Spectacular Chemical Experiments E-Book

Herbert W. Roesky

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 195

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

Written by the author of the award-winning "Chemische Kabinettstücke" this book demonstrates over 80 enjoyable, impressive and sometimes almost unbelievable chemical experiments for the classroom, lecture hall or home. All the experiments are explained in full, and have been tested several times such that their successful reproduction is guaranteed. Grouped into several cycles -- water, the color blue, the color red, soles, and self-organization -- the topics are perfect for experimental lectures or school projects. Detailed illustrations and the lively writing style make this book equally attractive to readers interested in chemistry, even if they are unable to perform the experiments.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title

The Author

Copyright

Foreword

Preface

Part I: Water

Experiment 1: Spontaneous Ignition by Adding Water

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 2: Blowing-Up an Iron Ball

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 3: Hydration

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 4: Osmosis

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 5: Re-Gelation of Ice

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 6: Sugar Coal by Splitting off Water from Sugar with Sulfuric Acid

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 7: Sodium Billiards

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 8: Boiling Water in a Paper Bowl

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Reference

Experiment 9: The Density Differences of H

2

O and D

2

O

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Reference

Experiment 10: Fire Under Water

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 11: Safe Production of Detonating Gas

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 12: Fuel Cell for Hydrogen and Oxygen

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 13: Hydrogen in Status Nascendi

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 14: Effusion of Hydrogen

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 15: Freezing Mixture

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 16: Rapid Crystallization

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 17: Magic Eggs

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 18: Colored Kinetics

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 19: Flushing Peppermint Tea

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

References

Experiment 20: Chemiluminescence

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 21: The Colors White-Yellow-Black

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 22: Nitrogen and Hydrogen by Electrolysis

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 23: Demonstration of the Plasma State: A “sparkling cross”

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Caution!

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Part II: The Color Blue

Experiment 24: Witching Hour

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 25: Molybdenum Blue

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

References

Experiment 26: Combustion of Sulfur in Oxygen

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 27: Phosphorus Salt Pearl or Cobalt Salt Pearl

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 28: Fehling’s Solution

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 29: Activated Carbon Decolorizes Water Blue

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 30: Blue Bottle – The Blue Miracle

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

References

Experiment 31: Generation of Blue (N

2

O

3

) Dinitrogen Trioxide

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 32: Bleaching with a Household Product

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

References

Experiment 33: Ink Blue – Solvated Electrons

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Part III: The Color Red

Experiment 34: Purple or Colorless: An Entertaining Demonstration

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 35: A “Red Component” in Newspapers

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 36: Bleaching of Tomato Juice with Chlorine on a Micro Scale

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 37: Production of Non-Drinkable Red Wine

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 38: Red Wine as a Color Indicator

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Part IV: Colloids, Sols, and Gels

Experiment 39: Silica Gel from Alkali Silicates

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 40: Red Gold

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 41: Red Gold Sol

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 42: Blue Gold Sol

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 43: Cherry Red Gold Sol

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 44: The Blue Gold

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 45: Silver Sol by Electric Discharge

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 46: How to Make a Silver Sol

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 47: The Reaction of Silver Nitrate with Tannin

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Part V: Fascinating Experiments by Self-Organization

Experiment 48: Dissipative Structures: Chemical Patterns in Aqueous Solution

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

References

Experiment 49: Acidic Acid Butyl Ester in the Presence of Bromocresol Green

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 50: Precipitation Using the Gas Phase

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 51: Methods Become Accepted: Nessler’s Reagent and Gaseous Ammonia

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 52: Reduction of KMnO

4

with Ethyl Alcohol

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 53: Alcohol Test

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 54: An Old Hat with New Feathers: the Precipitation of AgCl with HCl Gas

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Part VI: Chemical Varieties

Experiment 55: A Chemical Buoy

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

References

Experiment 56: Flower Power

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 57: Münchhausen: The Flying Styrofoam Ball

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 58: The Remarkable Rocket

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Reference

Experiment 59: Eatable Burning Banana

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Experiment 60: Burning Pecan

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 61: Sparks and Shining Fire

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 62: Like Magic … the Reduction of Copper Oxide

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 63: Electric Current from a Beer Can

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 64: Magnesium Powder Burning in the Air

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Attention!

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 65: The Alchemist’s Gold

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 66: Imitate a Spider

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 67: Is it Methyl Alcohol or Ethyl Alcohol ? (A Simple Test with Boric Acid)

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 68: Oxygen Content of the Air

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 69: Rapid Rust

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 70: Shining Dry Ice

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 71: Smoke Rings

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 72: Saturn’s Rings

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 73: Oxygen from Ag

2

O

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 74: Flour Dust Explosion

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Experiment 75: Bromine and Potassium

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Waste Disposal

Experiment 76: Current-Free Shining Flat-Bottomed Cylinder

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

References

Experiment 77: Rotating Advertising Column

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Reference

Experiment 78: S

4

N

4

– A Pick-Me-Up

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

References

Experiment 79: Thunderclap

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Experiment 80: A Heavyweight does not Stick to the Bottom

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Waste Disposal

Experiment 81: Icarus and the Sun

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Experiment 82: Disposal of Sodium and Potassium Residues

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Reference

Part VII: The Art Gallery of Chemistry

Experiment 83: Color Composition: Chemistry is Art

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Experiment 84: Underwater Dance

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Waste Disposal

Experiment 85: Blue Mist

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Explanation

Waste Disposal

Experiment 86: Colorful Clouds

Apparatus

Chemicals

Attention!

Experimental Procedure

Waste Disposal

References

Conclusion

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Experiment 1: Spontaneous Ignition by Adding Water

Experiment 1: A beaker with burning wood shavings and sodium peroxide.

Experiment 2: Blowing-Up an Iron Ball

Experiment 2: The iron ball, before and after being blown up.

Experiment 3: Hydration

Experiment 3: The set-up for measuring temperature changes.

Experiment 4: Osmosis

Experiment 4: Pfeffer’s cell, with capillary.

Experiment 5: Re-Gelation of Ice

Experiment 5: The re-gelation of ice.

Experiment 6: Sugar Coal by Splitting off Water from Sugar with Sulfuric Acid

Experiment 6: The production of sugar coal.

Experiment 7: Sodium Billiards

Experiment 7: The apparatus used for “sodium billiards”.

Experiment 17: Magic Eggs

Experiment 17: Magic eggs.

Experiment 19: Flushing Peppermint Tea

Experiment 19: The red fluorescence of chlorophyll.

Experiment 20: Chemiluminescence

Experiment 20: Chemiluminescense. Left: rhodamine B; center: luminol; right: sodium fluorescein.

Experiment 26: Combustion of Sulfur in Oxygen

Experiment 26: The combustion of sulfur in oxygen.

Experiment 27: Phosphorus Salt Pearl or Cobalt Salt Pearl

Experiment 27: Cobalt salt pearl on a magnesia stick.

Experiment 28: Fehling’s Solution

Experiment 28: Fehling’s solution. Left: copper sulfate solution; center: after the addition of tartaric acid; right: copper(I) oxide.

Experiment 33: Ink Blue – Solvated Electrons

Experiment 33: The experimental set-up before the condensation of the NH

3

(left) and after the addition of metallic sodium (right).

Experiment 35: A “Red Component” in Newspapers

Experiment 35: The red component in newspapers.

Experiment 37: Production of Non-Drinkable Red Wine

Experiment 37: The production of red wine. The beaker in the middle contains water, and the one on the left contains iron(III) chloride solution. In the wine bottle is the NH

4

SCN solution and the FeCl

3

solution.

Experiment 42: Blue Gold Sol

Experiment 42/41: Left: red gold sol. Right: blue gold sol.

Experiment 44: The Blue Gold

Experiment 44/43: Left: blue gold sol. Right: red gold sol.

Experiment 48: Dissipative Structures: Chemical Patterns in Aqueous Solution

Experiment 48: The iodine-starch reaction. On top: I

5

−

ions. At the bottom: I

3

−

and I

5

−

ions.

Experiment 52: Reduction of KMnO

4

with Ethyl Alcohol

Experiment 52: Reduction of a KMnO

4

solution with ethyl alcohol. On top: KMnO

4

solution. At the bottom: partly reduced KMnO

4

solution.

Experiment 53: Alcohol Test

Experiment 53: On top: K

2

Cr

2

O

7

solution. At the bottom: partly reduced K

2

Cr

2

O

7

solution.

Experiment 54: An Old Hat with New Feathers: the Precipitation of AgCl with HCl Gas

Experiment 54: Precipitation of AgCl with HCl over the gas phase.

Experiment 56: Flower Power

Experiment 56: The reaction of sodium in the presence of

n-

and

iso-

propanol and bromothymol blue.

Experiment 57: Münchhausen: The Flying Styrofoam Ball

Experiment 57: Experimental set-up of the flying Styrofoam ball.

Experiment 58: The Remarkable Rocket

Experiment 58: The “flying polyethylene terephthalate bottle”.

Experiment 61: Sparks and Shining Fire

Experiment 61: Bromine and aluminum wire.

Experiment 70: Shining Dry Ice

Experiment 70: On top: the block of dry ice and magnesium powder. At the bottom: during the reaction.

Experiment 71: Smoke Rings

Experiment 71: On top: the experimental set-up. At the bottom: a smoke ring in front of a black background.

Experiment 74: Flour Dust Explosion

Experiment 74: Flour dust explosion; the experimental set-up.

Experiment 83: Color Composition: Chemistry is Art

Experiment 83: Color composition.

Experiment 84: Underwater Dance

Experiment 84: Methylene blue in water.

Experiment 85: Blue Mist

Experiment 85: Cu

2+

aq

solution after the addition of varying amounts of aqueous ammonia solution.

Experiment 86: Colorful Clouds

Experiment 86: On top: precipitation of AgSCN in the presence of Ponceau 4R E 124 (blue). At the bottom: precipitation of AgSCN in the presence of Brilliant Green E 142.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Pages

C1

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

xiii

xiv

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

11

12

13

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

23

25

27

28

29

30

31

33

34

35

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

61

62

63

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

73

74

75

77

78

79

80

81

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

95

97

99

101

102

103

104

105

107

109

110

111

113

115

116

117

119

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

129

130

131

133

134

135

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

145

146

147

149

151

152

153

154

155

157

158

159

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

173

174

175

177

178

179

181

183

185

186

187

189

191

193

195

196

197

198

199

201

202

203

204

205

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

217

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

e1

1807–2007 Knowledge for Generations

Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations. When Charles Wiley first opened his small printing shop in lower Manhattan in 1807, it was a generation of boundless potential searching for an identity. And we were there, helping to define a new American literary tradition. Over half a century later, in the midst of the Second Industrial Revolution, it was a generation focused on building the future. Once again, we were there, supplying the critical scientific, technical, and engineering knowledge that helped frame the world. Throughout the 20th Century, and into the new millennium, nations began to reach out beyond their own borders and a new international community was born. Wiley was there, expanding its operations around the world to enable a global exchange of ideas, opinions, and know-how.

For 200 years, Wiley has been an integral part of each generation’s journey, enabling the flow of information and understanding necessary to meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Today, bold new technologies are changing the way we live and learn. Wiley will be there, providing you the must-have knowledge you need to imagine new worlds, new possibilities, and new opportunities.

Generations come and go, but you can always count on Wiley to provide you the knowledge you need, when and where you need it!

William J. PescePresident and Chief Executive Officer

Peter Booth WileyChairman of the Board

Spectacular Chemical Experiments

Herbert W. Roesky

Foreword by George A. Olah

The Author

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Herbert W. RoeskyInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryGeorg-August-University of GöttingenTammannstr. 437077 GöttingenGermany

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.:

applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Typesetting SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd.

Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt

Binding Litges & Dopf GmbH, Heppenheim

Cover Design WMX-Design, Bruno Winkler, Heidelberg

Wiley Bicentennial Logo Richard J. Pacifico

ISBN: 978-3-527-31865-0

Foreword

Whoever is ignorant

of the four elements,

of the strength they wield

and of their quality,

cannot master

the band of the spirits.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust I, Study

In Faust, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe shows, in masterly fashion, the magic attraction of the elements or alchemy (chemistry), whilst at the same time claiming that another field – the one of the spirits or, in a more open interpretation, the one of philosophy and arts – is of fundamental importance. In the present collection of spectacular chemical experiments, Herbert W. Roesky has created a fascinating amalgam of brilliant chemical experiments, in addition to a variety of amusing and pensive aphorisms, quotations, anecdotes, and small stories originating from this universe that is almost lost to the scientist or, more generally speaking, to homo technicus or at least far away from him. In his book Chemical Curiosities, the author has already proved convincingly, that this synthesis of natural science and arts is not a combination of fire and water but rather two sides of the same medal. It is very good that again a bridge has been thrown across two disciplines of the modern world which seem to be far away from each other.

This book contains new “bang and smoke” experiments that make people’s hearts beat faster (see Münchhausen’s canon ball, bromide and potassium!!). It can also revive playful instincts (“sodium billiards”) or raise magic reactions (“the alchemist’s gold”). It is possible that some people might prefer the aesthetics of some experiments or the fascination of art (beautiful color experiments). In this book, the varied journey through an easily understandable pure scientific universe with anecdotes, quotations, and brief stories introducing every experiment not only becomes an adventure but also perhaps gives us back some of the magic that is inherent in the worlds of both chemistry and arts.

George A. Olah

Preface

After having delivered more than 150 “experimental” lectures outside Göttingen, and in eight different countries, I decided to write a third book containing spectacular experiments. These experiments are introduced by poems, anecdotes, epigrams, and interesting stories, which elucidate the ubiquitous character of chemistry and arts.