Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques in Atmospheric Sciences E-Book

Lin Du

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 412

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

A timely and current discussion of instrumental techniques in atmospheric sciences

In Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques in Atmospheric Sciences, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an authoritative and up-to-date discussion of the latest developments in sophisticated analytical techniques and their applications in atmospheric sciences, including chemical identification and characterization, determination of reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Each chapter presents the development of a different analytical method from first principles and highlights the major developments in the technique to date. The book also covers the weaknesses and strengths of each technique and the suitability of its applications in indicated environmental media.

Readers will also find:

• A thorough introduction to relevant atmospheric processes
• Comprehensive explorations of mass spectrometry and optical, electron, and atomic force microscopy
• Practical discussions of fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy
• Complete treatments of infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy

Perfect for graduate students undertaking courses in atmospheric sciences, Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques in Atmospheric Sciences will also benefit environmental chemists, climatologists, and analytical chemists.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1: Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Application in Atmospheric Research

1.1 Basic Theories

1.2 Infrared Spectroscopic Techniques and Principles

1.3 Experimental Facility

1.4 Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy in Atmospheric Research

1.5 Summary

References

Chapter 2: Raman Spectroscopy and Its Application in Atmospheric Research

2.1 Basic Theories and Principles

2.2 Main Types of Raman Spectroscopic Techniques

2.3 Experimental Facility

2.4 Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Atmospheric Research

2.5 Summary

References

Chapter 3: Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy and Its Application in Atmospheric Research

3.1 Overview

3.2 Basic Principle of UV-vis Absorption Spectroscopy

3.3 Classification of UV-vis Spectrophotometers and Experimental Facility

3.4 Applications of UV-vis Absorption Spectroscopy in Atmospheric Research

3.5 Summary

References

Chapter 4: Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Its Application in Atmospheric Research

4.1 Overview

4.2 Basic Principle of Molecular Fluorescence

4.3 Experimental Facility

4.4 Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Atmospheric Research

4.5 Summary

References

Chapter 5: Optical Microscopy, Electron Microscopy, and Atomic Force Microscope – Application in Atmospheric Research

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Classification and Working Principles of Microscopes

5.3 Experimental Facility

5.4 Application of Microscopic Techniques in Environmental Research

5.5 Summary

References

Chapter 6: Mass Spectrometry and Its Application in Atmospheric Research

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Principles of Mass Spectrometers

6.3 Experimental Facility

6.4 Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Atmospheric Research

6.5 Summary

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Electromagnetic spectrum.

Figure 1.2 (a) Potential energy curve for a diatomic molecule. The minimum value...

Figure 1.3 Energy levels for a Morse potential and a harmonic potential. The nu...

Figure 1.4 Term diagrams for (a) anharmonic and (b) harmonic potentials. The arr...

Figure 1.5 Definition of the displacement coordinate for N

2

. Most often, only o...

Figure 1.6 Displacement (normal) coordinates for a water molecule, together wit...

Figure 1.7 Dipole moment as a function of intermolecular distance for a heteron...

Figure 1.8 Infrared spectroscopy absorption of electromagnetic radiation and sc...

Figure 1.9 IR spectrum of liquid water at room temperature.

Figure 1.10 The reflection principle of different IR instruments.

Figure 1.11 The optical path of a specular reflection accessory with a fixed ang...

Figure 1.12 The experimental apparatus and reflection principle of IRRAS.

Figure 1.13 The reflection principle of single bounce ATR.

Figure 1.14 The schematic diagram of FTIR.

Figure 1.15 Classification of infrared spectroscopy techniques.

Figure 1.16 (a) The optical zero-balanced structure and (b) the proportion recor...

Figure 1.17 The overall working principle of the FTIR instrument.

Figure 1.18 A decomposition diagram of a fixed thickness liquid pool.

Figure 1.19 Spectroscopic differences in oxidation mechanisms. The spectra of th...

Figure 1.20 (a) Spectra of TFE, EO, and their mixture in the 3300–3640 cm

−1

...

Figure 1.21 FTIR spectra for biotic treatment of naturally weathered 105 days ...

Figure 1.22 ATR-FTIR spectra of five main polymers [cellophane (CPH); polyethyle...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of scattering phenomena.

Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of scattering phenomena.

Figure 2.3 Electron transition diagram of Raman scattering and Rayleigh scatter...

Figure 2.4 The dependence of the polarizability on internuclear distance for H

2

.

Figure 2.5 Scattering of electromagnetic radiation.

Figure 2.6 Electric field as a function of the emitted radiant flux from ...

Figure 2.7 Expected Raman spectrum for water in a classical model.

Figure 2.8 The Raman effect shown in a term diagram.

Figure 2.9 Expected relative intensities for Stokes and anti-stokes Raman lines...

Figure 2.10 Perpendicular (90°) scattering configuration. The monochromatic ...

Figure 2.11

Damen, Porto, Tell

nomenclature.

Figure 2.12 Totally symmetric stretching vibration for CCl

4

.

Figure 2.13 The mechanism of SRS ( – Laser frequency, – Stokes line frequen...

Figure 2.14 Basic components of a Raman spectrometer.

Figure 2.15 Structure of a photomultiplier tube.

Figure 2.16 Structure of a charge-coupled detector.

Figure 2.17 Characteristic response curves of different detectors.

Figure 2.18 Triple additive monochromator. “M” stands for mirror, and “G” stands...

Figure 2.19 Triple subtractive monochromator. “M” stands for mirror, and “G” sta...

Figure 2.20 Raman instrument with Rayleigh line filter. “M” stands for mirror, a...

Figure 2.21 Interferometer parts in Raman and IR. “B” stands for beam splitter.

Figure 2.22 Diagram illustrating electronic transitions.

Figure 2.23 (a) SERS spectra of 4-MPY (10

–5

mol/L) collected from AuNP–Ag, AuNP–...

Figure 2.24 The normalized Raman spectra of ten types of microplastics.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The corresponding wavelength range of electron transitions between d...

Figure 3.2 Deviation caused by selecting incident light of different wavelengths.

Figure 3.3 Effect of solvent polarity on electronic energy levels.

Figure 3.4 Composition of the ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer.

Figure 3.5 Structure diagram of a monochromator.

Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of photocell.

Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of a single beam spectrophotometer.

Figure 3.8 Diode array multichannel spectrophotometer.

Figure 3.9 Optical path diagram of a double-beam spectrophotometer.

Figure 3.10 Optical path diagram of a dual-wavelength spectrophotometer.

Figure 3.11 (a) Ultraviolet visible absorption spectra of nitrate nitrogen at di...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of luminescence.

Figure 4.2 Electron excited state and corresponding spin direction.

Figure 4.3 Excitation and emission spectra of fluorescent substances at maximum...

Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of fluorescence polarization measurement.

Figure 4.5 Mirror symmetry rule.

Figure 4.6 The influence of solvent effect on the energy of excited state of fl...

Figure 4.7 Basic composition of a fluorescence spectrometer.

Figure 4.8 Schematic diagram of the standard curve method.

Figure 4.9 Component 1, component 2, and component 3 are protein-like, microbia...

Figure 4.10 Three major components derived from EEMs by PARAFAC analysis and the...

Figure 4.11 The relationship between fluorescence intensity and molecular weight...

Figure 4.12 C1

WSOC

–C3

WSOC

are humic-like, protein-like, and terrestrial humic-li...

Figure 4.13 (a) Comparison of the molecular characteristics of the four fluoresc...

Figure 4.14 (a) Temporal trends in chlorophyll-a signal for (top to bottom) unfi ...

Figure 4.15 Temporal trends in fluorescence intensity of chlorophyll-a in unfilt...

Figure 4.16 Overview of identification and quantification of polycyclic aromatic...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Human eye resolution.

Figure 5.2 Airy disk and Rayleigh criterion.

Figure 5.3 Imaging principle of CLSM.

Figure 5.4 (a) TEM; (b) Transmission optical microscope.

Figure 5.5 (a) Principle of magnification; (b) principle of electron diffraction.

Figure 5.6 The schematic picture of the SEM principle.

Figure 5.7 Different morphologies as the result of different angles between the...

Figure 5.8 Appearance of TEM.

Figure 5.9 SEM structure diagram.

Figure 5.10 Two different scanning approaches.

Figure 5.11 SEM sample preparation flowchart.

Figure 5.12 AFM working mode and force pattern.

Figure 5.13 Confocal microscopic images depicting the accumulation of calcium (r...

Figure 5.14 Micrographs of PM collected at (a) Obispado station, (b) S. Nicolas ...

Figure 5.15 SEM images of coal-based PAC and coconut-shell PAC before and after ...

Figure 5.16 SEM imaging on the precipitates collected from the multiple treatmen...

Figure 5.17 (a, c) AFM deflection and (b, d) corresponding height images illustr ...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Typical representation of a mass spectrometer.

Figure 6.2 Mass spectrometer flow chart.

Figure 6.3 Principle of the process of ESI.

Figure 6.4 Principle of the process of MALDI.

Figure 6.5 Schematic principle of a quadrupole mass analyzer.

Figure 6.6 Schematic representation of the principle of magnetic sector mass an...

Figure 6.7 Principle of trapped-ion (or ion trap) mass analyzers.

Figure 6.8 Schematic principle of SIMS.

Figure 6.9 Schematic principle of MALDI-TOF MS.

Figure 6.10 PTR mass spectra of primary nonmethane organic gas emissions for res...

Figure 6.11 Distribution of number and intensity fractions of CHO, CHON, CHOS, a...

Figure 6.12 Structure of the negatively charged tralopyril and most intense frag...

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Types of common light sources.

Table 1.2 Different types of infrared radiation sources.

Table 1.3 Types of IR detectors.

Table 1.4 Types of window materials.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Relative importance of polarizability and hyperpolarizability terms ...

Table 2.2 Commonly used excitation wavelengths and powers of different excitat...

Table 2.3 The commercial models of commonly used photomultiplier tubes.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Relationship between material color and absorbed light color.

Table 3.2 Absorption spectrum data of common chromophores.

Table 3.3 Common chemometric models and their brief characteristics in COD mon...

Table 3.4 The brief summary of the light parameter and two main sources of BrC...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 The types and characteristics of fluorescence lights sources.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

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Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques in Atmospheric Sciences

Lin Du

Narcisse Tsona Tchinda

Authors

Prof. Lin Du

Shandong University

Ganchangyuan, Binhai Road 72

Qingdao, 266237

People’s Republic of China

Assoc. Prof. Narcisse Tsona Tchinda

Shandong University

Ganchangyuan, Binhai Road 72

Qingdao, 266237

People’s Republic of China

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Lin Du

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

Print ISBN 9783527354412

ePDF ISBN 9783527849345

ePub ISBN 9783527849338

oBook ISBN 9783527849352

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This textbook is dedicated to the 35th anniversary of International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC).

Foreword

The Earth’s atmosphere is a dynamic and complex system that plays a crucial role in sustaining life. Understanding its composition, interactions, and transformations is essential for addressing critical environmental challenges such as air pollution, climate change, and atmospheric chemistry. Over the years, advancements in scientific instrumentation have provided researchers with powerful tools to investigate atmospheric phenomena with unprecedented precision. Among these, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques have emerged as indispensable methods for studying gases, aerosols, and particulate matter at both macroscopic and microscopic levels.

This book brings together fundamental principles, state-of-the-art methodologies, and real-world applications of these techniques in atmospheric research. Spectroscopy, with its ability to identify and quantify molecular species through interactions with electromagnetic radiation, has been instrumental in tracking pollutants, analyzing greenhouse gases, and monitoring atmospheric composition. Techniques such as ultraviolet–visible, infrared, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy continue to provide essential data for environmental studies. Similarly, microscopic techniques, including optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, allow scientists to visualize and characterize airborne particles at the nanoscale, offering deeper insights into their sources, transformations, and environmental impact.

The current book serves as both an educational resource and a reference guide for researchers, students, and professionals in the fields of atmospheric science, environmental chemistry, and physics. By covering both theoretical foundations and practical applications, it bridges the gap between fundamental research and real-world environmental monitoring. The authors have successfully compiled a comprehensive account of how these techniques are shaping our understanding of the atmosphere, making this book an essential addition to the scientific literature.

As atmospheric science continues to evolve with emerging technologies and interdisciplinary approaches, the knowledge shared in this book will inspire further innovations and discoveries. I commend the authors for their dedication to advancing this important field and for providing a resource that will undoubtedly guide and support future research.

Prof. Wenxing Wang

Shandong University

Preface

The study of Earth’s atmosphere, with its complex interactions and critical influence on global ecosystems, is a field that has captured the attention of scientists for centuries. Today, the challenges we face – ranging from global climate change and air pollution to understanding natural weather phenomena – have intensified the need for more precise and insightful methods of studying atmospheric processes. As we strive to develop sustainable solutions to protect our planet, the integration of advanced technologies into atmospheric research has become more essential than ever.

Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques have emerged as key methodologies for delving deeper into the intricate details of atmospheric science. These tools offer unparalleled opportunities for understanding the composition, dynamics, and microscopic interactions within the atmosphere, providing scientists with the ability to observe phenomena that were once beyond the scope of traditional methods. This book explores the full potential of these techniques, illustrating how they can be used to advance our understanding of atmospheric composition.

The advent of spectroscopy has transformed atmospheric research, enabling the identification and quantification of trace gases, pollutants, and atmospheric particles with a level of precision that was unimaginable just a few decades ago. From remote sensing of greenhouse gases to the detailed analysis of ozone depletion, spectroscopic methods have revolutionized the way we observe and predict changes in atmospheric conditions. Similarly, microscopic techniques allow us to examine aerosols, particulate matter, and other small-scale atmospheric components in detail, providing crucial insights into their formation, behavior, and environmental impacts.

Prepared from teaching materials for a graduate course we continually teach since the past nine years, this book brings together a comprehensive overview of both spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, detailing their applications in real-world atmospheric research. Each chapter is dedicated to a specific methodology or application, providing an in-depth analysis of how these techniques are used to study different atmospheric phenomena. The aim is not only to showcase the power of these tools but also to provide practical guidance for researchers, scientists, and students who are interested in incorporating these techniques into their own work.

The chapter on microscopic techniques was particularly reviewed by Prof Jiang Wei to whom we extend our gratitude. The development of this book would not have been possible without the contributions of our students, Yaru Song, Kuanyun Hu, Xueqi Ma, and Aijing Song, to whom we are sincerely thankful. It is our hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for both newcomers and professionals in the field of atmospheric research and will remain the main informative guide on our course. For students, it will offer a solid foundation in the principles and applications of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, inspiring the next generation of atmospheric scientists.

Ultimately, this book aims to highlight the essential role of advanced technology in addressing the environmental challenges we face today. By leveraging the power of spectroscopy and microscopy, we can deepen our understanding of the atmosphere, improve our ability to forecast environmental changes, and, hopefully, contribute to the development of solutions that promote a sustainable future.

Lin Du

Narcisse Tsona Tchinda