Sport and Exercise Nutrition E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: The Nutrition Society Textbook
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1196

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Please note that digital editions do not include all the illustrations found in the printed book.

Now widely adopted on courses throughout the world, the prestigious Nutrition Society Textbook series provides students with the scientific basics in nutrition in the context of a systems and disease approach rather than on a nutrient by nutrient basis. In addition books provide a means to enable teachers and students to explore the core principles of nutrition and to apply these throughout their training to foster critical thinking at all times.

This NS Textbook on Sport and Exercise Nutrition has been written to cover the latest information on the science and practice of sport and exercise nutrition. A key concept behind this textbook is that it aims to combine the viewpoints of world leading nutrition experts from both academia/research and a practical stand point. Plus where necessary there are additional practitioner based authors to ensure theory is translated into practice for each chapter in the form of either ‘practice tips' or ‘information sheets' at the end of relevant chapters.

The textbook in essence can be divided into three distinct but integrated parts:

• Part 1: covers the key components of the science that supports the practice of sport and exercise nutrition including comprehensive reviews on: nutrients both in general and as exercise fuels; exercise physiology; hydration, micronutrients; and supplements.
• Part 2: moves into focusing on specific nutrition strategies to support different types of training including: resistance; power/sprint; middle distance/speed endurance; endurance; technical/skill, team; and specific competition nutrition needs.
  The unique format of this textbook is that it breaks down nutrition support into training specific as opposed to the traditional sport specific support. This reflects the majority of current sport and exercise requirements of the need to undertake concurrent training and therefore facilitating targeted nutrition support to the different training components through the various macro and micro training cycles.
• Part 3: explores some of the practical issues encountered in working in the sport and exercise nutrition field and includes key sport related topics such as: disability sport; weight management; eating disorders; bone and gut health; immunity; injury; travel; and special populations and situations.

READERSHIP: Students of nutrition and dietetics at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. All those working in the field of nutrition and related health sciences.

Leseprobe

Contents

Contributors

Series Foreword

Preface

The Nutrition Society Textbook Series Editors

1 Nutrient Basics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Carbohydrates

1.3 Protein

1.4 Alcohol

1.5 Fat

1.6 Assessing dietary intake

1.7 Dietary and healthy eating guidelines

1.8 Food labelling

1.9 Perspectives on the future

2 Exercise Physiology

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Homeostasis

2.3 Acute responses to exercise

2.4 Adaptations to exercise training

2.5 Concluding remarks

3 Exercise Biochemistry

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Control and regulation of metabolic reactions

3.3 Carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

3.4 Metabolic responses to environmental stress

3.5 Metabolic adaptations to training

3.6 Cellular/molecular drivers for adaptations in skeletal muscle metabolism

3.7 Concluding remarks

4 Carbohydrate

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Carbohydrate metabolism

4.3 Dietary carbohydrate

4.4 Carbohydrate nutrition and performance

4.5 Post exercise, recovery and glycogen synthesis

4.6 Summary

5 Protein and Amino Acids

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Complete protein foods

5.3 Dietary requirements versus dietary recommendations

5.4 Protein needs for athletes

5.5 Dietary protein timing

5.6 Dietary protein type

5.7 Summary

6 Fat Metabolism

6.1 Introduction and historical perspective

6.2 Fat as an energy source for contracting skeletal muscle: effects of endurance training (Figure 6.1)

6.3 Interaction of diet and exercise on fatty acid metabolism

6.4 Summary

7 Fluids and Electrolytes

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Disturbances in body water

7.3 Effects of changes in hydration on exercise performance

7.4 Effects of drinking on exercise

8 Micronutrients

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Micronutrients that regulate energy metabolism and muscle function

8.3 Nutrients involved in blood health, particularly red blood cell production and function

8.4 Micronutrients involved in bone health

8.5 Micronutrients involved in antioxidant defence

8.6 Potential adverse effects of vitamin and mineral supplement use in healthy people

8.7 Summary

9 Supplements and Ergogenic Aids

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The dietary supplements market

9.3 Prevalence of dietary supplement use

9.4 Common sports nutrition supplements

9.5 Reasons for dietary supplements usage

9.6 Who recommends dietary supplements

9.7 Efficacy of dietary supplements

9.8 Classification of dietary supplements: the APRID framework

9.9 Supplement assessment and monitoring in practice

9.10 Risks and benefits of dietary supplements

9.11 Summary

10 Nutrition for Weight and Resistance Training

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Protein feeding and resistance exercise

10.3 Practical considerations

10.4 Conclusions and remaining questions

11 Nutrition for Power and Sprint Training

11.1 Introduction

11.2 General nutritional guidelines for sprint and power-trained athletes

11.3 Power-type exercises and muscle protein synthesis

11.4 Sprint-type exercises and muscle protein synthesis

11.5 Creatine supplementation

11.6 General conclusions

12 Nutrition for Middle-Distance and Speed-Endurance Training

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Energy systems in middle-distance athletes

12.3 Periodised nutrition to match periodised training programmes

12.4 Post-training nutritional recovery

12.5 Specific body composition requirements

12.6 Supplements for the middle-distance athlete

12.7 Perspectives on future research directions

12.8 Conclusion

13 Nutrition for Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Training

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Energy systems for endurance and ultra-endurance training and events

13.3 Common nutritional issues and challenges

13.4 Nutritional strategies to optimise endurance or ultra-endurance training

13.5 Achieving low body fat mass (Table 13.7)

13.6 Nutrition to enhance immunity

13.7 Gastrointestinal problems

13.8 Iron deficiency

13.9 Key supplements for endurance and ultra-endurance training/events (Table 13.10)

13.10 Future research areas and conclusions

14 Nutrition for Technical and Skill-Based Training

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Optimising skill and technique and the concept of adaptation

14.3 Principles of periodisation

15 Nutrition for Disability Athletes

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Disability sport

15.3 Classification in disability sport

15.4 Energy requirements

15.5 Carbohydrate requirements

15.6 Protein and amino acid requirements

15.7 Fat

15.8 Fluid and electrolytes

15.9 Micronutrients and other nutrients

15.10 Supplements and ergogenic aids

15.11 Body composition assessment

15.12 Practical aspects

15.13 Daily life

15.14 Travel

16 Competition Nutrition

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Nutrition and fatigue during competition

16.3 Pre-competition fuelling

16.4 The pre-event meal

16.5 Fluid intake during exercise

16.6 Fuel intake during competition

16.7 Recovery between events

16.8 Summary

17 Losing, Gaining and Making Weight for Athletes

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Sports-specific evidence linking physique attributes to athletic performance

17.3 Challenges for optimising physique

17.4 Strategies to promote weight and fat loss

17.5 Making weight

17.6 Risks of weight/fat loss and making weight

17.7 Strategies for weight gain

17.8 Role of physique assessment

17.9 Adjunctive agents for weight/fat loss or lean mass gain

18 Eating Disorders and Athletes

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The disordered eating continuum

18.3 Prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders in athletes

18.4 Risk factors for the development of disordered eating and eating disorders

18.5 Why are athletes dieting?

18.6 Health and performance consequences of disordered eating and eating disorders

18.7 How to approach athletes with symptoms of disordered eating and eating disorders

18.8 The athlete and the healthcare team

18.9 Training, energy expenditure and energy intake during treatment

18.10 Prevention of disordered eating and eating disorders

18.11 Summary

19 Bone Health

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Bone physiology

19.3 Diagnostic techniques

19.4 Optimal nutrition for bone health

19.5 Sport, exercise and bone health

19.6 Female Athlete Triad

19.7 Stress fractures

19.9 Prevention, screening and treatment recommendations for the Female Athlete Triad and stress fractures

19.10 Nutrition care process for athletes throughout the life cycle

19.11 Summary

Acknowledgements

20 Nutrition and the Gastrointestinal Tract for Athletes

20.1 Introduction: gastrointestinal symptoms and exercise

20.2 Gastrointestinal tract

20.3 The effects of exercise on the gastrointestinal tract

20.4 Low-residue diets and sports performance

20.5 Substances potentially altering GI comfort (Table 20.4)

20.6 Sports food, practices and GI distress

20.7 Summary

21 Immunity

21.1 Introduction: exercise and immunity

21.2 Immune system and immune functions

21.3 Impact of exercise (and other stressors)

21.4 Effects of nutrition

21.5 Potential immune monitoring in athletes

21.6 Summary and future directions

22 Travel

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Travel planning

22.3 Meal service options when travelling

22.4 Typical nutrition issues during travel

22.5 Travel-associated illness

22.6 Acclimatisation

22.7 Key tips for travelling athletes

23 Population Groups: I

23A.1 Introduction

23A.2 Factors affecting nutritional intake

23A.3 Energy requirements

23A.4 Protein

23A.5 Carbohydrate

23A.6 Fat

23A.7 Micronutrients

23A.8 Use of performance-enhancing substances

23A.9 Fluids

23A.10 Dental caries

23A.11 Eating behaviours

23A.12 Summary

23B.1 Introduction

23B.2 Gender differences in metabolism and performance

23B.3 Energy

23B.4 Carbohydrates

23B.5 Protein

23B.6 Fat

23B.7 Micronutrients

23B.8 The menstrual cycle of female athletes

23B.9 The Female Athlete Triad

23B.10 Summary

23C.1 Introduction

23C.2 Energy

23C.3 Macronutrients

23C.4 Micronutrients

23C.5 Fluid

23C.6 Medications

23C.7 Summary of key dietary recommendations

23C.8 Conclusions

24 Population Groups: II

24A.1 Introduction

24A.2 Major classification of ethnic groups in Southeast Asia

24A.3 Cultural considerations

24A.4 Working with athletes of different ethnicities

24A.5 General skills for practitioners

24A.6 Special topic: Ramadan fasting and sports performance

24B.1 Introduction

24B.2 Nutritional considerations for athletes

24B.3 Effects on performance

24B.4 Summary

24C.1 Introduction

24C.2 Injury

24C.3 Trauma and malnutrition

24C.4 Nutrients for better wound healing

24C.5 Fasting

24C.6 Exercise-induced muscle damage

24C.7 Summary

25 Training and Competition Environments

25.1 Introduction

25.2 The physiological challenge of exercising at altitude

25.3 Training and competition at altitude

25.4 Nutrition for training and competition at altitude

25.5 Training and competition at altitude: summary

25.6 The physiological challenge of exercising in the heat

25.7 Training and competition in the heat

25.8 Nutrition for training and competition in the heat

25.9 Training and competition in the heat: summary

25.10 The physiological challenge of exercising in the cold

25.11 Training and competition in the cold

25.12 Nutrition for training and competition in the cold

25.13 Training and competition in the cold: summary

25.14 Other environmental challenges

Index

The Nutrition Society Textbook Series

Introduction to Human Nutrition

Introduction to human nutrition: a global perspective on food and nutrition

Body composition

Energy metabolism

Nutrition and metabolism of proteins and amino acids

Digestion and metabolism of carbohydrates

Nutrition and metabolism of lipids

Dietary reference standards

The vitamins

Minerals and trace elements

Measuring food intake

Food composition

Food and nutrition: policy and regulatory issues

Nutrition research methodology

Food safety: a public health issue of growing importance

Food and nutrition-related diseases: the global challenge

Public Health Nutrition

An overview of public health nutrition

Nutrition epidemiology

Food choice

Assessment of nutritional status at individual and population level

Assessment of physical activity

Overnutrition

Undernutrition

Eating disorders, dieting and food fads

PHN strategies for nutrition: intervention at the level of individuals

PHN strategies for nutrition: intervention at the ecological level

Food and nutrition guidelines

Fetal programming

Cardiovascular disease

Cancer

Osteoporosis

Diabetes

Vitamin A deficiency

Iodine deficiency

Iron deficiency

Maternal and child health

Breast feeding

Adverse outcomes in pregnancy

Nutrition and Metabolism

Core concepts of nutrition

Molecular aspects of nutrition

Integration of metabolism 1: Energy

Integration of metabolism 2: Macronutrients

Integration of metabolism 3: Protein and amino acids

Pregnancy and lactation

Growth and aging

Nutrition and the brain

The sensory systems and food palatability

The gastrointestinal tract

The cardiovascular system

The skeletal system

The immune and inflammatory systems

Phytochemicals

The control of food intake

Overnutrition

Undernutrition

Exercise performance

Clinical Nutrition

General principles of clinical nutrition

Metabolic and nutritional assessment

Overnutrition

Undernutrition

Metabolic disorders

Eating disorders

Adverse reactions to foods

Nutritional support

Ethical and legal issues

Gastrointestinal tract

The liver

The pancreas

The kidney

Blood and bone marrow

The lung

Immune and inflammatory systems

Heart and blood vessels

The skeleton

Traumatic diseases

Infectious diseases

Malignant diseases

Pediatric nutrition

Cystic fibrosis

Clinical cases

Water and electrolytes

This edition first published 2011© 2011 by The Nutrition Society

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sport and exercise nutrition / edited on behalf of the Nutrition Society by Susan Lanham-New ... [et al.]. p. cm. – (The Nutrition Society textbook series) Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4443-3468-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4443-3468-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. Exercise–Physiological aspects. 2. Sports–Physiological aspects. 3. Nutrition. I. Lanham-New, S. (Susan) II. Nutrition Society (Great Britain) III. Series: Human nutrition textbook series. [DNLM: 1. Exercise–physiology. 2. Sports–physiology. 3. Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. 4. Nutritional Sciences. 5. Physical Fitness–physiology. QT 260] RC1235.S64 2011 613.7′1–dc23

2011015206

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781444344875; Wiley Online Library 9781444344905; ePub 9781444344882; Mobi 9781444344899

Contributors

Bethanie AllansonSports Dietitian and NutritionistAustralia

Dr Adrian J AllsoppInstitute of Naval MedicineUK

Dr Keith BaarUniversity of California DavisUSA

Associate Professor Andrew BoschUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa

Hans BraunGerman Sport University CologneOlympic Training Centre RhinelandGermany

Dr Elizabeth BroadAustralian Institute of SportAustralia

Dr Nicholas A BurdMcMaster UniversityCanada

Professor Louise M BurkeAustralian Institute of SportAustralia

Dr Adam L CollinsUniversity of SurreyUK

Jeanette CroslandRegistered Dietitian and Sports NutritionistUK

Dr Kevin CurrellEnglish Institute of SportUK

Dr Glen DavisonUniversity of KentUK

Associate Professor Vicki DeakinUniversity of CanberraAustralia

Professor Nancy M DiMarcoTexas Woman’s UniversityUSA

Dr Joanne L FallowfieldInstitute of Naval MedicineUK

Dr Stuart DR GallowayUniversity of StirlingUK

Ina GartheNorwegian School of Sport ScienceNorwegian Olympic Sports CentreNorway

Professor John A HawleyRMIT UniversityAustralia

Neil HopkinsConditioning Coach and BiokineticistSouth Africa

Penny J HunkingSports DietitianEnergise Nutrition, UK

Professor John O HunterConsultant Physician Addenbrookes Hospital and University of CranfieldUK

Professor Asker JeukendrupUniversity of BirminghamUK

Professor Bente KiensUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark

Professor Susan A Lanham-NewUniversity of SurreyUK

Dr Joseph DJ LaydenInstitute of Navel MedicineUK

Dr Peter WR LemonThe University of Western OntarioCanada

Nathan LewisEnglish Institute of SportUK

Bronwen LundyEnglish Institute of SportUK

Professor Nicola MaffulliUniversity of LondonUK

Wendy Martinson OBERegistered Dietitian and Sports NutritionistUK

Shelly MeltzerShelly Meltzer & AssociatesSports Science Institute of South AfricaSouth Africa

Nanna L MeyerUniversity of Colorado and United States Olympic Committee, Colorado SpringsUSA

Associate Professor David L NicholsTexas Woman’s UniversityUSA

Dr Helen O’ConnorUniversity of SydneyAustralia

Jeni PearceEnglish Institute of SportUK

Dr Fiona PellyUniversity of the Sunshine CoastAustralia

Professor Stuart M PhillipsMcMaster UniversityCanada

Weileen PngSingapore Sports InstituteSingapore

Professor Charlotte (Barney) SanbornTexas Woman’s UniversityUSA

Dr Susan M ShirreffsLoughborough UniversityUK

Dr Richard J SimpsonUniversity of HoustonUSA

Dr Gary SlaterUniversity of the Sunshine CoastAustralia

Karlien M SmitShelly Meltzer & AssociatesSports Science Institute of South AfricaSouth Africa

Filippo SpieziaCampus Bio Medico University of Rome Italy

Dr Samantha J StearPerformance Influencers Limited (Formerly, English Institute of Sport, 2005–2009)UK

Dr Trent StellingwerffNestlé Research CentreSwitzerland

Professor Jorunn Sundgot-BorgenNorwegian School of Sport ScienceNorway

Professor Clyde WilliamsLoughborough UniversityUK

Series Foreword

The early decades of the twentieth century were a period of intense research on constituents of food essential for normal growth and development, and saw the discovery of most vitamins, minerals, amino acids and essential fatty acids. In 1941, a group of leading physiologists, biochemists and medical scientists recognised that the emerging discipline of nutrition needed its own Learned Society and the Nutrition Society was established. The Nutrition Society’s mission was and remains, “to advance the scientific study of nutrition and its application to the maintenance of human and animal health”. It is the largest Learned Society for nutrition in Europe and has close to 2500 members worldwide. You can find out more about the Society and how to become a member by visiting the website at www.nutritionsociety.org.

Throughout its history, a primary objective of the Society has been to encourage nutrition research and to disseminate the results of such research. This is reflected in the several scientific meetings with the Nutrition Society, often in collaboration with sister Learned Societies in Europe, Africa, Asia and the USA, organised each year.

The Society’s first journal, The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, published in 1944 and recorded, as it still does, the scientific presentations made to the Society. Shortly afterwards in 1947, the British Journal of Nutrition was established to provide a medium for the publication of primary research on all aspects of human and animal nutrition by scientists from around the world. Recognising the needs of students and their teachers for authoritative reviews on topical issues in nutrition, the Society began publishing Nutrition Research Reviews in 1988. The journal Public Health Nutrition, the first international journal dedicated to this important and growing area, was subsequently launched in 1998.

Just as in research, having the best possible tools is an enormous advantage in teaching and learning. This series of human nutrition textbooks is designed for use worldwide and this was achieved by launching the first series in multiple languages including Spanish, Greek, Portuguese and Indonesian. This fifth textbook in the series, under the Editor-in-Chief Professor Susan Lanham-New (University of Surrey), brings together the latest information on the science and practice of sport and exercise nutrition. The textbook combines the viewpoints of world-leading nutrition experts from academia and research from a practical standpoint.

Life in the world of sport revolves around training and competition. As a former athlete and having worked closely with competing athletes in my role as Chief Medical Officer for the British Olympic Team at eight Olympic Games, I know first-hand that diet is absolutely vital in supporting athletes towards their goals. To strive for performance improvements – be it skill, power, strength, speed or endurance – requires physical training, and correct nutrition is essential to this training effect. This Textbook brings together science and practice for students and those working in sports nutrition and exercise physiology and is a valuable resource to all those working in the field.

Dr Richard Budgett OBEChief Medical Officer for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games

Preface

The Nutrition Society Textbook Series was first created over a decade ago and we are indebted to Professor Michael Gibney (University College Dublin), the Founder of the Series, for his tremendous vision and hard work in those early days. The four established Textbooks: Introduction to Human Nutrition (IHN); Nutrition & Metabolism (N&M); Clinical Nutrition (CN); Public Health Nutrition (PHN) have proved to be an enormously successful venture, with sales of over 30,000 copies as of 2011 for the first editions of the four Textbooks and the second editions of IHN and N&M respectively.

It is a great honour for me to be the new Editor-in-Chief of the Series. In taking my office in 2009, I have moved quickly to establish a fifth Textbook to the Series, namely Sport and Exercise Nutrition (SEN). This title is unique in providing, under one single textbook, all the core aspects around the effect of nutrition on different sports and under different exercises. With the Olympic Games coming to London in 2012, our timing of this Textbook is perfect.

This NS textbook on Sport and Exercise Nutrition has been designed to provide the reader with the latest information on the science and practice of sport and exercise nutrition. One of the very key concepts behind SEN is the aim to combine the viewpoints of world-leading nutrition experts from both academia and research, and a practical standpoint.

Sport and Exercise Nutrition is divided into three distinct but integrated parts. At the start of each chapter there are key ‘take home’ messages and each chapter is concluded with a list of further reading material.

Chapters 1 to 9 cover the key components of the science that supports the practice of sport and exercise nutrition including comprehensive reviews on: nutrients both in general and as exercise fuels; exercise physiology; hydration; micronutrients; and supplements.

Chapters 10 to 14 move into focusing on specific nutrition strategies to support different types of training including: resistance; power/sprint; middle-distance/speed-endurance; endurance; technical/skill; team; and specific competition nutrition needs. The unique format of this textbook is that it breaks down nutrition support into training-specific as opposed to the traditional sport-specific support. This reflects the majority of current sport and exercise requirements of the need to undertake concurrent training and therefore facilitating targeted nutrition support to the different training components through the various macro and micro training cycles.

Chapters 15 to 25 explore some of the practical issues encountered in working in the sport and exercise nutrition field and includes key sport-related topics such as: disability sport; weight management; eating disorders; bone and gut health; immunity; injury; travel; and special populations and situations.

The NS textbook on Sport and Exercise Nutrition is aimed at students interested in a career in sport and exercise nutrition, along with allied sport and exercise professionals such as nutritionists, coaches, physiotherapists and doctors who need to translate or understand the science into their practice with sports, athletes and other exercise enthusiasts.

We are very honoured indeed that the Foreword for Sport and Exercise Nutrition has been written by Dr Richard Budgett OBE, Chief Medical Officer for London 2012 and himself an Olympic Gold Medalist as part of the British rowing coxed fours squad at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, alongside Sir Steven Redgrave, Martin Cross and the late Andy Holmes. We thank him most sincerely for his support and commitment to this Textbook venture.

The Nutrition Society Textbook Series is hugely indebted to Wiley-Blackwell, who have proved to be extremely supportive publishers and we thank Nick Morgan and Sara Crowley-Vigneau from Wiley-Blackwell, as well as Vedavalli Karunagaran from the typesetter, SPi Publisher Services, for their help with the production of this SEN book. Particular thanks are also due to the Sport and Exercise Nutrition specific Editors Dr Samantha Stear, Dr Susan Shirreffs and Dr Adam Collins for all their hard work. I gratefully acknowledge the encouragement of our NS President, past and present, Professor Ian Macdonald and Professor Sean J.J. Strain. I would particularly like to express my thanks to Professor Gillian Nicholls (Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Surrey) and Professor John Hay (Dean, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey) for their support and encouragement in the production of this book. Final thanks are due to Sharon Hui (Assistant Editor, NS Textbook Series) and Jennifer Norton (NS Business Manager) for being there every step of the way with this Textbook and for their immense hard work in making it all possible.

I really hope that you will find the book of great use… Please enjoy!

My warm regards.

Professor Susan A. Lanham-NewHead, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Surrey and Editor-in-Chief, Nutrition Society Textbook Series

The Nutrition Society Textbook Series Editors

Editor-in-Chief

Susan A Lanham-NewUniversity of Surrey, UKBusiness ManagerJennifer NortonThe Nutrition Society, UK

Assistant EditorSharon S HuiThe Nutrition Society, UK