendations

Summary

References

Section 11: Cardiac

79 Coagulation Disorders and Surgery

Understanding hypocoagulability

Hypercoagulability: a clinical conundrum

References

80 Heart Surgery Strategies

Beating heart surgery

Inflow occlusion

Cardiopulmonary bypass

References

81 Congenital Cardiac Shunts

Patent ductus arteriosus

Ventricular septal defect

Atrial and atrioventricular septal defect

Tetralogy of Fallot

References

82 Valvular Heart Disease

Mitral regurgitation

Tricuspid valve dysplasia

References

83 Cardiac Neoplasia

Hemangiosarcoma

Aortic body tumors

Intraluminal tumors

References

84 Congenital Pericardial Diseases

Absence of pericardium and pericardial defects

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia

Pericardial cysts

References

85 Constrictive Pericarditis

Etiology

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

86 Pericardial Effusion

Etiology

Pathophysiology of cardiac tamponade

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

87 Pacemaker Therapy

Indications

Theories of artificial cardiac stimulation

Pacing equipment

Surgical technique

Postoperative evaluation

References

Section 12: Hematopoietic

88 Surgical Treatment of Splenic Disease

Splenic diseases

Diagnostics

Management of splenic disease

References

89 Surgical Treatment of Thymic Disease

Thymic anatomy

Diagnostics

Thymic diseases

Surgical management of thymic disease

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Common clinical signs of gastroduodenal ulceration.

Table 6.2 Frequently prescribed medications for management of gastroduodenal...

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Classification of circulatory disorders of the liver.

Table 13.2 Classification and acronyms for portosystemic vascular anomalies....

Table 13.3 Defining characteristics and breed predispositions for portosyste...

Table 13.4 Clinicopathologic characteristics of portosystemic vascular anoma...

Table 13.5 Risk factors for the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE)....

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Physical examination and laboratory parameters to be used as goal...

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Presence of bladder retroflexion, surgical procedures performed, ...

Table 27.2 Complications after surgical treatment of perineal hernia in dogs...

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Causes of hypoxemia.

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria associated with pyothorax i...

Chapter 40

Table 40.1 Results reported in the literature regarding surgical or interven...

Chapter 42

Table 42.1 Major causes of hemodynamic acute kidney injury.

Table 42.2 Major causes of intrinsic acute kidney injury.

Table 42.3 Major causes of postrenal acute kidney injury.

Chapter 47

Table 47.1 Review of the literature.

Chapter 48

Table 48.1 Primary tumor (T).

Table 48.2 Regional nodes (N): regional nodes are those within the true pelv...

Table 48.3 Distant metastasis (M).

Table 48.4 Stage grouping.

Chapter 52

Table 52.1 Minimum tests required for renal transplantation in cats.

Table 52.2 Sucrose phosphate solution for allograft flushing and simple cold...

Table 52.3 Survival following renal transplantation.

Chapter 53

Table 53.1 Most common characteristics in canine pyometra.

Table 53.2 Dosages of commonly used luteolytic, antiluteotrophic, and antipr...

Chapter 57

Table 57.1 Breeds at increased risk for testicular tumor development.

Table 57.2 A clinical summary of canine testicular tumors that includes clin...

Chapter 58

Table 58.1 Canine prostate measurement formulas.

Table 58.2 Ultrasonographic appearance of several canine prostatic diseases....

Chapter 59

Table 59.1 Risk of cryptorchidism by breed.

Table 59.2 Gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and human chorionic gonadot...

Chapter 67

Table 67.1 TNM classification for canine insulinoma.

Table 67.2 Clinical signs reported in 197 dogs.

Table 67.3 Diagnostic work‐up for canine insulinoma.

Table 67.4 Emergency treatment for hypoglycemic seizures caused by insulinom...

Chapter 69

Table 69.1 Most common flora of the external ear canal in the dog.

Table 69.2 Most common flora of the middle ear in the dog.

Table 69.3 Nerves of the middle ear.

Chapter 72

Table 72.1 Predisposing, primary, and perpetuating factors of otitis externa...

Chapter 79

Table 79.1 Parameters or test assays that can be consistent with hypercoagul...

Table 79.2 Therapeutic options for hypercoagulability in surgical patients....

Chapter 87

Table 87.1 Five‐letter system to identify pacemaker function.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Intraoral view of an iatrogenic ranula in an 8‐year‐old Alaskan m...

Figure 1.2 Intraoperative view of mandibular and sublingual salivary gland r...

Figure 1.3 Intraoral view of a pharyngeal mucocele.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Approach to the cervical esophagus for removal of a foreign body ...

Figure 2.2 Esophagectomy in the distal thoracic esophagus. (a) Stay sutures ...

Figure 2.3 An on‐lay patch of diaphragm is applied on the distal thoracic es...

Figure 2.4 Survey thoracic radiograph in a 2‐year‐old female mixed breed tak...

Figure 2.5 Barium esophagram in a 7‐year‐old male shih tzu. Esophageal forei...

Figure 2.6 Esophagoscopy in a 7‐year‐old male shih tzu. Esophageal foreign b...

Figure 2.7 Contrast radiograph of a dog with pulsion diverticulum of the dis...

Figure 2.8 Esophagoscopy of a dog (same as in Figure 2.7) with a diverticulu...

Figure 2.9 (a) Resection of a pulsion diverticulum (same dog as in Figures 2...

Figure 2.10 Contrast radiograph four weeks after resection of a pulsion dive...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Lateral radiograph with barium of a dog with dilatation of the cr...

Figure 3.2 Endoscopic visualization of the ligamentum arteriosum narrowing t...

Figure 3.3 After a left intercostal thoracotomy, the ligamentum arteriosum h...

Figure 3.4 Computed tomographic scan of a dog with a double aortic arch.

Figure 3.5 The left side of the double aortic arch has been dissected and a ...

Figure 3.6 A vascular clamp has been applied to evaluate the effect of occlu...

Figure 3.7 Thoracoscopic visualization of a ligamentum arteriosum.

Figure 3.8 The ligamentum arteriosum has been dissected away from the esopha...

Figure 3.9 The ligamentum arteriosum is sealed and transected with a vessel ...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 (a) Sliding hiatal hernia with the lower esophageal sphincter dis...

Figure 4.2 (a) Lateral radiograph of a cat with a sliding hiatal hernia with...

Figure 4.3 (a) Lateral view of an esophagram of a dog with a sliding hiatal ...

Figure 4.4 The hiatal hernia has been reduced and the phrenicoesophageal lig...

Figure 4.5 The right and left crura of the esophageal hiatus are approximate...

Figure 4.6 An esophagopexy is performed with three cruciate sutures between ...

Figure 4.7 A gastropexy between the fundus of the stomach and the body wall ...

Figure 4.8 The dog has been placed in right lateral oblique recumbency to im...

Figure 4.9 The esophageal hiatus has been exposed after transection of the t...

Figure 4.10 The esophageal hiatus and the phrenicoesophageal membrane have b...

Figure 4.11 The esophagopexy has been completed on the left side of the esop...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Positive contrast radiograph showing a filling defect at the leve...

Figure 5.2 Endoscopy of polyps in the pylorus of a dog.

Figure 5.3 A Y incision has been marked over the pyloric antrum, the pylorus...

Figure 5.4 The Y incision made in Figure 5.3 has been closed with simple int...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 (a, b) Protective mechanisms of the gastric and duodenal mucosal ...

Figure 6.2 Prostanoid pathway and the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 and COX...

Figure 6.3 (a, b) Abdominal radiographs of a dog. There is peritoneal fluid ...

Figure 6.4 Ultrasonographic image of a gastric ulcer, showing gastric wall t...

Figure 6.5 Ultrasonographic image of a duodenal ulcer, showing duodenal wall...

Figure 6.6 Endoscopic image of a gastric ulcer showing evidence of necrosis ...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Sustained ventricular tachycardia with more than 160 beats per mi...

Figure 7.2 R‐on‐T phenomenon, where the T wave of repolarization is superimp...

Figure 7.3 Percutaneous decompression of the stomach with a large over‐the‐n...

Figure 7.4 Orogastric decompression: an orogastric tube is measured from the...

Figure 7.5 Orogastric decompression: (a) a 5 cm roll of tape is inserted in ...

Figure 7.6 Fluid retrieval during stomach lavage: (a) stomach content retrie...

Figure 7.7 Right lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with gastric dilatati...

Figure 7.8 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with a stomach engorged wit...

Figure 7.9 Right lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with gastric dilatati...

Figure 7.10 Gastric dilatation volvulus with pneumatosis. Small dark gas bub...

Figure 7.11 Necrosis along the greater curvature in the body of the stomach....

Figure 7.12 (a) Partial gastrectomy is performed with automatic stapling equ...

Figure 7.13 Incisional gastropexy. (a) A seromuscular incision is made over ...

Figure 7.14 Belt loop gastropexy. (a) A seromuscular flap based on the great...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Intussusception involving the jejunum and ileum in a dog.

Figure 8.2 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with a linear foreign body ...

Figure 8.3 Lateral radiograph of a cat that presented with clinical signs of...

Figure 8.4 Intraoperative image of focal jejunal foreign body. Note the eryt...

Figure 8.5 Plication of the jejunum because of a linear foreign body.

Figure 8.6 A linear foreign body has perforated the wall of the jejunum alon...

Figure 8.7 A gastrotomy is performed with an incision between the greater an...

Figure 8.8 The gastrotomy has been closed with 4‐0 monofilament suture in a ...

Figure 8.9 An enterotomy has been performed to remove a single foreign body ...

Figure 8.10 The enterotomy has been closed with 3‐0 monofilament absorbable ...

Figure 8.11 Enterectomy. (a) The mesenteric artery and vein have been ligate...

Figure 8.12 Stay sutures are preplaced at the mesenteric and antimesenteric ...

Figure 8.13 The anastomosis has been completed with a simple interrupted sut...

Figure 8.14 Enterectomy performed with staples. (a) A gastrointestinal stapl...

Figure 8.15 Jejunal biopsy taken from the antimesenteric border of the jejun...

Figure 8.16 Enteroplication in a cat with an intussusception. Adjacent loops...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Mesenteric volvulus with severe ischemia of the entire jejunum in...

Figure 9.2 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with mesenteric volvulus. M...

Figure 9.3 Intraoperative photograph of an 8‐year‐old male Alaskan malamute ...

Figure 9.4 Intraoperative photograph of the same dog as in Figure 9.3 demons...

Figure 9.5 Computed tomographic transverse section of a dog with colonic vol...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Jejunal adenocarcinoma with metastasis extending along the mesen...

Figure 10.2 Gastrointestinal lymphoma with disease present within the jejunu...

Figure 10.3 Well‐differentiated pyloric leiomyosarcoma in a dog.

Figure 10.4 Canine patient receiving a palliative intestinal resection with ...

Figure 10.5 Colonic adenocarcinoma in a cat with mesenteric metastasis.

Figure 10.6 Collection of four pictures illustrating combined abdominal tran...

Figure 10.7 Palliative Roux‐en‐Y procedure in a cat with an obstructive gast...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 (a) Lateral abdominal radiograph of a cat with megacolon. The co...

Figure 11.2 Megacolon in a cat. The colon has been exteriorized and isolated...

Figure 11.3 Anatomy of the colon in a cat: (a) the different levels of resec...

Figure 11.4 End‐to‐end ileocolic anastomosis. The lumen disparity has been c...

Figure 11.5 Colocolic anastomosis performed with 4‐0 monofilament absorbable...

Figure 11.6 A Furness clamp is used to place purse‐string sutures on both en...

Figure 11.7 Retrograde placement of an end‐to‐end anastomosis (EEA) stapling...

Figure 11.8 The colocolic anastomosis is ready to be completed. Both ends of...

Figure 11.9 Biofragmentable anastomosis ring. This device has a handle to fa...

Figure 11.10 (a) The biofragmentable anastomosis ring (BAR) is introduced in...

Figure 11.11 The biofragmentable anastomosis ring device used in cats clamps...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Incision for a closed and an open anal sacculectomy.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 (a) Transverse plane image of the liver with a large intrahepati...

Figure 13.2 (a) Dorsal plane image of the medial aspect of the right kidney ...

Figure 13.3 (a) Ultrasound sagittal plane B mode image medial to the left ki...

Figure 13.4 (a) Computed tomography angiography (CTA) venous phase transvers...

Figure 13.5 (a) Computed tomography angiography (CTA) venous phase transvers...

Figure 13.6 Computed tomography angiography (CTA) venous phase transverse pl...

Figure 13.7 Computed tomography angiography (CTA) venous phase transverse pl...

Figure 13.8 Computed tomography angiography (CTA) arterial phase transverse ...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Ultrasound image demonstrates a hypoechoic torsed liver lobe (ar...

Figure 14.2 Intraoperative view. Note the congested, torsed liver lobe.

Figure 14.3 Ventrodorsal abdominal radiograph. A mass effect in the right cr...

Figure 14.4 Transverse view. The ultrasound image demonstrates hypoechoic ma...

Figure 14.5 Excised liver abscess has been cut in cross‐section and exudate ...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Intraoperative view of a large hepatocellular carcinoma of the l...

Figure 15.2 Resected hepatocellular carcinoma with a border of normal hepati...

Figure 15.3 Central division hepatocellular carcinoma that is obstructing th...

Figure 15.4 Cross‐sectional view of a biliary adenocarcinoma in a dog. Note ...

Figure 15.5 Lateral abdominal radiograph reveals a very large central divisi...

Figure 15.6 Ventrodorsal abdominal radiograph reveals a very large liver mas...

Figure 15.7 Ultrasonographic image of liver tissue with a solitary hepatocel...

Figure 15.8 Visceral view of the liver. Red vasculature indicates hepatic ar...

Figure 15.9 Ventral view of a cast of a portal vein in a dog. CP, caudate pr...

Figure 15.10 Ventral view of a cast of a caudal vena cava and hepatic veins....

Figure 15.11 (a) Visceral view of liver with left lateral and left medial lo...

Figure 15.12 (a) Visceral view of liver with left medial liver lobe elevated...

Figure 15.13 (a) Visceral view of the liver. (b) The hepatoduodenal ligament...

Figure 15.14 (a) Ventral and diaphragmatic surface of the liver. (b) Tumors ...

Figure 15.15 (a) Ventral view of the right division of the liver. (b) After ...

Figure 15.16 (a) After bluntly creating a tunnel through the parenchyma arou...

Figure 15.17 (a) Right‐angle forceps are bluntly passed through the parenchy...

Figure 15.18 (a) The lesser omentum has been removed for illustrative purpos...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Abdominal ultrasound images of a dog with a gallbladder mucocele...

Figure 16.2 A large mucobiliary plug that was removed from the common bile d...

Figure 16.3 An intraoperative image of a dog with a gallbladder mucocele. Th...

Figure 16.4 An intraoperative image of a dog with a gallbladder mucocele. Fl...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Lateral radiograph of a cat with multiple radiopaque stones in t...

Figure 17.2 (a, b) Focal ultrasound images of the extrahepatic biliary tract...

Figure 17.3 (a) A pigtail catheter has been placed percutaneously into the g...

Figure 17.4 Calcium bilirubinate stones removed from the gallbladder and cys...

Figure 17.5 (a) A good plane of dissection (arrows) is at the junction betwe...

Figure 17.6 (a) The gallbladder has been removed and placed into a retrieval...

Figure 17.7 (a) Intraoperative view of a cat with distal bile duct obstructi...

Figure 17.8 (a) The bile duct has been introduced into the duodenum through ...

Figure 17.9 (a) A large bile duct that is ligated as close as possible to th...

Figure 17.10 Choledochojejunostomy has been performed because excessive tens...

Figure 17.11 Intraoperative view of a large‐breed dog undergoing cholecystoj...

Figure 17.12 Intraoperative view of a dog with extrahepatic bile duct obstru...

Figure 17.13 A cholecystostomy has been performed with an 8 Fr infant feedin...

Figure 17.14 Cholecystoenterostomy. (a) A full‐thickness incision is made on...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 An abdominal ultrasound image of a cat that sustained unknown tr...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Proposed pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. (a) A normal acinar...

Figure 19.2 Ultrasonographic appearance of the pancreas in a cat with pancre...

Figure 19.3 Ultrasonographic appearance of the pancreas of a dog with a panc...

Figure 19.4 Gross appearance of the pancreas in a dog with acute pancreatiti...

Figure 19.5 (a) A pancreatic walled‐off necrosis (abscess; black arrows) is ...

Figure 19.6 Walled‐off necrosis in the right limb of the pancreas. A resecti...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Intraoperative photograph of a dog with sclerosing peritonitis. ...

Figure 20.2 (a) Cytology of an abdominal effusion from a dog with septic per...

Figure 20.3 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with a ruptured gastroduod...

Figure 20.4 Ventrodorsal radiograph of a dog with septic peritonitis and pne...

Figure 20.5 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog with gastric dilatation vo...

Figure 20.6 Abdominal ultrasound image of a ruptured gallbladder mucocele. T...

Figure 20.7 (a) Intraoperative photograph of placement of a Jackson–Pratt dr...

Figure 20.8 (a) Immediate postoperative photograph after placing a vacuum‐as...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 (a–d) Views obtained during FAST (focused assessment with sonogr...

Figure 21.2 Intraoperative photograph of method for rapid splenectomy. Multi...

Figure 21.3 (a) Rumel tourniquet. Cotton umbilical tape is placed around the...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Ventrodorsal radiograph of a dog with gastric dilatation volvulu...

Figure 22.2 Lateral radiograph of a dog taken four days after surgery to rem...

Figure 22.3 Barium series of a dog with a history of abdominal pain and chro...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 (a) Ventrodorsal and (b) lateral radiographs of a dog with a ret...

Figure 23.2 Lateral radiograph of a cat with uroretroperitoneum as a result ...

Figure 23.3 Lateral radiograph of two dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma meta...

Figure 23.4 Intraoperative picture of left medial iliac lymphadenectomy for ...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Ventral abdominal wall hernias: umbilical, inguinal, scrotal, fe...

Figure 24.2 Umbilical hernia with abdominal fat in the hernia.

Figure 24.3 Inguinal ring anatomy. The external abdominal oblique muscle has...

Figure 24.4 (a) Inguinal canal anatomy. (b) Direct inguinal hernia. (c) Indi...

Figure 24.5 (a, b) Vaginal process anatomy.

Figure 24.6 Vital structures of the femoral canal. The arrow shows the pathw...

Figure 24.7 (a) Vital structures near the inguinal ring. (b) The arrow indic...

Figure 24.8 Repair of a scrotal hernia without castration.

Figure 24.9 Repair of a scrotal hernia with castration.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Traumatic abdominal wall hernias causing loss of abdominal wall ...

Figure 25.2 Ventro‐dorsal radiography of a dog with a paracostal hernia.

Figure 25.3 Lateral radiograph of a dog with a paracostal abdominal wall her...

Figure 25.4 Radiographs of a dog with a prepubic tendon hernia. This dog was...

Figure 25.5 Intraoperative view of a large paracostal abdominal wall hernia....

Figure 25.6 Diagram of a prepubic tendon repair.

Figure 25.7 Intraoperative views of a femoral hernia associated with a prepu...

Figure 25.8 The hernia in Figure 25.7 has been reduced and the pectineal mus...

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Feline diaphragmatic hernia: circumferential tear with one liver...

Figure 26.2 Canine diaphragmatic hernia: radial tear with loops of jejunum h...

Figure 26.3 Necrosis of the left medial liver lobe in a dog with a diaphragm...

Figure 26.4 Lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiograph of a diaphragmatic ...

Figure 26.5 Peritoneography: (a) lateral radiograph and (b) ventrodorsal rad...

Figure 26.6 (a) Transverse and (b) sagittal computed tomography images after...

Figure 26.7 Lateral radiograph of a cat with a diaphragmatic hernia. The sto...

Figure 26.8 A spleen that was herniated in the thoracic cavity is being redu...

Figure 26.9 Diaphragmatic hernia after débridement of the edges ready for cl...

Figure 26.10 Diaphragmatic hernia being closed with three different simple c...

Figure 26.11 Omentum has been used to patch a defect left in the diaphragm. ...

Figure 26.12 Lateral radiograph of a peritoneopericardial hernia.

Figure 26.13 Ventrodorsal radiograph of a peritoneopericardial hernia.

Figure 26.14 (a) Transverse and (b) sagittal computed tomography images afte...

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 A male dog with right perineal hernia. Notice the marked ventrol...

Figure 27.2 (a) Surgical anatomy of the left pelvic diaphragm. (b) The left ...

Figure 27.3 Surgery for transposition of the right internal obturator muscle...

Figure 27.4 Elevation of the right internal obturator muscle. It is recommen...

Figure 27.5 Suture of the hernia defect (right perineum) has been completed ...

Figure 27.6 Vasopexy performed in a dog with a recurrent perineal hernia. Th...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Variable severity of pectus excavatum (PE) deformity. (a) Normal...

Figure 28.2 Caudal sternal pectus excavatum deformity in a cat (thorax and h...

Figure 28.3 (a) Dorsoventral and (b) lateral thoracic radiographs used to ca...

Figure 28.4 A U‐shaped splint fashioned to fit the normal contour of the ven...

Figure 28.5 A towel clamp can be used to place ventral traction on the xipho...

Figure 28.6 Sutures can be passed perpendicular to the sternum, or at a 45° ...

Figure 28.7 After each of the sutures has been preplaced, the suture ends ar...

Figure 28.8 The sutures are tied with tension sufficient to oppose and fix t...

Figure 28.9 Tie‐overs can be fashioned with gauze or umbilical tape to help ...

Figure 28.10 Postoperative radiographs should be taken to document normal po...

Figure 28.11 Mild skin abrasions and superficial dermatitis secondary to spl...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Lateral thoracic radiograph showing a large soft tissue mass (ar...

Figure 30.2 A ventrodorsal thoracic radiograph showing a large, primarily in...

Figure 30.3 Computed tomography scan of the thorax of a dog with a mineraliz...

Figure 30.4 Computed tomography scans are very useful for determining the ex...

Figure 30.5 Computed tomography scans are significantly more sensitive for t...

Figure 30.6 Prosthetic polypropylene (Marlex) mesh has been used to reconstr...

Figure 30.7 Distal necrosis of a

latissimus dorsi

(

LD

) muscle flap resulting...

Figure 30.8 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for dogs with rib tumors. Dogs with ...

Figure 30.9 Kaplan–Meier survival curve for dogs with local tumor recurrence...

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 Schematic representation of the locations for placement of inter...

Figure 31.2 Schematic drawing of the technique for instillation of local ane...

Figure 31.3 Schematic drawing of the technique for passing suture around the...

Figure 31.4 Schematic drawing of an external moldable splint for stabilizati...

Figure 31.5 Schematic drawing of a simplified bracing of a flail section. On...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Fluorescence of indocyanine green (ICG) in the thoracic duct bef...

Figure 32.2 Same as Figure 32.1 but after dissection of the mediastinum.

Figure 32.3 Two endoclips have been placed on the thoracic duct after dissec...

Figure 32.4 Lymphangiogram using aqueous contrast injection of a mesenteric ...

Figure 32.5 Postligation lymphangiogram showing abrupt ending of contrast st...

Figure 32.6 Computer tomographic imaging after injection of aqueous contrast...

Figure 32.7 (a) Surface of pericardium showing severe fibrous epipericardial...

Figure 32.8 Cisterna chyli dorsal and lateral to the aorta, as seen from a m...

Figure 32.9 View of cisterna chyli and thoracic duct via a right flank appro...

Figure 32.10 Lymphangiographic study using radiographic digital subtraction ...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 (a) Lateral and (b) dorsoventral radiographs of a cat diagnosed ...

Figure 33.2 Pleural fluid from (a) a dog and (b) a cat with pyothorax. There...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 (a) Penetrating “stick injury” wound on the right caudal cervica...

Figure 34.2 Lateral thoracic radiograph of a dog with pneumothorax and a pul...

Figure 34.3 Thoracic computed tomographic image (dorsal recumbency) of a cat...

Figure 34.4 (a, b) Ultrasound images of the thoracic cavity in a normal dog....

Figure 34.5 Small‐bore thoracostomy tube set‐up, including an over‐the‐needl...

Figure 34.6 Pneumostat thoracic drainage device with a one‐way valve and 30 ...

Figure 34.7 Pleur‐evac® device for three‐chamber continuous thoracic suction...

Figure 34.8 Dog‐bite injury to the right lateral thorax and cervical area, r...

Figure 34.9 (a–c) Intraoperative images of three different dogs with primary...

Figure 34.10 Thoracic computed tomographic image of a pulmonary bulla lesion...

Chapter 35

Figure 35.1 Normal periodontal anatomy in (a) the dog and (b) the cat.

Figure 35.2 Computed tomography cross‐section of a dog maxilla showing the t...

Figure 35.3 Maxillary canine teeth with heavy calculus accumulation on the p...

Figure 35.4 Stage 4 periodontal disease and tooth resorption associated with...

Figure 35.5 (a) A periodontal probe in an oronasal fistula (ONF) on the pala...

Figure 35.6 A dog who was discovered to have suffered from a gunshot wound a...

Figure 35.7 A dog with a large oronasal fistula secondary to a rostral maxil...

Figure 35.8 Lesions secondary to periodontal disease in a dog.

Figure 35.9 (a) A lesion in the oral cavity, (b) after elevation of the flap...

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 (a) Development of the oral and nasal structures. (b) Separation...

Figure 36.2 Modified Z‐plasty technique for repair of cleft lip.

Figure 36.3 Repair of cleft of the hard palate. (a) Full‐thickness releasing...

Figure 36.4 (a) Hard palate mucoperiosteal flap is created on one side by fu...

Chapter 37

Figure 37.1 Stenotic nares in a 1‐year‐old French bulldog. Note the almost c...

Figure 37.2 Comparison of sagittal computed tomographic images of the head o...

Figure 37.3 Macroscopic view of the pharyngolaryngeal region of a 2‐year‐old...

Figure 37.4 Soft palate thickening and nasopharyngeal obstruction. Midsagitt...

Figure 37.5 Retrograde endoscopic view of the nasopharynx of (a) a poodle an...

Figure 37.6 Macroscopic view of laryngeal saccule eversion in a 1‐year‐old F...

Figure 37.7 Endoscopic view of nasal cavity of an English bulldog. (1) Plica...

Figure 37.8 (a) Schematic view of a vertical wedge alaplasty. (b) The scalpe...

Figure 37.9 Folded flap palatoplasty: incision lines for the thinning proces...

Figure 37.10 Folded flap palatoplasty: end of dissection of the soft palate....

Figure 37.11 Folded flap palatoplasty: intraoperative views after excavation...

Figure 37.12 Folded flap palatoplasty: schematic view once the thinned soft ...

Figure 37.13 Folded flap palatoplasty: after the flap has been sutured.

Figure 37.14 Folded flap palatoplasty: intraoperative view after the flap ha...

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 Laryngeal examination in a dog with laryngeal paralysis. The cor...

Figure 38.2 Actuarial Kaplan–Meier curve showing the proportion of dogs free...

Figure 38.3 Unilateral lateralization. (a) The dog is placed in lateral recu...

Figure 38.4 The cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle (CAD) has been dissected. ...

Figure 38.5 (a) A suture is placed around the caudodorsal border of the cric...

Figure 38.6 Cadaver specimens illustrating abduction of the arytenoid cartil...

Figure 38.7 Laryngeal resistance with open and closed glottis after unilater...

Figure 38.8 Vocal cordectomy per os and partial arytenoidectomy.

Figure 38.9 Distribution of survival for dogs with laryngeal paralysis treat...

Figure 38.10 Effect of the diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia on distribution...

Figure 38.11 Distribution of the diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia over time...

Chapter 40

Figure 40.1 Lateral radiograph of the thoracic inlet in a 2‐year‐old Yorkshi...

Figure 40.2 Lateral cervical radiograph of a 9‐year‐old Yorkshire terrier wi...

Figure 40.3 Lateral thoracic radiograph of a 3‐year‐old beagle with a trache...

Figure 40.4 (a) Lateral thoracic radiograph of a 3‐year‐old cat with a cervi...

Figure 40.5 Intraoperative photograph of a permanent tracheostomy: the ventr...

Chapter 41

Figure 41.1 Bullae in the periphery of a cranial lung lobe in a dog.

Figure 41.2 (a) Lateral and (b) ventrodorsal radiographs with water‐soluble ...

Figure 41.3 Endoscopy of the esophagus. The bronchoesophageal fistula (white...

Figure 41.4 The lung lobe with the bronchoesophageal fistula.

Figure 41.5 Thoracic radiograph of a dog with an abscess in the right caudal...

Figure 41.6 Computed tomography scan of a dog with a foreign body in its lef...

Figure 41.7 Ventrodorsal radiograph of a dog with a lung lobe torsion of the...

Figure 41.8 Partial lung lobectomy with suture. A continuous mattress suture...

Figure 41.9 Partial lobectomy using stapling equipment. The stapler is place...

Figure 41.10 (a) The artery and vein supplying the lung lobe are each triple...

Figure 41.11 Lung lobectomy with staples.

Figure 41.12 Pneumonectomy on the left side. The pulmonary artery has been o...

Chapter 42

Figure 42.1 Ultrafiltrate created at the glomerulus is the same osmolality a...

Chapter 44

Figure 44.1 Urethrotomy: the retractor penile muscle has been retracted late...

Figure 44.2 Urethrotomy: the urethra is opened over the stones.

Figure 44.3 Urethrotomy: the urethra is closed with 5‐0 monofilament absorba...

Figure 44.4 Scrotal urethrostomy in a dog. A clamp has been introduced in th...

Figure 44.5 Elliptical incision at the base of the prepuce and scrotum.

Figure 44.6 The ischiocavernosus muscles are detached from the ischium with ...

Figure 44.7 The dissection is carried forward until the bulbourethral glands...

Figure 44.8 The urethra is opened with a pair of Metzenbaum scissors up to t...

Figure 44.9 Sutures are preplaced between the uroepithelium of the urethra a...

Figure 44.10 The perineal urethrostomy has been completed with a continuous ...

Chapter 46

Figure 46.1 Urethral collagen injection in a female dog using rigid cystosco...

Figure 46.2 Surgical image of a female dog during the placement of a hydraul...

Figure 46.3 Surgical image of a female dog during the placement of a hydraul...

Chapter 47

Figure 47.1 The distal openings of both ectopic ureters located within the u...

Figure 47.2 After creation of the new stoma has been completed on one side, ...

Figure 47.3 An incision has been made over the intramural tunnel prior to it...

Figure 47.4 In this dog a large dilated intramural tunnel has been dissected...

Figure 47.5 (a–d) Extravesicular technique for reimplantation of a ureter....

Figure 47.6 Fluoroscopic images of a female dog before and after cystoscopic...

Figure 47.7 Cystoscopy of female dog placed in dorsal recumbency with a left...

Chapter 48

Figure 48.1 Nonresectable nephroblastoma of the right kidney in a 9‐month‐ol...

Figure 48.2 Renal hemangiosarcoma in a dog. An ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle...

Figure 48.3 High‐grade transitional cell carcinoma in a dog. Multifocal lesi...

Figure 48.4 High‐grade transitional cell carcinoma involving the apex of the...

Chapter 49

Figure 49.1 Cat having sustained vehicular trauma and disruption of the caud...

Figure 49.2 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a dog following cystotomy by the...

Figure 49.3 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a cat having sustained traumatic...

Figure 49.4 Intraoperative photograph taken during exploratory celiotomy fol...

Figure 49.5 Fluoroscopic image taken during antegrade pyelography of the lef...

Figure 49.6 Feline kidney and ureter specimen following complete ureteroneph...

Figure 49.7 Lateral abdominal radiograph of a cat following severe blunt tra...

Chapter 50

Figure 50.1 A locking‐loop pigtail nephrostomy catheter. (a) A 5 Fr (left) a...

Figure 50.2 The placement of a locking‐loop pigtail nephrostomy catheter in ...

Figure 50.3 Fluoroscopic images during removal of a locking‐loop pigtail nep...

Figure 50.4 A double‐pigtail ureteral stent. All are made of polyurethane ma...

Figure 50.5 Fluoroscopic images of placement of a double‐pigtail ureteral st...

Figure 50.6 Antegrade ureteral stent placement in a male cat. (a) Fluoroscop...

Figure 50.7 The SUB 3.0 system demonstrating the pigtail nephrostomy cathete...

Figure 50.8 A left‐sided subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device in a feli...

Figure 50.9 Placement of a percutaneous locking‐loop cystostomy tube in a ma...

Figure 50.10 A male neutered cat with a urethral tear that occurred during c...

Figure 50.11 Metallic stents used for urethral obstructions. (a) A self‐expa...

Figure 50.12 Urethral stent placement in an 8‐year‐old mixed‐breed dog with ...

Chapter 51

Figure 51.1 Endoscopic image of blood streaming from the left ureteral orifi...

Figure 51.2 Serial images obtained during retrograde ureteronephroscopy for ...

Figure 51.3 Renal angiogram of a dog. (a) The dorsal and ventral distributio...

Chapter 52

Figure 52.1 A harvested allograft in an ice bath with sucrose phosphate solu...

Figure 52.2 Vascular anastomosis technique. (a) The allograft is implanted i...

Figure 52.3 A completed transplantation and ureteral implantation. The urete...

Figure 52.4 A thrombosed renal allograft. The patient had an initial decreas...

Figure 52.5 (a) Hydronephrosis following renal transplantation secondary to ...

Figure 52.6 Contrast ultrasound imaging demonstrating blood flow in the aort...

Chapter 53

Figure 53.1 An opened uterine horn from a bitch with pyometra. Note the degr...

Figure 53.2 Ultrasonographic image of the caudal abdomen of a bitch with loo...

Figure 53.3 Ultrasonographic image of the caudal abdomen of a bitch with pyo...

Figure 53.4 Lateral abdominal radiographic image. Note the fluid‐filled uter...

Figure 53.5 Intraoperative image of an enlarged, fluid‐filled uterus in a bi...

Chapter 54

Figure 54.1 An incision is made with a scalpel blade into the uterine body, ...

Figure 54.2 The fetuses are milked to the incision with gentle pressure on t...

Figure 54.3 The hysterotomy incision (d) is closed with monofilament absorba...

Figure 54.4 Resuscitation of the neonate involves vigorous rubbing of the ri...

Figure 54.5 Administration of naloxone or flumazenil or intravenous fluids t...

Chapter 55

Figure 55.1 Welch Allyn sigmoidoscope with insufflator used to visualize con...

Figure 55.2 (a) Endoscopy unit that includes a rigid‐fiber endoscope. (b) Li...

Figure 55.3 Different types and locations of congenital vaginal defects in t...

Figure 55.4 (a–e) Surgical technique for an episiotomy in a bitch.

Figure 55.5 A vaginal septum in a spayed female dog as visualized through an...

Figure 55.6 Surgical technique used for the correction of segmental vaginal ...

Figure 55.7 Severe clitoral hypertrophy in a Kerry blue terrier bitch with X...

Chapter 57

Figure 57.1 Severe scrotal dermatitis in a golden retriever with atopy and a...

Figure 57.2 Testicular asymmetry in a dog with unilateral testicular atrophy...

Figure 57.3 A hemisectioned testis shows the difference in gross appearance ...

Figure 57.4 A clinical summary of canine testicular tumors that includes the...

Chapter 58

Figure 58.1 Sagittal ultrasonographic image of a normal prostate from an int...

Figure 58.2 A prostatic abscess is opened with a blade. The entire abscess i...

Figure 58.3 The omentum has been introduced into the prostate. It passes dor...

Chapter 59

Figure 59.1 Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. The entire surgery is performed ...

Chapter 60

Figure 60.1 Paraphimosis occurred following examination of this dog's penis ...

Figure 60.2 Following semen collection for an infertility evaluation, this m...

Figure 60.3 Phallopexy is a technique of creating a permanent adhesion betwe...

Chapter 61

Figure 61.1 Anatomy and vascular supply of the canine penis.

Figure 61.2 Paraphimosis in an 11‐month‐old mastiff. The penis is markedly s...

Figure 61.3 (a) Transverse ultrasound image of the priapism illustrated in F...

Chapter 62

Figure 62.1 (a) Widening the preputial orifice. (b) A full‐thickness longitu...

Figure 62.2 (a) Shortening the prepuce. (b, c) A section of the preputial sk...

Chapter 63

Figure 63.1 Penile laceration permitted to heal by second intention in a mid...

Figure 63.2 Enlarged preputial cavity of a 13‐year‐old male castrated mixed‐...

Figure 63.3 Same dog as in Figure 63.1. Penile neoplasm, suspected to be a s...

Chapter 64

Figure 64.1 Ultrasound image showing oval hypoechoic parathyroid gland at th...

Figure 64.2 Following a ventral neck approach, a left‐sided parathyroid aden...

Figure 64.3 Parathyroid adenoma removed from the cranial mediastinum after m...

Figure 64.4 Algorithm for preoperative and postoperative management of calci...

Chapter 65

Figure 65.1 Appearance of bilateral thyroid lobe enlargement at the time of ...

Figure 65.2 Modified intracapsular thyroidectomy. Intraoperative view: a moi...

Figure 65.3 The appearance of the tissues remaining following a modified int...

Chapter 67

Figure 67.1 A large insulinoma metastasis in the liver of a dog.

Figure 67.2 Ultrasound is believed to have low sensitivity in detecting cani...

Figure 67.3 Transverse triple‐phase contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (C...

Figure 67.4 The use of intravenous methylene blue infusion reveals most prim...

Figure 67.5 Intraoperative view of an insulinoma: note the difference in col...

Figure 67.6 View of a postoperatively transected insulinoma.

Figure 67.7 (a) During the suture–fracture technique, the ligature is tighte...

Figure 67.8 A vessel‐sealing device (a) allows rapid resection of the tumor ...

Figure 67.9 A stapling device is used to remove a pancreatic insulinoma.

Chapter 68

Figure 68.1 Algorithm showing the clinical approach to primary adrenal tumor...

Figure 68.2 Ultrasonographic image of an adrenal tumor thrombus within the v...

Figure 68.3 Coronal computed tomography image of a right‐sided adrenal mass ...

Figure 68.4 Intraoperative photograph of a right‐sided pheochromocytoma inva...

Figure 68.5 Intraoperative laparoscopic view of a left adrenal tumor. The ph...

Figure 68.6 (a) Right‐sided pheochromocytoma with invasion into the right ph...

Figure 68.7 (a) Illustration from a ventral abdominal perspective depicting ...

Figure 68.8 The tumor thrombus was included in the Satinsky clamp before ope...

Figure 68.9 A Satinsky clamp has been placed instead of tourniquets for the ...

Figure 68.10 A Satinsky clamp has been placed and a no. 15 blade is used to ...

Figure 68.11 A long venotomy has been performed to remove a tumor thrombus e...

Figure 68.12 A long venotomy has been closed with a simple continuous suture...

Chapter 69

Figure 69.1 Right external ear of the dog. L, lateral; M, medial.

Figure 69.2 Schematic drawing of the inner ear, middle ear, and external aco...

Figure 69.3 Left tympanic membrane of the dog.

Figure 69.4 View of the left middle ear of a dog skeleton, with the tympanic...

Figure 69.5 Feline aural anatomy. (a) Schematic illustration of structures o...

Figure 69.6 Schematic of the bony and membranous labyrinth of the inner ear....

Figure 69.7 Cross‐section of the cochlea.

Figure 69.8 Photo of left lateral canine skull showing external acoustic mea...

Chapter 70

Figure 70.1 A cocker spaniel was hit by an arrow, creating a sharp laceratio...

Figure 70.2 A simple closed‐vacuum system. The luer lock tip of the butterfl...

Figure 70.3 (a) A vertical mattress pattern used to appose a laceration on t...

Figure 70.4 (a) The ear of a Boston terrier with a small nodular mast cell t...

Figure 70.5 Two of the possible orientations for transposition flaps to repa...

Figure 70.6 Domestic short‐haired cat with an aural hematoma secondary to ot...

Figure 70.7 Histology of a cartilage sample stained with hematoxylin‐eosin‐s...

Figure 70.8 Gauze bandage rolling the ear and gently compressing the margins...

Figure 70.9 (a) Aural hematoma in a dog. (b) Small stab incisions are made a...

Figure 70.10 (a) A teat canula placed through a small incision into the cavi...

Figure 70.11 Placement of a vacuum drain in a dog with an aural hematoma. (a...

Chapter 71

Figure 71.1 Parotid gland adenocarcinoma located ventral and encircling the ...

Figure 71.2 Basal cell tumor at the ventral aspect of the left ear canal in ...

Figure 71.3 Hemangiopericytoma located on the rostral aspect of the pinna in...

Figure 71.4 Recurrence of sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma after conservative ...

Figure 71.5 Feline inflammatory polyp showing typical fibrous appearance. Th...

Figure 71.6 The right ear pinna and canal of this cat have been destroyed by...

Figure 71.7 Bilateral hemangiosarcoma of the pinna with concomitant nasal an...

Chapter 72

Figure 72.1 Photomicrograph of Malassezia organisms (yellow arrows) and cocc...

Figure 72.2

Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis

collected from a superficial skin s...

Figure 72.3 Photomicrograph of acantholytic cells (yellow arrow) collected b...

Figure 72.4 Suggested biopsy sites from a dog with vasculitis due to rickett...

Figure 72.5 Before (a) and after (b) cosmetic surgery to correct severe pinn...

Figure 72.6 Proliferative otitis externa obstructing the horizontal ear cana...

Chapter 74

Figure 74.1 Left ear: probe inserted within the external ear canal, finger p...

Figure 74.2 Two parallel skin incisions are made from the pretragic and inte...

Figure 74.3 The connective tissues underneath the incised skin are cleared u...

Figure 74.4 The connective tissues have been cleared (a) and the most ventra...

Figure 74.5 Mayo scissors inserted within the ear canal and cutting down the...

Figure 74.6 The incisions in the vertical canal are completed and the latera...

Figure 74.7 The skin is sutured to the aural epithelium starting at the leve...

Figure 74.8 Next, the baffle or drain board is sutured to the ventral‐most a...

Figure 74.9 The final product: left ear lateral wall resection.

Figure 74.10 A T‐shaped incision on the left ear: the horizontal incision is...

Figure 74.11 Another incision is made around the auditory meatus, joining th...

Figure 74.12 The connective tissues over the lateral wall of the vertical ea...

Figure 74.13 The medial border of the vertical canal is dissected free from ...

Figure 74.14 The junction of the vertical and horizontal canals is clearly v...

Figure 74.15 Small cuts are made in the rostral and caudal aspects of the ho...

Figure 74.16 The vertical and horizontal portions of the skin incision are s...

Chapter 75

Figure 75.1 Ventrodorsal view of a skull of a dog with chronic otitis extern...

Figure 75.2 Rostrocaudal open‐mouth view of the skull of the dog from Figure...

Figure 75.3 Sonographic appearance and accompanying photo of the tympanic bu...

Figure 75.4 Sonographic appearance and accompanying photo of the normal tymp...

Figure 75.5 Transverse computed tomography image of the normal tympanic bull...

Figure 75.6 Transverse computed tomography image of a dog with chronic otiti...

Figure 75.7 Transverse computed tomography images of a dog with chronic otit...

Figure 75.8 Transverse computed tomography image at the level of the tympani...

Figure 75.9 Transverse computed tomography image at the level of the tympani...

Figure 75.10 (a) Sagittal and (b) dorsal plane reformatted images from the s...

Figure 75.11 Transverse computed tomography image at the level of the tympan...

Figure 75.12 (a) Bone window and (b) soft tissue window post‐contrast transv...

Figure 75.13 (a) Bone window and (b) soft tissue window transverse computed ...

Figure 75.14 T2‐weighted transverse spin echo magnetic resonance image (2.5 ...

Figure 75.15 T2‐weighted transverse spin echo magnetic resonance image at th...

Figure 75.16 (a) T2‐weighted and (b) T1‐weighted transverse spin echo images...

Figure 75.17 (a) T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery sequences (...

Chapter 76

Figure 76.1 End‐stage proliferative otitis externa in an adult cocker spanie...

Figure 76.2 Cross‐sectional view of excised ear canal after total ear canal ...

Figure 76.3 Appearance after total ear canal ablation in a dog that had prol...

Figure 76.4 (a) A T‐shaped incision is made to expose the vertical ear canal...

Figure 76.5 (a) Surgeon's lateral view of external auditory meatus after the...

Figure 76.6 As the ear canal is retracted rostrally, a no. 15 BP blade shown...

Figure 76.7 A Freer elevator is shown retracting the facial nerve (white ver...

Figure 76.8 Close‐up oblique ventrolateral view of important structures surr...

Figure 76.9 The ventral and lateral aspect of the tympanic bulla is removed ...

Figure 76.10 Partially isolated epithelial pouch found between ventral aspec...

Figure 76.11 Transverse section through the head showing horizontal canal an...

Figure 76.12 Oblique ventrolateral view of skull after the lateral wall of t...

Figure 76.13 Endoscopic view of the tympanic cavity from a lateral bulla ost...

Figure 76.14 Application of the ON‐Q local anesthetic infusion system in a t...

Figure 76.15 Technique for construction of single pedicle advancement flap a...

Figure 76.16 Computed tomography image of a dog after total ear canal ablati...

Chapter 77

Figure 77.1 (a) The location of the skin incision parallel to, and directly ...

Figure 77.2 Photographs of a 5‐year‐old bassett hound mix. (a) Following dis...

Figure 77.3 (a) Postoperative photograph of a German shepherd dog showing th...

Chapter 78

Figure 78.1 Feline skull: ventral view of the right bulla. The ventromedial ...

Figure 78.2 Ear polyp showing the stalk and the expanded bulb.

Figure 78.3 Computed tomographic image of a dog with cholesteatoma demonstra...

Figure 78.4 Computed tomographic image of a dog with cholesteatoma demonstra...

Figure 78.5 Ventral approach to the left canine bulla. The linguofacial vein...

Figure 78.6 Ventral view of the right canine bulla. C, cochlear window; Cd, ...

Figure 78.7 Ventral view of the right feline bulla with both compartments op...

Chapter 79

Figure 79.1 Representative thromboelastography (TEG)/thromboelastometry (ROT...

Chapter 80

Figure 80.1 (a, b) Inflow occlusion, right thoracotomy. Venous inflow occlus...

Figure 80.2 Femoral arterial cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. (a) The...

Figure 80.3 Bicaval venous cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. (a) Bicav...

Figure 80.4 Cavoatrial venous cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. (a) Ca...

Figure 80.5 Antegrade cardioplegia and aortic cross‐clamp. A tape is passed ...

Chapter 81

Figure 81.1 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation. (a) PDA ligation is acc...

Figure 81.2 Pulmonary artery banding. (a) Pulmonary artery banding is accomp...

Figure 81.3 Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair. (a) Repair of a perimemb...

Figure 81.4 Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair. (a) Repair is accomplished th...

Figure 81.5 Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair with communication ...

Figure 81.6 Modified Blalock–Taussig shunt. Surgery is performed via a left ...

Figure 81.7 Tetralogy of Fallot repair. Open repair of tetralogy of Fallot i...

Chapter 82

Figure 82.1 Mitral partial ring annuloplasty. The size of the annuloplasty r...

Figure 82.2 Artificial chordae tendineae repair is used to correct leaflet p...

Figure 82.3 Edge‐to‐edge repair for leaflet prolapse. (a) A buttressed mattr...

Figure 82.4 Heart valve replacement. (a) The septal valve leaflet and chorda...

Figure 82.5 Tricuspid valve repair. (a) The direct papillary attachments to ...

Chapter 83

Figure 83.1 Right auriculectomy. (a) The atrial appendage is clamped with va...

Chapter 84

Figure 84.1 (a) Lateral thoracic radiograph of a dog with peritoneopericardi...

Figure 84.2 Cranial abdominal hernia in a dog with peritoneopericardial diap...

Chapter 85

Figure 85.1 Constrictive pericarditis: the pericardium is very fibrotic and ...

Figure 85.2 Constrictive pericarditis and epicarditis requiring decorticatio...

Chapter 86

Figure 86.1 Kaplan–Meier actuarial survival curve of dogs presented with per...

Figure 86.2 Electrocardiogram of a dog with severe pericardial effusion. The...

Figure 86.3 Thoracic radiograph of a dog with severe pericardial effusion. T...

Figure 86.4 Echocardiography of a dog with pericardial effusion. A space is ...

Figure 86.5 Echocardiography of a dog with severe pericardial effusion induc...

Figure 86.6 Echocardiography of a dog with a right atrial tumor (large arrow...

Figure 86.7 Echocardiography of a dog with a mass around the ascending aorta...

Figure 86.8 Visualization of the phrenic nerve (arrows) on the pericardium a...

Figure 86.9 The incision in the pericardium is performed ventral to the phre...

Figure 86.10 The pericardium is manipulated with Allis tissue forceps.

Figure 86.11 Dissection of the mediastinum during a transdiaphragmatic appro...

Figure 86.12 The pericardium is being held with grasping forceps at the leve...

Figure 86.13 A pericardial window (3 × 3 cm) is then completed with electroc...

Figure 86.14 Visualization of a right atrial tumor during thoracoscopy.

Figure 86.15 A tangential clamp has been placed at the base of the right atr...

Figure 86.16 The right atrial appendage has been resected, making sure enoug...

Figure 86.17 Two simple continuous sutures have been placed to close the rig...

Chapter 87

Figure 87.1 Electrocardiogram from a dog with a third‐degree atrioventricula...

Figure 87.2 Electrocardiogram from a schnauzer with sick sinus syndrome. The...

Figure 87.3 Electrocardiogram from a springer spaniel with a persistent atri...

Figure 87.4 Strength–duration stimulation threshold curve. Rheobase is the c...

Figure 87.5 Pacemaker system analyzer. This device is used to determine the ...

Figure 87.6 Differences between unipolar and bipolar lead systems.

Figure 87.7 Passive lead fixation with tines.

Figure 87.8 (a) Epicardial screw‐in lead for active lead fixation. The elect...

Figure 87.9 Endocardial screw‐in lead. (a) The screw‐in mechanism is retract...

Figure 87.10 Transdiaphragmatic epicardial lead placement. (a) The apex of t...

Figure 87.11 A bipolar epicardial lead has been sutured to the apex of the l...

Figure 87.12 (a) Lateral radiograph after implantation of a screw‐in epicard...

Figure 87.13 Transdiaphragmatic generator implantation. A pouch is developed...

Figure 87.14 Transvenous endocardial lead placement. The jugular vein is exp...

Figure 87.15 Electrocardiogram of a dog with normal VVI pacing. Electrical i...

Figure 87.16 (a) Electrocardiogram from a dog with failure to capture. Pacin...

Figure 87.17 Lateral radiograph showing epicardial lead being detached from ...

Figure 87.18 (a) Electrocardiogram of a dog with oversensing of the P wave (...

Figure 87.19 Electrocardiogram demonstrating a fusion complex (arrow) during...

Figure 87.20 Electrocardiogram demonstrating a pseudofusion complex (fifth c...

Chapter 88

Figure 88.1 Mast cell tumors are the most common malignant tumor affecting t...

Figure 88.2 The most common findings associated with splenic disease on abdo...

Chapter 89

Figure 89.1 Lateral thoracic radiograph of dog with a large thymoma in the c...

Figure 89.2 Computed tomography angiogram of a dog with a thymoma (white arr...

Figure 89.3 Median sternotomy in a dog with a large thymoma.

Guide

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

About the Companion Website

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

Wiley End User License Agreement

Pages

iii

iv

ix

x

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

133

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

421

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

501

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

658

659

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

676

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

747

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812

813

814

815

816

817

819

820

821

822

823

824

825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840

841

842

843

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

887

888

889

890

891

892

893

894

895

896

897

898

899

900

901

902

903

905

907

908

909

910

911

912

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

923

924

925

926

927

928

929

930

931

932

933

934

935

936

937

938

939