Smart Materials for Waste Water Applications E-Book

Ajay Kumar Mishra

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 614

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Smart materials are used to develop more cost-effective and high-performance water treatment systems as well as instant and continuous ways to monitor water quality. Smart materials in water research have been extensively utilized for the treatment, remediation, and pollution prevention. Smart materials can maintain the long term water quality, availability and viability of water resource. Thus, water via smart materials can be reused, recycled, desalinized and also it can detect the biological and chemical contamination whether the source is from municipal, industrial or man-made waste. The 15 state-of-the-art review chapters contained in this book cover the recent advancements in the area of waste water, as well as the prospects about the future research and development of smart materials for the waste water applications in the municipal, industrial and manmade waste areas. Treatment techniques (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, adsorption and nano-reactive membranes) are also covered in-depth. The chapters are divided into three groups: The first section includes the various carbon nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, mixed oxides) with a focus on use of carbon at nanoscale applied for waste water research. The second section focuses on synthetic nanomaterials for pollutants removal. The third section highlights the bio-polymeric nanomaterials where the authors have used the natural polymers matrices in a composite and nanocomposite material for waste treatment. The large number of researchers working in the area will benefit from the fundamental concepts, advanced approaches and application of the various smart materials towards waste water treatment that are described in the book. It will also provide a platform for the researchers and graduate students to carry out advanced research and understand the building blocks.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Part 1: Carbon Nanomaterials

Chapter 1: Easy and Large-Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Arsenic and Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution

1.3 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solution

1.4 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 2: Potentialities of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Graphene Synthesis Routes

2.3 Adsorption of Water Pollutants onto Graphene-Based Materials

2.4 Comparison of the Adsorption Performance of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials

2.5 Regeneration and Reutilization of the Graphene-Based Adsorbents

2.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 3: Photocatalytic Activity of Nanocarbon-TiO2 Composites with Gold Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Water Pollutants

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Experimental

3.3 Results and Discussion

3.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4: Carbon Nanomaterials for Chromium (VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Removal

4.3 Latest Progress in Nanocarbon Materials for Cr(VI) Treatment

4.4 Summary

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 5: Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot: A Cleaner Approach toward Clean Environment

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Separation of Nano-carbon from Pollutant BC

5.3 Functionalization of Nano-Carbons Isolated from Pollutant BC

5.4 Nano-Carbons from Pollutant Soot for Wastewater Treatment

5.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: First-Principles Computational Design of Graphene for Gas Detection

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Computational Methodology

6.3 Nitrogen Doping and Nitrogen Vacancy Complexes in Graphene

6.4 Molecular Gas Adsorptions

6.5 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Part 2: Synthetic Nanomaterials

Chapter 7: Advanced Material for Pharmaceutical Removal from Wastewater

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Advanced Materials in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater

7.3 Activated Carbon (AC)

7.4 Modified Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

7.5 Modified Polysaccharide Matrices

7.6 Metal Organic Framework (MOF)

7.7 Reactive Composites

7.8 TiO2-Coated Adsorbents

7.9 Adsorption by Zeolite and Polymer Composites

7.10 Adsorption by Clay

7.11 Conventional Technologies for the Removal of PPCPs in WWTP

7.12 Membrane Filtration

7.13 Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)

7.14 Electro-oxidation

7.15 Adsorption by Coagulation and Sedimentation

7.16 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Flocculation Performances of Polymers and Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters

8.1 General Introduction

8.2 Conventional Treatment of Water with Inorganic Coagulants

8.3 Development of Polymer-Based Coagulants and Mechanisms of Turbidity Removal

8.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials-Based Flocculants and Utilisation in the Removal of Pollutants

8.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Polymeric Nanospheres for Organic Waste Removal

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Method of Preparation of Nanospheres

9.3 Applications of Different Type of Nanospheres in Water Purification

9.4 Future Aspects

9.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 10: A Perspective of the Application of Magnetic Nanocomposites and Nanogels as Heavy Metal Sorbents for Water Purification

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Description of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels

10.3 Routes for the Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanogels

10.4 Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Nanomaterials and Nanogels

10.5 Desorption, Regeneration, and Final Disposal

10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Role of Core–Shell Nanocomposites in Heavy Metal Removal

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Core and Shell Material: Synthesis and Properties

11.3 Nanocomposites Material: Synthesis and Properties

11.4 Nanocomposite Materials for Water Decontamination Application

11.5 Stability of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites Material

Acknowledgements

References

Part 3: Biopolymeric Nanomaterials

Chapter 12: Adsorption of Metallic Ions Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ from Water Samples Using Brazil Nut Shell as a Low-Cost Biosorbent

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Materials and Methods

12.3 Results and Discussion

12.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 13: Cellulose: A Smart Material for Water Purification

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Cellulose: Smart Material for Water Treatment

13.3 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Treatment of Reactive Dyes from Water and Wastewater through Chitosan and its Derivatives

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Dyes

14.3 Reactive Dyes

14.4 Dye Treatment Methods

14.5 Adsorption

14.6 Adsorbents for Dye Removal

14.7 Chitosan

14.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 15: Natural Algal-Based Processes as Smart Approach for Wastewater Treatment

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Algal Species Used in Wastewater Treatment

15.3 Factors Affecting the Growth of Algae

15.4 Microalgae and Wastewater Treatment

15.5 Case Study of Algal Approach in the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

15.6 Biofuel from Algae Treated Wastewater

15.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Smart Materials for Waste Water Applications

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-119-04118-4

Preface

Smart materials have been a thrust area to the researchers in the development of new materials that lead to create new tools and techniques, which will help in the development of advance technology. At the nano size, smart materials often take on unique and sometimes unexpected properties. This means that at the nanoscale, materials can be “tuned” to build faster, lighter, stronger and more efficient devices and systems. “Smart materials” have been extensively used in a variety of applications due to the change in the characteristics of the materials with small variation on stimuli. They are also known as responsive materials. Smart materials change their properties abruptly in response to small changes in the environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, electric and magnetic fields. Due to the versatility of such characteristics, these materials are highly applicable in the area of materials science, engineering, sensors and environmental applications. Besides, such materials are applied to develop newer composites, ceramics, chiral materials, liquid crystals, conducting polymers, hydrogels, nanocomposites and biomaterials. These smart materials are highly suitable for environmental remediation.

Water used for drinking and household needs must have good taste and no odour and be harmless to human health as well as the livestock. Clean water is always a need, which often calls for a cheap and efficient water purification system. There are several technologies and have been utilized for the water treatment process. Smart materials have been used to develop more cost-effective and high-performance water treatment systems as well as instant and continuous ways to monitor water quality. Smart materials in water research have been extensively utilized for the treatment, remediation and pollution prevention. Smart materials can maintain the long-term water quality, availability and viability of water resource. Thus, water via smart materials can be reused, recycled and desalinized, and it can detect the biological and chemical contamination as well as whether the source is from municipal, industrial or man-made waste.

The present book describes the smart materials for waste water application and it will be highly beneficial to the researchers working in the area of materials science, engineering, environmental science, water research and waste water applications. Chapters included in the book have been differentiated in three sections: first section includes the various “carbon nanomaterials” with a focus on use of carbon at nanoscale applied for waste water research. Second section involves “synthetic nanomaterials” for pollutants removal. The third section includes “biopolymeric nanomaterials” where the authors have used the natural polymers matrices in a composite and nanocomposite material for waste treatment. The potential researchers working in the area will benefit from the fundamental concepts, advanced approaches and application of various smart materials towards waste water treatment described in the book. The book also provides a platform for all researchers to carry out advanced research as well as to delve into the background in the area. The book also covers recent advancement in the area and prospects about the future research and development of smart materials for the waste water applications.

Ajay Kumar Mishra Editor December 5, 2015

Part 1

CARBON NANOMATERIALS

Chapter 1

Easy and Large-Scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Arsenic and Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions

Fei Yu1 and Jie Ma2*

1College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, P. R. of China

2State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. of China

*Corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract

The as-prepared carbon nanotubes (APCNTs) synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method usually contained carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and quantities of iron nanoparticles (INP)–encapsulated carbon shells. The traditional research mainly focuses on how to remove the INPs using various chemical and physical purification methods. In this chapter, we have synthesized many kinds of CNTs-based adsorbents based on the aforementioned iron/carbon APCNT composites without purification, which can be used for the removal of arsenic and organic pollutants from aqueous solutions with excellent adsorption properties. This synthesis method is applicable to as-prepared single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs containing metal catalytic particles (e.g., Fe, Co, Ni), and the resulting material may find direct applications in environment, energy storage, catalysis, and many other areas. Results of this work are of great significance for large-scale practical applications of APCNTs without purification.

Keywords: Magnetic carbon nanotubes, arsenic, organic pollutants, adsorption

1.1 Introduction

Magnetic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) are of intense research interests because of their valuable applications in many areas such as magnetic data storage, magnetic field screening, and signal transmission [1]. Synthetic methods of MCNTs include chemical and physical techniques. For instance, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), such as cobalt, iron, or nickel and their oxide NPs, can be encapsulated by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [2, 3]. In addition, MNPs could be deposited on the external surface of CNTs [4, 5]. However, existing synthesis methods may have the following critical disadvantages: firstly, the as-prepared carbon nanotubes (APCNTs) are usually purified using strong acids to remove metal particles and carbonaceous byproducts [6], and then MNPs are loaded on the wall of purified CNTs. As a result, the synthesis process is expensive and time consuming with a low yield. Secondly, uncovered MNPs may agglomerate when a magnetic field is applied. Thirdly, bare MNPs could be oxidized in air or erode under acidic conditions [7]. These issues may ultimately hinder widespread practical applications of the MCNTs composite. In recent years, CNTs could be produced in ton-scale quantities per year with high quality. However, APCNTs often contain a large fraction of impurities, including small catalytic metal particles and carbonaceous byproducts such as fullerenes, amorphous, or graphitic carbon particles. The current research direction in this area mainly focuses on the purification of APCNTs through physical separation [8], gas-phase oxidation [9], and liquid-phase oxidation [6], aiming at applications of purified CNTs. However, these purification processes are complex, time consuming, and environmentally unfriendly. Hence, the existing approach is suitable for fundamental research but not for large-scale applications of MCNTs.

To overcome the aforementioned issues, we herein report several new-typed methods to produce MCNTs using APCNTs. We show that MCNTs can be well dispersed in water with excellent magnetic properties. This facile synthesis method has the following advantages: firstly, metal nanoparticles in the APCNTs can be utilized directly without any purification treatment; secondly, the carbon shells provide an effective barrier against oxidation, acid dissolution, and movement of MNPs and thus ensure a long-term stability of MNPs. MCNTs were used as adsorbents for the removal of environmental pollutants in aqueous solutions, and arsenic and organic pollutants were chosen as target pollutants. MCNTs exhibit excellent adsorption and magnetic separation properties. After adsorption, the MCNTs adsorbents could be effectively and immediately separated using a magnet, which reduces potential risks of CNTs as another source of environmental contaminant. Therefore, MCNTs can be used as a promising magnetic adsorbent for the removal of arsenic and organic pollutants from aqueous solutions.