Solid Waste Technology and Management E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2128

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The collection, transportation and subsequent processing of waste materials is a vast field of study which incorporates technical, social, legal, economic, environmental and regulatory issues. Common waste management practices include landfilling, biological treatment, incineration, and recycling - all boasting advantages and disadvantages. Waste management has changed significantly over the past ten years, with an increased focus on integrated waste management and life-cycle assessment (LCA), with the aim of reducing the reliance on landfill with its obvious environmental concerns in favour of greener solutions. With contributions from more than seventy internationally known experts presented in two volumes and backed by the International Waste Working Group and the International Solid Waste Association, detailed chapters cover: * Waste Generation and Characterization * Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Management Systems * Waste Minimization * Material Recycling * Waste Collection * Mechanical Treatment and Separation * Thermal Treatment * Biological Treatment * Landfilling * Special and Hazardous Waste Solid Waste Technology & Management is a balanced and detailed account of all aspects of municipal solid waste management, treatment and disposal, covering both engineering and management aspects with an overarching emphasis on the life-cycle approach.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

VOLUME 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Waste Management

1.2 Introduction to Waste Engineering

1.3 Introduction to Waste Economics

1.4 Introduction to Waste Legislation and Regulation

2 WASTE GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

2.1 Waste Characterization: Approaches and Methods

2.2 Residential Waste

2.3 Commercial and Institutional Waste

2.4 Industrial Waste

2.5 Construction and Demolition Waste

3 LCA OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

3.1 LCA in Waste Management: Introduction to Principle and Method

3.2 Application of LCA in Waste Management

3.3 LCA Modeling of Waste Management Scenarios

4 WASTE MINIMIZATION

4.1 Waste Prevention and Minimization: Concepts, Strategies and Means

4.2 Waste Prevention and Minimization: Cases

5 MATERIAL RECYCLING

5.1 Recycling of Paper and Cardboard

5.2 Recycling of Glass

5.3 Recycling of Plastic

5.4 Recycling of Metals

5.5 Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste

6 COLLECTION

6.1 Waste Collection: Equipment and Vehicles

6.2 Waste Collection: Systems and Organization

6.3 Source Segregation and Collection of Source-Segregated Waste

6.4 Waste Transfer Stations

7 MECHANICAL TREATMENT

7.1 Mechanical Treatment: Unit Processes

7.2 Mechanical Treatment: Material Recovery Facilities

8 THERMAL TREATMENT

8.1 Incineration: Process and Technology

8.2 Incineration: Flue Gas Cleaning and Emissions

8.3 Incineration: Mass Balances

8.4 Incineration: Solid Residues

8.5 Incineration: Utilization of Residue in Construction

8.6 Incineration: Co-combustion

8.7 Incineration: RDF and SRF – Solid Fuels from Waste

8.8 Pyrolysis and Gasification

VOLUME 2

9 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

9.1 Composting: Process

9.2 Composting: Technology

9.3 Composting: Mass Balances and Product Quality

9.4 Anaerobic Digestion: Process

9.5 Anaerobic Digestion: Technology

9.6 Anaerobic Digestion: Mass Balances and Products

9.7 Mechanical Biological Treatment

9.8 Emerging Biological Technologies: Biofuels and Biochemicals

9.9 Use of Compost in Horticulture and Landscaping

9.10 Utilization of Biologically Treated Organic Waste on Land

10 LANDFILLING

10.1 Landfilling: Concepts and Challenges

10.2 Landfilling: Environmental Issues

10.3 Landfilling: Hydrology

10.4 Landfilling: Geotechnology

10.5 Landfilling: Mineral Waste Landfills

10.6 Landfilling: Reactor Landfills

10.7 Landfilling: MBP Waste Landfills

10.8 Landfilling: Bottom Lining and Leachate Collection

10.9 Landfill Top Covers

10.10 Landfilling: Gas Production, Extraction and Utilization

10.11 Landfilling: Leachate Treatment

10.12 Landfilling: Planning, Siting and Design

10.13 Landfilling: Operation and Monitoring

10.14 Landfill Closure, Aftercare and Final Use

11 SPECIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

11.1 Healthcare Risk Waste

11.2 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

11.3 Preservative Treated Wood

11.4 Hazardous Waste

11.5 Other Special Waste

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Christensen, Thomas H.

Solid waste technology and management / Thomas H. Christensen.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4051-7517-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Refuse and refuse disposal. I. Title. TD791.C44 2010628'.744–dc222010007989

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN : 9781405175173

Preface

Solid Waste Technology & Management is an international reference book on solid waste. The book holds 11 chapters written by 78 experts from around the world.

The need for a new book on solid waste with a broad coverage of all aspects has long been recognized by many professors and professionals. However, it is impossible for a single person to be an expert in all fields of solid waste and if such a person existed, he would probably not have the time to write a comprehensive book of 1000 pages. Out of this schism, the idea emerged to involve many authors with a range of expertise and making a thorough edit of the contributions that emphasize the features of the book. This book has been developed over a 4-year period by the joint effort of 78 international solid waste experts. Members of IWWG, International Waste Working Group (www.iwwg.nu) and ISWA, International Solid Waste Association (www.iswa.org) as well as many other experts have contributed their expertise with the aim of supporting education and exchanging information on solid waste technology and management.

Great effort has been made by the authors in providing the draft chapters and into homogenizing the chapters in terms of terminology, approach and style. The remaining diversity in style and unavoidable repetitions still found in the book are hopefully many times compensated by the level of expert knowledge presented in the chapters.

This book would not have been possible without the dedicated contributions by the many authors (see List of Contributors), the continued secretarial work by Dr. Thomas Astrup, Thilde Fruergaard, Grete Hansen and Marianne Bigum as well as the graphical support by Ms. Birthe Brejl. These contributions are gratefully acknowledged.

Special thanks is given to the R98-foundation, Copenhagen for its generous gift to DTU in support of the book.

Copenhagen, January 2010

Thomas H. Christensen

Technical University of Denmark

Referring to the book:

If you refer to the book in general, a proper way of providing the reference would be:

Christensen, T. H. (eds.) (2010): Solid Waste Technology & Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester (ISBN: 978-1-405-17517-3).

If you refer to more specific information presented in a specific chapter, full credit should be given to the authors of the specific chapter by referring to, for example:

Hauschild. M. & Barlaz, M.A. (2010): LCA in waste management: Introduction to principle and method. In Christensen, T. H. (Eds.), Solid Waste Technology & Management, Chapter 3.1. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester (ISBN: 978-1-405-17517-3).

List of Contributors

Andersen, LizziCOWI, DenmarkAngelidaki, IriniTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkArm, MariaSwedish Geotechnical Institute, SwedenAstrup, ThomasTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkBarlaz, Morton A.North Carolina State University, USABatarseh, Eyad S.University of Central Florida, Orlando, USABatstone, Damien JohnUniversity of Queensland, AustraliaBeaven, RichardUniversity of Southampton, UKBerge, Nicole D.University of Central Florida, Orlando, USABertoldi, Marco deUniversity of Udine, ItalyBigum, MarianneTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkBilitewski, BerndTechnical University of Dresden, GermanyBirgisdottir, HarpaTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkBisbjerg, PederEP&T Consultants Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaBjörklund, AnnaRoyal Institute of Technology, SwedenBoldrin, AlessioTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkBrogaard, LineTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkCarlsbæk, MortenSolum Gruppen, DenmarkChristensen, Thomas H.Technical University of Denmark, DenmarkChristiansen, Ole VennickeDanwaste Consult A/S, Copenhagen, DenmarkComans, RobECN, The NetherlandsCossu, RaffaelloUniversity of Padua, Padua, ItalyDalager, SørenRambøll, DenmarkDamgaard, AndersTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkDiaz, Luis F.CalRecovery, California, USAEcke, HolgerLuleå Technical University, SwedenEhrig, Hans-JürgenUniversity of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GermanyEighmy, T. TaylorUniversity of New Hampshire, USAFinnveden, GöranRoyal Institute of Technology, SwedenFruergaard, ThildeTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkHauschild, MichaelTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkHjelmar, OleDHI - Water, Environment & Health, Hørsholm, DenmarkHolm, Peter E.University of Copenhagen, DenmarkHulgaard, ToreRambøll, DenmarkJambeck, JennaUniversity of Georgia, Athens, USAJansen, Jes la CourLund University, SwedenJensen, Lars StoumannUniversity of Copenhagen, DenmarkJohnson, AnnetteEAWAG, SwitzerlandKarakashev, DimitarTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkKjeldsen, PeterTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkKnox, KeithKnox Associates, Nottingham, UKKörner, InaHamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, GermanyKrogmann, UtaRutgers University, New Jersey, USALagerkvist, AndersLuleå Technical University, SwedenLauridsen, JørnCOWI, Svendborg, DenmarkLeithoff, HansJohann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Hamburg, GermanyLenz, VolkerGerman Biomass Research Center, Leipzig, GermanyManfredi, SimoneTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkMatsufuji, YasushiFukuoka University, JapanMcLaughlin, Michael J.CSIRO Land and Water/University of Adelaide, AustraliaMerrild, HannaTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkMøller, JacobTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkNielsen, Joan MajCOWI, Lyngby, DenmarkNilsson, PerR98, Copenhagen, DenmarkOros, ChristianeTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkPagh, PeterUniversity of Copenhagen, DenmarkRaga, RobertoUniversity of Padua, Padua, ItalyRechberger, HelmutVienna University of Technology, AustriaReimann, Dieter O.Bamberg, GermanyReinhart, Debra R.University of Central Florida, Orlando, USARobinson, HowardEnviros Consulting, Shrewsbury, UKRoth, LiselottRoyal Institute of Technology, SwedenRotter, SusanneTechnical University of Berlin, GermanyRowe, R. KerryQueen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaSalhofer, StefanUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, AustriaScharff, HeijoNV Afvalzorg Holding, Assendelft, The NetherlandsScheutz, CharlotteTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkSimion, FedericoTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkStegmann, RainerTechnical University of Hamburg-Harburg, GermanyStentiford, EdwardUniversity of Leeds, UKTonini, DavideTechnical University of Denmark, DenmarkUnger, NicoleUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Austriavan der Sloot, Hans A.ECN, Petten, the NetherlandsVanGulck, Jamie F.Arktis Solutions Inc., Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, CanadaVehlow, JürgenForschungcentrum Karlsruhe, GermanyWallace, Robert B.Solid Waste Engineering Consultant, Laguna Niguel, California, USAWejdling, HenrikDanish Waste Management Association, (DAKOFA), Copenhagen, DenmarkWillumsen, HansLFG Consult, Denmark

1Introduction

1.1Introduction to Waste Management

Thomas H. Christensen

Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Solid waste management is as old as human civilization, although only considered an engineering discipline for about one century. The change from the previous focus on public cleansing of the cities to modern waste management was primarily driven by industrialization, which introduced new materials and chemicals, dramatically changing the types and composition of waste, and by urbanization making waste management in urban areas a complicated and costly logistic operation.

This book focuses on waste that commonly appears in the municipal waste management system. This chapter gives an introduction to modern waste management, including issues as waste definition, problems associated with waste, waste management criteria and approaches to waste management. Later chapters introduce aspects of engineering (Chapter 1.2), economics (Chapter 1.3) and regulation (Chapter 1.4).

1.1.1 Defining Solid Waste

1.1.1.1 Waste

A simple definition of waste is:

‘Waste is a left-over, a redundant product or material of no or marginalvalue for the owner and which the owner wants to discard.’

An important characteristic is that being ‘waste’ is not an intrinsic property of an item but depends on the situation in which the item appears as defined by its owner or in other words how the owner values the item. The owner sees little value in an item if the effort required converting the excessive item to cash value or preserving the item for future use or consumption exceeds the effort it takes to obtain the same cash value or function of the item by other means. Then the item becomes waste. This means that becoming ‘waste’ may depend on many factors, for example:

Time: If supplies are scarce, for example during war time and embargos, the owner will spend more time and effort repairing an item since the alternative may be costly and hard to find.Location: Farming communities may easily make use of food waste for animal feeding, while this is less feasible in a highrise in an urban area.State: The item may be repairable depending on its state (price, age, type of damage) and thereby avoid being discarded.Income level: The higher your income the more food you may discard or the more items you may discard because they no longer are in fashion or up to date.Personal preferences: Certain types of items may be collector’s items or possess veneration for some individuals.

This also suggests that what is waste to one person may not be waste to another person and there may be a potential for trading if the cost for transferring the item does not exceed the value of the item as perceived by the new owner. Hence quantity and purity of the item is a key issue; the metallic paper clip in a private household may be discarded as waste, while tonnes of iron cuttings in a manufacturing industry may not be a waste but a secondary product that can be traded.

In addition to the abovementioned factors, what actually becomes waste depends on which items are being purchased and consumed. Or in other words culture, climate, religious and ethnic background as well as economical abilities affect what becomes waste. Hence, waste quantities and composition vary widely, both geographically (regionally, locally) and over time.

The introduced definition of waste may teach us about the complexity of waste, but the definition may not suffice in a legal context, since it has a high degree of subjectivity. The European Union (EU) defines waste as ‘any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard’ (CEC, 2008). The authorities can define what is to be considered as waste; thereby controlling what is regulated as waste. The EU definition is supplemented with a long list of items and materials as examples of what can become waste, often referred to as the European Waste Catalogue.

1.1.1.2 Solid Waste

The definition of ‘solid waste’ would be anticipated to be ‘a waste in a solid state’. However, solid waste may be solid, or liquid as a sludge or as a free chemical phase. This originates from defining solid waste as waste that is not water (wastewater) or air borne (flue gasses). This also suggests that solid waste has no transporting media like water and air that must be cleaned. While obtaining clean water and clean air are the main purposes of treating wastewater and cleaning flue gasses, the purpose of waste management is not to clean the waste bins, but to handle the waste in the bins, as discussed later.

Solid waste is mostly in a solid state, but also sludge from wastewater treatment and liquid chemical waste are included, although the latter are not within focus of this book.

1.1.1.3 Hazardous versus Nonhazardous Waste

It is often convenient to distinguish between nonhazardous waste and hazardous waste. This may apply to practical waste management as well as to the regulatory aspects of waste management. Hazardous waste is more dangerous to the environment and to those handling the waste and must be technically managed with more strict controls than nonhazardous waste.

The hazardousness of a waste is assessed according to criteria as (simplified after CEC, 2008):

Oxidizing in contact with other materials resulting in highly exothermic reactions.Flammable in contact with air having flashpoint less than 55°C (highly flammable, with a flashpoint less than 21°C).