Sources of Japanese-Korean Relations E-Book

Reinhard Zöllner

• Herausgeber: Books on Demand
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Seitenzahl: 157

Beschreibung

Selected documents on the diplomatic history of Japanese-Korean relations from antiquity to present. All documents are translated into English and annotated.

Leseprobe

Reinhard Zöllner is professor of Japanese and Korean history at the University of Bonn.

Contents

Introduction

Before 1590

Inscription of the Seven-Branched Sword (369:12:30?)

Inscription of the Stele of King Kwanggäto (414)

Letter of Emperor Kubilai to King of Japan (1266:09)

Letter of King Wonjong to Japan (1266)

Letter of Zekkai Chūshin to Government of Choson (1393:02:08)

Great East Asian War (1590–1599)

Letter of King Sŏnjo to Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1590:3)

Letter of Toyotomi Hideyoshi to King Sŏnjo (1590:12)

Letter of King Sŏnjo to Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1591)

Restoration of Peace (1607–1609)

Letter of King Sŏnjo to Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada (1607:02)

Letter of Tokugawa Hidetada to King Sŏnjo (1607:07)

Letter of King Kwanghä to Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada (1609:06)

Treaty of 1609 (Kiyu Yakjo/Kiyū Yakujõ)

Letter of King Kwanghä to Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada (1617:06)

Letter of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada to King Kwanghä (1617:10)

Imperialism and Colonialism (1868 to 1945)

Letter of Sō Yoshiakira to the Vice Minister of Rites (1868:10)

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Korea (1876:02:26)

Appendix to the Treaty of Amity and Friendship (1876:10:14)

Chemulpo Convention (1882:08:30)

Letter of Hanabusa Yoshimoto to Kim Hŏngjip (1882:11:01)

Reply of the Korean Government (1882:11)

Ito-Li-Convention (1885:04:18)

Treaty of Alliance Between Japan and Korea (1894:08:26)

Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895:04:17)

Protocol (1904:02:23)

Agreement (1904:08:22)

Agreement (1905:04:01)

Agreement Between Japan and Korea Relating to Coastwise Navigation (1905:08:13)

Convention of 1905 (Korea Protection Treaty) (1905:11:17)

Agreement (1907:04:24)

Memorandum Concerning the Administration of Justice and Prison in Korea (1909:07:12)

Agreement Regarding the Establishment of the Bank of Korea (1909:07:26)

Treaty Regarding the Annexation of Korea to the Empire of Japan (1910:08:22)

The Proclamation of Korean Independence (1919:03:01)

Declaration of War of the Provisional Government of Korea Against Japan (1941:12:09)

After 1945

Treaty of Peace with Japan (1951:09:08) 82

Korean Presidential Proclamation of Sovereignty over Adjacent Seas (1952:01:18)

Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965:06:22)

Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of Korea Concerning Fisheries (1965:06:22)

Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of Korea Concerning the Settlement of Problems in Regard to Property and Claims and Economic Cooperation (1965:06:22)

Agreement Between the Republic of Korea and Japan Concerning the Legal Status and Treatment of the People of the Republic of Korea Residing in Japan (1965:06:22)

Joint Statement of Japanese Prime Minister Satō Eisaku and U. S. President Richard Nixon (1969:11:21)

Japan-Republic of Korea Joint Declaration A New Japan-Republic of Korea Partnership towards the Twenty-first Century (1998:10:08)

Japan-DPRK Pyongyang Declaration (2002:09:17)

Statements on Historical Issues

History Textbooks

Statement by Chief Cabinet Secretary Miyazawa Kiichi on History Textbooks (1982:08:26)

South Korea’s Demand for Correction of Distortions in Japanese History Textbooks (2001:05:08)

South Korean Statement on Japan’s Authorization of High School Textbooks (2017:03:24)

»Comfort Women«

Statement by Chief Cabinet Secretary Katō Kōichi (1992:07:06)

Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Kōno Yōhei (1993:08:04)

Statement by Prime Minister Murayama Tomiichi on the occasion of the establishment of the »Asian Women’s Fund« (1995:07)

Letter from Prime Minister Koizumi Jun-ichirō to the Former Comfort Women (2001)

Announcement by Foreign Ministers of Japan and the Republic of Korea (2015:12:28)

Summary of Remarks (2016:02:16)

Sea of Japan/East Sea

South Korea on the Historical Background of the East Sea

Japan on the Issue of Name of »Sea of Japan« (2017:02:02)

References

Index

Introduction

THE purpose of this compilation is to provide quick access to sources which are essential for an understanding of the history of relations between historical and present Japanese and Korean states. This includes treaties, declarations, letters of state, and important statements on selected topics.

Until 1894, Chinese was the dominant language in East Asian diplomacy. Between 1876 and 1894, bilateral treaties were written in Japanese and Chinese, thereafter in Japanese and Korean (and, after 1965, sometimes also in English). This compilation contains English translations only. Some of the translations were produced by the editor; most have been adapted from other editions.

My adaptation is based on the following rules:

I have unified the rendering of East Asian names, technical terms and concepts to enable readers who are not acquainted with the many systems of transliteration which have currently or historically been in use for the East Asian languages. My transliteration is meant to ease pronunciation of these terms for readers unacquainted with the respective languages. It is not meant for linguistic correctness. Most conspicuously, I have decided to render the Korean vowels as ŏ, — as ŭ, as ä, as ŏ, and to hyphenate final-n preceding vowels in Japanese.

Most of the treaties between 1876 and 1910 are taken from the edition published by the Japanese Foreign Ministry in 1938,

“Nitchō Kankei”.

I have replaced all Japanese readings of Korean names or term with Korean readings. I have not unified the irregular spelling of “Corea” or “Korea”; this irregularity helps to understand that, contrary to some claims, Japan did not voluntarily change the spelling to “Korea” after annexing it.

1

1 For a detailed discussion, see Murawaki 2016.

Before 1590

Inscription of the Seven-Branched Sword (369:12:30?)

Dated: December 30, 369 (Taihe 4:11:16) (?). The Seven-Branched Sword is a ritual sword stored at the prestigious Isonokami Shrine in Nara prefecture, Japan. Its inscription is partly illegible, and its interpretation is highly controversial. In any case, it presents early evidence of diplomatic contacts between the Korean kingdom of Päkje and the Japanese kingdom of Wa (Yamato). — Translated by R.Z.a

a Chinese text: Yoshida 2001, p. 23.

At noon of the 16th day of the 1[1]th month, 4th year of Tai[he],2 the Seven-Branched Sword3 was made of iron tempered one hundred times. [Drawn], it wards off one hundred warriors. It is dedicated to the noble lord.4 Made by [????].5

Never before has a sword like this existed. It was ordered by the heir and prince of the king of Päkje,6 who mysteriously lives on holy sounds,7 to be made for the king of Wa,8 to be passed on to the posterity.

Figure 1: Sketch of the Seven-Branched Sword (4th c.) (Isonokami Shrine, Nara Prefecture, Japan) (Isonokami Jingū 1930, p. 34)

Inscription of the Stele of King Kwanggäto (414)

In 414, King Changsu of Koguryŏ erected a stele in commemoration of his father, King Kwanggäto . Its inscription consists of roughly 1,775 Chinese characters. Today, many of them are illegible. The text has three parts: (1) the founding myth of Koguryŏ, (2) the military merits of King Kwanggäto, (3) regulations concerncing the king’s tomb near the stele. The second part contains a description of wars between Koguryŏ, Päkje , Shilla and Wa (Yamato). Reading and interpretation of this part of the stele are highly contested. — Translated by R. Z.a

a Chinese text: http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/exhibition/3648/htmls/common/syakubun/da0127-0001.pdf, http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/exhibition/3648/htmls/common/syakubun/da0127-0002.pdf, http://archives.cf.ocha.ac.jp/exhibition/3648/htmls/common/syakubun/da0127-0003.pdf; last access: 27.09.2017.

SIDE 1

(...) The crippling Päkje9 and Shilla had from of old been subjected peoples, and therefore paid tribute to our court. But since the Metal-Rabbit [391],10 the Wa crossed the sea, devastated the crippling Päkje, [then invaded Sil]la and subjected them.11

In the 6th year of Yongrak, Fire-Monkey [396], the King commanded his navy and [punished] the crippling Päkje. The troops [approached on several] roads, attacked and conquered the castle towns of Ilpal, Kumono, [Kak]mono, Kandäri, [??], Kakmi, Mono, Misa, [Kosa]yŏn, Adan, Kori, [?]ri, Chap[jin], Ori, Homo, Ko[mo]yara, [Makchu], [??], [Pu]niyara, [Yŏn], [Ori], [Nongmä], Tuno, Pul[palbi]-

SIDE 2

ri, Michu, Yari, [Tä]sanhan, Soga, Tonbal, [??], [Rumai], [Sanna], [Naru], Se, Moru, Uru, Sohö, Yŏnru, [Sŏ]jiri, Ammun[ji], Lim, [??], [??], [??ri], Chwichu, [?]bal, Komoru, Yunno, Kwanno, Pungyang, [Pobal], [Jongo]ra, Kuchŏn, [??].

The rebels did not surrender and dared to launch a [total] war. The King made his presence feel in a sudden rage, crossed the waters of Ari and made his elite troops close in on the castle. They [attacked from the flanks, put wholes in the walls], and swiftly [surrounded] the castle. [Then,] the [king of] crippling 5 [Päkje] was forced into a corner and presented 1,000 people [as captives] and 1,000 bolts of fine fabrics. He himself pledged to return under our rule, to follow our commands forever, and always be our slave-guest. The Great King gracefully forgave his offences in the past and wrote down his “sincere vow of submission.” Thus, he [gained] 58 walled towns and 700 villages and, together with the younger brother and ten vassals of the [king] of crippling [Päkje], turned his army around and returned to his capital. (...)

In the 9th year of Yongrak, Earth-Pig [399], crippling Päkje 15 acted against its vow and got together with Wa. The King went down to Pyŏngyang. Then messengers sent from Shilla told the King, “The borders of our kingdom are filled with people from Wa, they smash and destroy our walls and moats. As your slaveguests, we have become your people, so we come again to the 20 King and ask for your orders.” The Great King graced them by praising their loyalty and [sincerity]. [Then] he sent the messengers home who reported back his [secret] plan.

In the 10th year of Yongrak, Metal-Rat [400], the Teacher12 sent 50,000 soldiers and horses, and they went and saved Shilla. 25 From Namgŏ to Shilla, all walled towns were filled with Wa [people]. The royal [army] arrived, and the Wa rebels retreated. [????] [Our troops] came, followed them in a hurry and arrived at Imna Kaya.13 They attacked the castle, whereupon the castle surrendered instantly. Defense forces of the Alla people had [defended] Shilla castle, [but] it was flooded with soldiers from] Wa. Wa smashed the castle, greatly [????] [Inside the castle, almost] all perished, [as they refused to surrender, but] the defense forces of the Alla [were taken captive at Shilla castle], and [??] this village was particularly [?????]

SIDE 3

(...) In the 14th year of Yongrak, Wood-Dragon [404], Wa betrayed us and invaded the borders of Taifang. Soldiers from Wa and crippling [Päkje] arrived at the castle of Sŏk. [?] led their ships [???]. [The King himself] commanded a punitive expedition from Pyŏngyang, [????] and their daggers met. The king’s banners cut them off at a strategic position and made a surprise attack. The Wa intruders14 were smashed and defeated, countless were cut down and killed.

(...) In the 17th year of Yongrak, Fire-Sheep [407], the Teacher sent 50,000 soldiers and horses, [????]. [????] [The King’s troops] fought them in battle [everywhere], and cut them down 20 and killed them all. More than 10,000 armors [were taken], and the military equipment taken could not be counted. (...)

Letter of Emperor Kubilai to King of Japan (1266:09)

Dated: September, 1266. Conveyed to Shōni Sukeyoshi , military governor of Chikuzen province, Kyūshū, in January, 1268. It is unclear whom Kubilai Khan considered to be “King of Japan,” the Japanese shōgun at that time being Prince Koreyasu , who held no actual power. With this letter, Kubilai urged Japan to establish tributary relations with the Yüän empire. — Translated by R.Z.a

a Chinese text: Kawazoe 1977, p. 16.

Favored by the mandate of Heaven,

The Emperor of the Great Mongolian Empire humbly sends this letter to the King of Japan. According to Our opinion, the rulers of the small countries whose territories adjoin each other, have long been eager to form trust and maintain an intimate relationship. This is even truer now that Our ancestor has received the mandate of Heaven and rules the kingdom in all its borders. Countless are the foreign regions in all directions of Heaven whose dignity We have graciously acknowledged and whose virtue We love.

After Our ascension to the throne, the innocent people of Koryŏ, tired from the sword and the arrow [i. e. from war], dismissed their troops, sent them back to their homes, and returned them to their elderly and children. Rulers and vassals of Koryŏ have come to Our Court in gratitude. We are bound to each other as rulers and vassals, but we have rejoiced as father and sons. We reckon that you, the King, and your vassals already know this.

Koryŏ is Our eastern vassal state. Japan is close to Koryŏ and has always been in contact with the Middle Kingdom since its inception; however, since I have taken power, there has been not even “one messenger in one vehicle” to communicate peace and amity. Probably this is not yet known to your empire. That is why We send a messenger, who is to announce Our will with this letter. Hopefully, from now on we will make friends through discussions and find trust in each other. For the sage, the four seas are his home. Not to like exchange is by no means the principle of a family.

Who should be pleased to use his troops in an extreme case?

King, remember this well.

Inadequately.15

8th month, 3rd year of Yüän

Letter of King Wonjong to Japan (1266)

The letter of Kubilai Khan was accompanied by a letter from King Wonjong of Koryŏ who encouraged the Japanese to accept the Mongolian offer. The king pointed out:a

a Takekoshi 1930, p. 192.

The Yuan Emperor in requiring intercourse with your country has not been actuated by any purpose of obtaining profit by your tributes, but his sole object is to enlarge his vanity. Such being the case, he will treat you with much courtesy if you will accept the invitation.

Letter of Zekkai Chūshin to Government of Choson (1393:02:08)

Dated: February 8, 1393 (1392:12:27). After founding the kingdom of Chosŏn , Yi Sŏnggye (King Täjo sent a formal letter to shōgunAshikaga Yoshimitsu proposing to establish peaceful relations. However, the Japanese pirates who incessantly attacked the Korean coastal provinces were the most urgent bilateral problem. Yoshimitsu declared to be ready to cooperate and fight the pirates. Both sides used Buddhist monks as go-betweens who were well versed in the Chinese language and the formalities of diplomatic correspondence.a

a Adapted from Kuno 1967b, pp. 260–261.

I,16 the head priest of Shōkoku Jōten temple,17 Japan, respectfully reply to the state ministers, their excellencies of the government of Chosŏn. In the early winter of this year, Kaktö,18 a Buddhist priest of your country, came to Japan in accordance with your instructions and presented the state papers of your country to our shogunate government. The shōgun [Ashikaga Yoshimitsu] was informed thereby that, because of the continuous invasions and plunderings of the Japanese pirates along the Korean coast, Japan and Korea were steadily approaching a breaking point. The shōgun deeply regrets this situation. For several years past, our subjects in distant places along the coast have violated national and humane laws, and have committed great violence. The rulers and the subjects in our country have felt greatly ashamed of this situation. The shōgun has already instructed the governor-general of Kyūshū19 strictly to prohibit piracy and to confiscate all pirate ships. The shōgun has also ordered that he seek out in various parts of Japan all the Koreans who have been taken prisoners by the pirates, and return them to their native land. Our government is in this way sincerely preparing to establish friendly relations with Korea with the hope that both nations may enjoy permanent peace. However, we in Japan have no established usage whereby the shogun and his officers may exchange communications with the rulers and officers of nations beyond the water. Therefore, the shōgun cannot reply personally to the state paper sent us from your country. Consequently, I, a Buddhist priest, have been instructed by the shōgun to write you on his behalf and to pay due respect to your government and your nation. We hope that the step thus taken will not be looked upon by you as a breach of courtesy. A Buddhist priest, Jūin, is being sent to you with instructions to deliver orally further details in this matter.

3, Kor.: chiljido, Jap.: shichishitō or nanatsu saya no tachi.

4. Other interpretation: “enfeoffed lord.” This would make the receiving side a vassal of the giving side. However, at the time when the sword was produced, this meaning of the term had already come out of use. In any case, it suggests a standing below the rank of a sovereign king.

5 Other reading: “Enjoy good fortune.”

6. If 369 is correct, this was prince Su , son of king Kŭnchogo , who ascended the throne in 375 to become king Kŭngusu .

7. The most cryptical passage of the inscription; its most plausible interpretation is that it describes the crown prince as a devoted practitioner of daoism: Yoshida 2001, p. 58.

9päkjan; because they were illoyal to Koguryŏ. Kim 2012,p. 11.

10shimmyo.

11 [???] This so-called shimmyo passage is the most contested part of the inscription because of its political implications. Another reading would be: “But the Wa ... had, since the sinmyo year [391], been coming across the sea to wreak devastation. Paekche [in concert with them] invaded Silla and subjected its people.” (de Bary, Lee, Ch’oe, and Kang 1996, p. 25) However, is a typical verb-object phrase. A third reading would put Koguryŏ as the subject of “subjected them”; in form and content, however, this is implausible. The whole passage is meant as a description of Japanese wrongdoings.

12 i.e., “king.”

13, Jap. Mimana Kara.

14 Kor. wägu, Jap. wakō. The first known instance of this term that later came to be used for the “Japanese pirates.”

15 i. e., “perhaps lacking in form, but intending no offence.”

16 Zekkai Chūshin, a prominent Buddhist priest, scholar and artist who had studied in China for more than ten years and who also became instrumental in establishing Yoshimitsu’s relations with the Ming empire.

17, Zen Buddhist temple in Kyōto, founded by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in 1382.

18.

19 Imagawa Ryōshun.