Smart Antennas for 5G+ E-Book

David A. Sánchez-Hernández

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 453

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Comprehensive reference text for the development of advanced antenna systems for 5G and beyond

Smart Antennas for 5G+ addresses the transformation that simple, conventional antennas have gone through to fulfill the complex and challenging performance expectations of 5G wireless communications and beyond. It also describes the 5G physical layer including the gNodeB, basics of the propagation channel, and user equipment (UE) specific antenna aspects. The authors present various broadband antennas covering mmW bands for 5G+ and B5G applications, explore recent developments in array calibration and plane wave generators, and consider future challenges for 5G+ radio system testing.

Novel key performance indicators in which not only conventional RF parameters, but also other parameters and overall radio performance, are examined. The huge shrinkage which was prioritized in 4G modules are now combined with extremely versatile and precise beamforming capacities, thermal mitigation, and link budget compensation design strategies that bring antennas into a new era. As such, antenna integration, flexible and 3D printed elements, the use of metamaterials, and advanced testing of new features are key elements of this book.

Additional topics covered in Smart Antennas for 5G+ include:

• Beamforming, beam-steering, power control, cell breathing, and many other 5G concepts that make the evaluation of a 5G antenna structure a complex process
• Multi-probe anechoic chamber, reverberation chamber, and wireless cable solutions, RF testing of the 5G antenna systems, and small-cell repeaters for 5G/B5G beamforming
• Powering and sensing applications in 5G+ printed electronic steerable antenna arrays for reconfigurable intelligent surfaces that stem from metasurfaces
• 3GPP/ITU standards and models for 5G MIMO base station antennas, propagation channel modeling, and link budget considerations

The connection between complex but realistically used designs and the way testing has evolved to determine the value of novel designs makes Smart Antennas for 5G+ a must-have resource for advanced engineers as well as newcomers in the field of 5G wireless communications.

Leseprobe

IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor-in-Chief

Moeness Amin

Jón Atli Benediktsson

Adam Drobot

James Duncan

Ekram Hossain

Brian Johnson

Hai Li

James Lyke

Joydeep Mitra

Desineni Subbaram Naidu

Tony Q. S. Quek

Behzad Razavi

Thomas Robertazzi

Diomidis Spinellis

Smart Antennas for 5G+

David A. Sánchez-Hernández

Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

Spain

Steven R. Best

The MITRE Corporation

Bedford, MA

USA

Manos M. Tentzeris

Georgia Institute of Technology

USA

Sungtek Kahng

Incheon National University

South Korea

Gert F. Pedersen

Aalborg University

Denmark

Copyright © 2024 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Sánchez-Hernández, David A., author.

Title: Smart antennas for 5G+ / David A. Sánchez-Hernández [and four others].

Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2024] | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2024022160 (print) | LCCN 2024022161 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394210503 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394210534 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394210527 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Adaptive antennas. | 5G mobile communication systems.

Classification: LCC TK7871.67.A33 S26 2024 (print) | LCC TK7871.67.A33 (ebook) | DDC 621.3841/35–dc23/eng/20240617

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024022160

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024022161

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Diagram of the Rotman-based harmonic mmID. Characterization of gain and angular coverage for the Rotamn lens operating at 14 GHz (reproduced from [Lynch, 2022a] with permission)

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 High level block diagram of the transmit side of a communication link.

Figure 2.2 Depiction of the 96-element massive MIMO array and its generic beam pattern.

Figure 2.3 8 × 8, 64-element dual-polarized AAS implementation.

Figure 2.4 MIMO modes of the 8 × 8, 64-element dual-polarized AAS.

Figure 2.5 Depiction of the 8 × 8, 64-element dual-polarized AAS in the usual spherical coordinate system.

Figure 2.6 Generic traffic beam patterns for MIMO modes (a) 2T2R and (b) 4T4R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.7 Generic traffic beam patterns for MIMO modes (a) 8T8R and (b) 16T16R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.8 Generic traffic beam patterns for MIMO modes (a) 32T32R and (b) 64T64R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.9 Generic broadcast beam patterns for MIMO mode 2T2R for an 8 × 8 array.

Figure 2.10 Depiction of the 3GPP 8-panel mmWave MIMO array

Figure 2.11 Depiction of a 16-element mmWave UE array and its boresight beam pattern.

Figure 2.12 Depiction of a 16-element mmWave UE array and a scanned beam pattern.

Figure 3.1 (a) The effects of exposure time on the 3D-printed flexible substrates (b) Demonstration of massive production, and (c) Flexibility of 3D-printed substrate (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.2 The silver nanoparticle ink adhesion (a) without surface treatment and (b) after applying UV ozone surface treatment (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.3 The silver conductor printing quality (a) without SU-8 coating and (b) with a thin layer of SU-8 coating (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.4 (a) The fabrication process of the proposed additive manufacturing 5G broadband AiP and (b) the proof-of-concept samples (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.5 (a) The measured scattering parameters and (b) gain of the proposed broadband 5G antenna (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2018] with permission).

Figure 3.6 (a) The schematic of the 5G energy harvester SiP with broadband AiP using fully AM multilayered packaging and (b) the fabrication process (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.7 (a) 3D-printed substrate with 3D structures including cavity, ramps, and via holes, (b) coating substrate with SU-8, (c) inkjet-printed silver on the top of the 3D-printed substrate, (d) component attachment, (e) cavity filling with flexible 3D-printed material, and (f) inkjet-printed antenna array on the top layer (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.8 (a) Measured and simulated output voltage with respect to different input power at 26 GHz for the embedded energy harvester and (b) Measured S11 for the antenna array (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.9 (a) Measured radiation pattern at 26 GHz for the antenna array and (b) The wireless performance measurement setup for the system (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.10 (a) The stack-up for the 5G broadband and miniaturized AiP design and (b) the fabrication process of the glass SAP (reproduced from [Lin et al., [2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.11 Prototypes of the proposed 5G broadband and miniaturized Yagi AiP (a) element and (b) array design (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.12 Measured and simulated (a) S11 and (b) gain of the 5G broadband and miniaturized Yagi AiP element (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.13 Measured and simulated normalized radiation patterns for Yagi AiP element at (a) 24.25 GHz E-plane, (b) 24.25 GHz H-plane, (c) 40 GHz E-plane, and (d) 40 GHz H-plane (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.14 Measured and simulated (a) S11 and (b) gain of the 5G broadband and miniaturized Yagi AiP array (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.15 Measured and simulated normalized radiation patterns for Yagi AiP array at (a) 24.25 GHz E-plane, (b) 24.25 GHz H-plane, (c) 40 GHz E-plane, and (d) 40 GHz H-plane (reproduced from [Lin et al., 2020b] with permission).

Figure 3.16 Diagram of the eggbox unit cell denoting the folding angles (a) and the printed cross-shaped conductive elements (b); (c) Fabricated prototype of 6 × 6 cross-dipole eggbox FSS and corresponding incidence angles: normal incidence (blue), rotate y-axis (green), and rotate x-axis (red) (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2021b] with permission).

Figure 3.17 Simulation and measurement results for (a) horizontal (x-axis) and (b) vertical (y-axis) polarization response for different folding angles (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2021b] with permission).

Figure 3.18 Simulation and measurement results for (a) horizontal (x-axis) and (b) vertical (y-axis) polarization response for different rotating angles (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2021b] with permission).

Figure 3.19 Fabrication process for Miura 3D/inkjet-printed structure. Comparison of SU-8 surface modification: (a) rough surface on curved area and (b) smooth surface with SU-8 buffer layer (reproduced from [Cui et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.20 (a) Perspective and top view of the multilayer Miura individual FSS element (“unit cell”) design, (b, c) Fabricated prototype of the 8 × 10 multilayer Miura FSS. Simulated and measured frequency response for different folding angles, and (d) incident angles (e) (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2023] with permission).

Figure 3.21 (a) Diagram of the Rotman-based harmonic mmID. Characterization of gain and angular coverage for the Rotman lens operating at 14 GHz (b) and 28 GHz (c). Conversion loss of the doubler circuit (d) (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022a] with permission).

Figure 3.22 (a) Estimated angle-dependent harmonic RCS at 28 GHz and range of 5 m. (b) Measured received power of the fully passive harmonic mmID at EIRP = 48 dBm (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2023] with permission).

Figure 3.23 (a) Schematic of the RF front end of the 60 GHz mmID with Wp = 1.87 mm, Lp = 1.42 mm, ds = 1.31 mm, WTL = 0.59 mm, and Rs = 1.62 mm. (b) Flexible, inkjet-printed RF front end of mmID tag (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.24 (a) Measured S11 of 4 × 1 patch antenna array of mmID. (b) Phase difference of mmID load for bias of 0 and 0.8 V for phase-based modulation (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.25 (a) Schematic of the inkjet-printed resistive-based temperature sensor with total footprint of 2.89 cm x 1.0 cm. (b) %ΔR vs. temperature of resistive based sensor (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.26 Estimated range and local temperature of the mmID as it passes the heat source (reproduced from [Lynch et al., 2022b] with permission).

Figure 3.27 Scalability demonstration of the tile-based phased array (reproduced from [Hu et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 3.28 (a) Microstrip-to-microstrip transition (reproduced from [Hu et al., 2021] with permission) and (b) Front view of the 4-tile array (c) Back view of the 4-tile array.

Figure 3.29 Simulation and measurement results for a single tile phased array (a) and for the 2 × 2 tiles (“unit cell”) phased array and (b) (reproduced from [Hu et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 3.30 (a) Picture of the flexible Rotman lens-based antenna array and (b) measured (solid lines) and simulated (dashed lines) gains of the antenna array held in a planar position (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2021] with permission).

Figure 3.31 (a) Picture of the fully flexible Rotman-based rectenna and (b) plot of the measured voltages and output powers versus incident power density for the Rotman-based rectenna (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2020] with permission).

Figure 3.32 Simulated and measured voltages and output powers versus incident power density for the rectenna with and without the Rotman Lens (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2019] with permission).

Figure 3.33 Measured harvested powers versus incidence angles for different curvatures (reproduced from [Eid et al., 2021] with permission).

Figure 4.1 An example of mobile handsets and scenario of its attachment to the human head.

Figure 4.3 Two sub-6-GHz antennas on the platform (a) Geometry (b) S-parameters (c) Far field.

Figure 4.2 Sub-6-GHz antenna which is small for the area of the platform (a) Geometry (b) S11 (c) Far field.

Figure 4.4 Four sub-6-GHz antennas on the platform (a) Geometry (b) S-parameters (c) Far field.

Figure 4.5 Another sub-6-GHz antenna on the platform (a) Geometry (b) S11 (band-widened) (c) Far field.

Figure 4.6 Two sub-6-GHz SRR antennas on the platform (a) Geometry (b) S-parameters (c) Far field.

Figure 4.7 Four SRR antennas (a) Geometry (b) S-parameters (c) Far field (d) Js (OGRRs) (e) Js (SRRs).

Figure 4.8 Sub-6-GHz wide-band antennas being tested for wireless links (a) Single wide-band type (b) Wide-band array type (c) Wide-band with channel selectivity (d) Wide-band without and with (e) channel selectivity.

Figure 4.9 Antennas for links and channel selectivity (a) Test setup (b), (c) and (d) Channels f1, f2, and f3 selected.

Figure 4.10 Looking into the characteristics of sub-6-GHz antennas in the level of communication systems.

Figure 4.11 Another type of wireless link test (a) Configuration (b) Entire system with the test elements.

Figure 4.12 Antenna WB-α with the 5G UE (a) S11 (b) T.R antenna position and its screenshot of test result (c) other tested antenna positions.

Figure 4.13 Antenna WB-β-T with the 5G UE (a) S11 (b) T.R antenna position and its screenshot of test result (c) other tested antenna positions.

Figure 4.14 Ch.3 of antenna WB-β-F with the 5G UE (a) S11 (b) T.R antenna position and its screenshot of test result (c) other tested antenna positions.

Figure 4.15 Ch.2 of antenna WB-β-F with the 5G UE (a) S11 (b) T.R antenna position and its screenshot of test result (c) other tested antenna positions.

Figure 4.16 Ch.1 of antenna WB-β-F with the 5G UE (a) S11 (b) T.R antenna position and its screenshot of test result (c) other tested antenna positions.

Figure 4.17 Imagination of crossover integrating 5G and satellite, and 5G and vehicular communication.

Figure 4.18 A coaxial fed 1 × 4 array antenna (a) Back and front views (b) S11 (c) Far field in 3D.

Figure 4.19 A situation where the phone has the 1 × 4 array antenna on top (a) Geometry in 3D (b) Far field.

Figure 4.20 A line-fed 1 × 8 array antenna (a) Top-view (b) S11 (c) Far field in 3D.

Figure 4.21 Progressive phasing for a 1 × 4 array antenna to tilt the beam (a) 1 × 2 array with a fixed beam (b) 1 × 4 array with a fixed beam (c) 1 × 4 array with beam tilting.

Figure 4.22 mmWave microstrip beamforming antenna (a) Geometry (b) Sii with i = 1, 2, 3 and 4 (c) Tilted beam.

Figure 4.23 mmWave microstrip Rotman lens (a) Geometry (b) E-field for boresight (c) E-field for the tilted beam.

Figure 4.24 Mimicking the waveguide (WG), SIWs are used for beamforming antennas (a) WG slot array antenna (b) Beam pattern of WG slot array antenna (c) SIW slot array example 1 (d) Beam pattern of SIW slot array example 1 (e) SIW slot array example 2 (f) Beam pattern of SIW slot array example 2.

Figure 4.25 SIW beamforming antenna (a) Geometry vs. a smartphone (b) Modified geometry and on the palm (c) Sii with i = 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) E-field distribution with port 1 on (e) E-field distribution with port 2 on (f) Tilted beam (g) 3D view of the steered beam.

Figure 4.26 SIW triple-band beamforming antenna (a) Unit slot array for one channel and the beam pattern (b) 27 GHz band (f1) slot array selected by the f1 filter with S11 and the beam pattern (b) 28 GHz band (f2) slot array selected by the f2 filter and the beam pattern (c) 29 GHz band (f3) slot array selected by the f3 filter and the beam pattern.

Figure 4.27 Glass-based SIW beamforming antenna (a) Prototype (b) Sii with i = 1, 2, 3 and 4 (c) Antenna is tested in the anechoic chamber (d) Steered beam pattern.

Figure 4.28 Bigger array antennas for 5G infra (a) Series-fed microstrip array in the CAD program (b) Fabricated series-fed microstrip array (c) Highly populated array antenna as a candidate for the infra.

Figure 4.29 Metamaterials to ease the shortcomings of conventional array antennas (a) From a curved lens to a metasurface lens (b) A design example of a flat lens and conversion in wave front (c) An ordinary slab becoming a metasurface beam bender (d) An example of a flat beam bender and the converted wave front.

Figure 4.30 Metamaterial surface to increase the antenna gain (a) A single patch (b) Lower antenna gain of the single patch (c) Realized metasurface (d) Antenna gain improved by over 10 dB.

Figure 4.31 Metamaterial surface to make the beam lean (a) Realized metasurface (b) Beam angle shifted to −30°.

Figure 4.32 Metamaterial reflecting surface (a) Parabolic reflector vs. reflectarray (RA) (b) Single patch (c) Beam pattern of the single patch (d) Normal reflection RA (e) Far field pattern by the RA.

Figure 4.33 Metamaterial reflecting surface for oblique reflection (a) Metasurface to tilt the reflected field (b) Effect of beam tilting by the reflecting metasurface.

Figure 4.34 Two kinds of antenna measurement facilities (a) Anechoic chamber (b) Compact antenna test range (CATR).

Figure 4.35 5G antenna under near field test (a) Entire view on the system (b) Elements from probe to AUT.

Figure 4.36 NF test examples (a) NF of 1 patch (b) FF of the patch (c) NF of 30° titling by a 1 × 4 array (d) FF of 30° titling by the array (e) NF of 7.5° titling (f) FF of 7.5° titling (e) NF of −30° titling (f) FF of −30° titling.

Figure 4.37 NF test on a mmWave metasurface (a) Entire setup of the NF test with a beam bending metasurface (b) NF of 1 patch for 31 GHz (c) FF of the patch (d) NF of 20° titling by the metasurface (e) FF of 20° titling at 31 GHz.

Figure 4.38 CATR tests (a) Setup (b) (c) Patch FF vs. Metasurface FF (d) CATR FF vs. NF-to-FF in testing the patch (e) CATR FF vs. NF-to-FF in testing the beam bending metasurface.

Figure 4.39 Communication system level tests (a) Four possibilities of TX and RX beam directions (b) A horn and a patch on the line (H-P-A), Transmission coefficient (S21) and 64-QAM constellation (c) A horn and a patch misaligned (H∼P-Mis), S21 and 64-QAM constellation (d) A (−30°) rotated horn and a −30o beamformer aligned (−30°H∼−30°BFP-A), S21 and 64-QAM constellation (e) A −15° rotated horn and a −15° beamformer aligned (−15°H∼−15°BFP-A), S21 and 64-QAM constellation (f) A +15° rotated horn and a +15° beamformer aligned (+15°H∼+15°BFP-A), S21 and 64-QAM constellation (g) A +30° rotated horn and a +30° beamformer aligned (+30°H∼+30°BFP-A), S21 and 64-QAM constellation.

Figure 4.40 Examples of active RIS structures (a) Columns of switch loaded dipoles (b) Columns of a pair of loops (c) Rows of CPW resonators (d) A 2D array of crossed SIRs.

Figure 4.41 Examples of active RIS structures with new methods (a) Connected patches for route changing (b) LC-embedded multilayered device.

Figure 5.1 AUT H-plane radiation pattern measured in RC and in AC

Figure 5.2 CATR measurement system setup, TX requirements

Figure 5.3 CATR measurement system setup, RX requirements

Figure 5.4 CATR measurement system setup, RX OTA dynamic range, ACS, general blocking, and narrowband blocking

Figure 5.5 CATR measurement system setup, OTA RX intermodulation (IMD)

Figure 5.6 CATR measurement system setup for OTA in-channel selectivity (ICS)

Figure 5.7 CATR measurement system setup for time alignment error (TAE)

Figure 5.8 Probe/scanner near field systems: spherical, cylindrical, and planar

Figure 5.9 Far field range for an N × N array of λ/2 spaced elements

Figure 5.10 EMITE H-Series hybrid OTA Test System with CATR + DFF + SNF Test Methods

Figure 5.11 The antenna layout evolution on UEs

Figure 5.12 Hybrid thermal/electromagnetic test platform

Figure 5.13 Illustration of multiple physical transmission effects

Figure 5.14 Illustration of ASE with RR scheduler as a function of sectorization

Figure 5.15 Digital beamforming antenna patterns

Figure 5.16 An illustration of beamforming battery consumption (BBC).

Figure 5.17 Example of a 5G device that overheats by intensive use of 5G

Figure 5.18 Example of a 5G device that uses a SW heat dissipation algorithm and switches to 4G when temperature reaches a predefined threshold

Figure 5.19 5G beamforming capacity gain measured using an EMITE F200 reverberation chamber

Figure 5.20 5G beamforming capacity gain measured using an EMITE H300 anechoic chamber

Figure 5.21 Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the 5G beamforming capacity gain (BCG) measured using an EMITE H300 anechoic chamber

Figure 5.22 Beamforming averaged latency (BAL).

Figure 5.23 5G gNB FR1 OTA E2EL measured using an EMITE F200 reverberation chamber

Figure 5.24 5G gNB FR1 OTA RF latency measured using an EMITE F200 reverberation chamber

Figure 5.25 5G gNB FR1 OTA average TCP throughput measured with an EMITE F200 reverberation chamber

Figure 5.26 5G FR1 TTPUT.

Figure 5.27 5G FR1 PDLT.

Figure 5.28 5G FR1 PULT.

Figure 6.1 AiP simulated pattern (a) radiation pattern for five beam-steering angles ø. (b) beam-steering pattern defined

Figure 6.2 Experimental setup in the measurement campaign. (a) photograph in an anechoic chamber (b) illustration of beam-steering

Figure 6.3 Element discrepancies of AiP obtained in the two modes

Figure 6.4 Beam-steering patterns of an AiP on two planes after the two calibration modes. (a) xy plane (b) xz plane

Figure 6.5 Experimental setup in the measurement campaign. (a) photograph in an anechoic chamber (b) illustration of measurement setup

Figure 6.6 Array calibration results using the improved (proposed) and original (reference) methods

Figure 6.7 Experimental setup photograph inside a compact range chamber for calibration validation

Figure 6.8 RMSD with the proposed method in a three-probe setup via locating side probes in different directions for various Ψ

Figure 6.9 Diagram of MPAC for FR1

Figure 6.10 Diagram of RTS for FR1 (reproduced from [Gao et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 6.11 Diagram of 3D MPAC for FR2 (reproduced from [Gao et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 6.12 The four standard NR channel models, namely (a) FR1 UMi CDL-A, (b) FR1 UMa CDL-C, (c) FR2 InO CDL-A, and (d) FR2 UMi CDL-C. It should be noted that the two FR1 channel models lack elevation modeling for the incoming paths, meaning that all clusters arrive at an elevation of 0° with no variation in elevation spread, and are therefore 2D (reproduced from [Gao et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 6.13 Spatial correlation channel model validation options.

Figure 6.14 Target and emulated spatial correlation in test zone (reproduced from [Gao et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 6.15 Target and emulated PAS seen by the DUT in test zone (reproduced from [Gao et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 6.16 Practical MPAC measurement chambers (a) FR1, (b) FR2 (reproduced from [Gao et al., 2022] with permission).

Figure 6.17 DL TPUT vs. azimuth degrees in −80 dBm and −105 dBm for FR1.

Figure 6.18 UL TPUT vs. azimuth degrees in −95 dBm and −105 dBm for FR1.

Figure 6.19 Average DL TPUT at different test points vs. RSRP for FR2.

Figure 6.20 Average DL TPUT at different test points vs. SNR set by CE for FR2.

Figure 6.21 H300 IFF-CATR test system by EMITE (reproduced with permission from EMITE).

Figure 6.22 LTE link antenna for an IFF-CATR test system (reproduced with permission from EMITE).

Figure 6.23 Working principle of the IFF-CATR test method.

Figure 6.24 Serrated-edges reflector (a) vs. rolled-edges reflector (b).

Figure 6.25 CATR power transfer function.

Figure 6.26 Phase curvature within the CATR QZ.

Figure 6.27 CATR when DUT is in transmit mode.

Figure 6.28 CATR-QZ ripple test (field distribution) set up (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.29 Vertical-cut CATR amplitude reciprocity (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.30 Vertical-cut CATR phase reciprocity (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.31 Fine beam peak direction search grid. (a) identify the measurement grid points that yielded EIRP values within the fine search region. (b) placement of fine beam peak direction search grid points.

Figure 6.32 Some final ripple test results for a commercial CATR test system (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.33 Rx beam peak search for an NR NSA Band 66 + Band 260 UE measured with a commercial CATR (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.34 Tx beam peak search for an NR NSA Band 66 + Band 260 UE measured with a commercial CATR (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.35 TRP for an NR UE measured with a commercial CATR (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.36 3D EIRP for an NR FR1 + FR2 UE measured with a commercial CATR (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.37 DFF and IFF-CATR for simultaneous FR1+FR2 NR OTA testing at the H-Series Test System by EMITE (courtesy of EMITE).

Figure 6.38 Throughput and thermal response of an NR FR2 UE measured in a commercial CATR with thermal module (courtesy of EMITE).

About the Authors

Main Authors

David A. Sánchez-Hernández, PhD, is a full Professor holding the Antennas & Propagation and 5G Chair position at Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain, and founder of EMITE Ingeniería, S.L., Spain.

Steven R. Best, PhD, is Senior Principal Electromagnetics and Sensor Systems Engineer with The MITRE Corporation, located in Bedford, MA, USA.

Manos M. Tentzeris, PhD, is a Ed and Pat Joy Chair Professor on Antennas in the area of flexible electronics with the School of ECE, Georgia Tech., USA.

Sungtek Kahng, PhD, is Professor with Incheon National University, Head of Korea’s Ministry of Science and ICT-sponsored research and development center on RF and Satellite Communication, and Executive Director at the Korean Institute of Communication and Information Science and the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineering, South Korea.

Gert F. Pedersen, PhD, is currently a Full Professor heading the Antenna, Propagation and Millimeter-Wave Systems Networking Laboratory at Aalborg University, Denmark.

Contributing Authors

Charles Lynch is currently pursuing the MS and PhD degrees in electrical engineering with the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, and a Research Assistant with the ATHENA Group, Georgia Institute of Technology. At the 2023 IEEE IMS conference, he received the audience choice in the 3MT Competition.

Wei Fan, PhD, is currently a full Professor with the National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.

Foreword

In the ever-evolving landscape of communication technology, antennas have undergone a profound transformation, surpassing their traditional roles confined to line-of-sight scenarios and transcending their traditional roles in line-of-sight scenarios. The advent of 5G, with its unprecedented demands for high data throughput and low latency, has obliterated the once-distinct boundary between RF antennas and signal processing subsystems. Antennas now stand as integral components within communication systems, permeating various scenarios, from wireless systems leveraging multipath propagation to the connectivity fabric of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This shift highlights the critical role antennas play in laying the groundwork for seamless communication.

This book elucidates the advancements essential to meet the challenges posed by 5G and serves as a pioneering roadmap for the future of communication systems, specifically laying the groundwork for the anticipated 6G era. The authors, distinguished experts in the field of antenna technology, have meticulously crafted a comprehensive exploration that extends beyond the current 5G landscape. Through insightful analysis, innovative design methodologies, cutting-edge testing techniques, and advancements in fabrication processes, this book not only addresses the challenges posed by current communication standards but also anticipates the demands of the forthcoming 6G paradigm.

Through the in-depth analysis provided within these pages and by seamlessly integrating theoretical insights with practical applications, the authors offer a holistic view of the analytical framework required for the design and implementation of antennas in the context of future communication technologies.

Moreover, the book delves into advanced design principles, showcasing novel approaches and methodologies that transcend the limitations of current systems. It introduces readers to cutting-edge testing methods specifically tailored for the unique demands of 5G radios and antennas, ensuring a robust evaluation framework for the next generation of communication technologies.

In the realm of fabrication, the book explores emerging techniques and materials, offering a glimpse into the future of antenna technology. By addressing fabrication challenges and presenting innovative solutions, the authors contribute to the foundational knowledge essential for the realization of sophisticated 6G communication systems.

The authors of this book stand as formidable authorities in the field of antenna technology. With distinguished academic backgrounds, extensive research contributions, and a wealth of professional experience, they managed to position this book as a comprehensive and authoritative resource in the field of 5G antenna technology and communications.

As a result, this book stands not only as a current reference for 5G antenna technologies but also as a visionary guide, paving the way for the forthcoming 6G communication systems. It is a testament to the authors’ forward-thinking approach, providing readers with the analytical tools, design principles, testing methodologies, and fabrication insights necessary to shape the trajectory of communication systems in the years to come.

November, 2023   

Christos Christodoulou

Director, COSMIAC@UNMIEEE Life FellowDistinguished ProfessorThe University of New Mexico

Acknowledgements

The reason why this book was completed was the persistence, support, and help of many people who we would like to gratefully acknowledge here. Thank you to Aileen Storry, Victoria Bradshaw, Margaret Cummins, and Indirakumari Sandilyan at Wiley, your very nice patience and your valuable comments have triggered our motivation throughout the process, you are very professional and it has been a real pleasure to work with you on the publication of this book.

The authors are also particularly grateful to those who have also contributed to some extent by providing graphs, pictures, and also very good technical comments, in particular to José Antonio Ypiña, Miguel Á. García-Fernández, Huaqiang Gao, Tong-Hong Lin, Marvin Joshi, Kexin Hu, Genaro Soto-Valle Angulo, I-Ting Chen, Yejune Seo, Changhyeong Lee, and Heejun Park, your support and help has been a key for finalizing this book. Also, all the research work could not be possible without public and private funding. The authors would like to acknowledge the funding from Korea’s state-run research institutes such as ETRI, KARI, KIMM, CAMM, KETI, and ADD and prestigious electronics and IT companies like NISSHA and Corning from Japan and USA, respectively, for R&D projects for film-based and Glass-based 5G antennas, EMITE Ingeniería, S.L. for providing full support and test systems used in this work, the Spanish Regional Development Fund (ERDF), NSF, and NextFlex for providing the funds that any top high-tech research needs.

The authors would like to honor Samuel L. Katz, a developer of the measles vaccine, Beryl Benacerraf, pioneer in the use of prenatal ultrasound, Audrey Evans, cancer specialist who gave many a home, Nick Holonyak, pioneer of LED lighting, Maarten Schmidt, first astronomer to identify a quasar, Raymond Damadian, creator of the first M.R.I. scanner, Kamoya Kimeu, whose discovered bones rewrote how we understand human evolution, James Lovelock, whose theory saw the earth as alive, Robert F. Curl Jr., a Nobel Prize winner who discovered unexpectedly simple carbon molecules called buckyball, and spurred explorations of nanotech, Vladimir Zelenko, who promoted an unfounded Covid treatment, Ken Knowlton, who laid the groundwork for today’s computer-generated imagery in film and on TV, Sophie Freud, Sigmund Freud’s last surviving grandchild, who argued that psychoanalysis was a “narcissistic indulgence,” Ben Roy Mottelson, Nobel Prize winner who discovered forces that can distort the shape of an atomic nucleus, Ursula Bellugi, pioneer in the world of sign language, Sidney Altman, Nobel Prize winner for finding that RNA was not just a carrier of genetic information but also a trigger life-changing chemical reactions in cells, Arthur D. Riggs, the inventor of artificial insulin, Martin Pope, whose research lit up electronic screens, Stephen Wilhite, creator of the GIF, Donald Pinkel, developer of a cure for childhood leukemia, David Boggs, coinventor of Ethernet, Paul Farmer, who grew a vast network of clinics serving some of the world’s poorest communities, Herbert Benson, a cardiologist who saw that a person can influence bodily health through meditation, Luc Montagnier, Nobel Prize winner for co-discovering H.I.V., Beatrice Mintz, who found that nearby tissue could help tame tumor cells more gently than radiation or chemotherapy and paved the way to new therapies, Richard Leakey, whose discoveries helped cement Africa’s standing as the cradle of humanity, Mauro Forghieri, whose transverse gearbox, flat-12 engine and sharky designs creations lead Scuderia Ferrari to four drivers’ championships, seven constructors’ titles, and 54 GP victories, Martin Pope, whose research on organic insulators and semiconductors led to the conversion of electricity into light and vice versa, Ralph G Pearson, who development the concept of hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB), and to John Goodenough, the Nobel Prize winner who helped transform lithium-ion batteries, Max Fordham, pioneer of sustainable building design, William E. Stoney Jr., lead engineer on the Apollo NASA program, David A. Hodges, an absolute reference in any institution respect to education and research in integrated circuit (IC) design, Henry Petroski, who demystified engineering with literary examinations of the designs and failures of large structures as well as everyday items like the pencil and the toothpick, James Lovelock, creator of the Gaia theory, which laid the foundations for Earth system science and a new understanding of the interplay between life, clouds, rocks, and the atmosphere, Evelyn M. Witkin, whose SOS response in DNA mutagenesis has led to current DNA repair, Joan H. van der Waals, whose partition function determined that neighboring guest gas molecules cannot interact, and all the other scientists who died in 2022 and what has gone out of 2023 at the time of writing this book, because none of them made Wikipedia’s list of celebrities, yet their passion for science has made this world certainly a much better place for everybody else.

Finally, the authors are also in an invaluable debt with Marien, Maria-Eleni, Shujin, Nahmjoo, and Mary, our beloved partners, and to Lucía, Mario, Bruno, Markella-Rena, Christina-Apostolia, Henry, James, Uhdahm, Minsaw, Seokhwan, Jongsoon, Taeja, Hakyong, Matthew, Daniel, Katherine and Gregory, our descendants, as time was taken from them to allow us for writing this book without any complaint, something we keep admiring in disbelief throughout the years.

List of Acronyms

1G

first generation mobile communications

2G

second generation mobile communications

3G

third generation mobile communications

3GPP

third generation partnership project

4G

fourth generation mobile communications

5G