Sugarcane-based Biofuels and Bioproducts E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Sugarcane has garnered much interest for its potential as a viable renewable energy crop. While the use of sugar juice for ethanol production has been in practice for years, a new focus on using the fibrous co-product known as bagasse for producing renewable fuels and bio-based chemicals is growing in interest. The success of these efforts, and the development of new varieties of energy canes, could greatly increase the use of sugarcane and sugarcane biomass for fuels while enhancing industry sustainability and competitiveness.
Sugarcane-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts examines the development of a suite of established and developing biofuels and other renewable products derived from sugarcane and sugarcane-based co-products, such as bagasse. Chapters provide broad-ranging coverage of sugarcane biology, biotechnological advances, and breakthroughs in production and processing techniques.
This text brings together essential information regarding the development and utilization of new fuels and bioproducts derived from sugarcane. Authored by experts in the field, Sugarcane-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts is an invaluable resource for researchers studying biofuels, sugarcane, and plant biotechnology as well as sugar and biofuels industry personnel.Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 794
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
List of contributors
Part I: Sugarcane for biofuels and bioproducts
Chapter 1: The sugarcane industry, biofuel, and bioproduct perspectives
1.1 Sugarcane – a global bioindustrial crop
1.2 The global sugarcane industry
1.3 Why biofuels and bioproducts?
1.4 Sugarcane biorefinery perspectives
1.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 2: Sugarcane biotechnology: tapping unlimited potential
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of sugarcane, sugarcane genetics, wild varieties
2.3 Uses of sugarcane
2.4 Sugarcane biotechnology
2.5 Improvement of sugarcane – breeding versus genetic modification through biotechnology
2.6 Genetic modification of sugarcane
2.7 Paucity of high-quality promoters
2.8 Opportunities for GM-improved sugarcane
2.9 Improved stress tolerance and disease resistance
2.10 Naturally resilient plants as a novel genetic source for stress tolerance
2.11 Disease resistance
2.12 Industrial application of sugarcane
2.13 How will climate change and expanded growing-region affect vulnerability to pathogens?
2.14 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Part II: Biofuels and bioproducts
Chapter 3: Fermentation of sugarcane juice and molasses for ethanol production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Natural microbial ecology
3.3 Yeast identification
3.4 Cell surface and cell–cell interactions
3.5 Sugarcane juice and bagasse
3.6 Fermentation of juice and molasses
3.7 Cogeneration of energy from bagasse
3.8 Bioreactors and processes
3.9 Control of microbial infections
3.10 Monitoring and controlling processes
3.11 Concluding remarks and perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bioethanol from bagasse
4.3 Overview of pretreatment technologies
4.4 Pretreatment of bagasse
4.5 Enzymatic hydrolysis
4.6 Fermentation
4.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Chemicals manufacture from fermentation of sugarcane products
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The suitability of sugarcane-derived feedstocks in industrial fermentation processes
5.3 Metabolism and industrial host strains
5.4 Bioprocess considerations
5.5 Sugarcane-derived chemical products
5.6 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Mathematical modeling of xylose production from hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mathematical models of hemicellulose acid pretreatment
6.3 A mathematical model of sugarcane bagasse dilute-acid hydrolysis
6.4 Sensitivity analysis
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin
7.1 Introduction
7.2 A review of lignin alkaline hydrolysis research
7.3 Hydrolysis in subcritical and supercritical water without an alkali base
7.4 Solvolysis with hydrogen donor solvent formic acid
7.5 Reported depolymerization pathways of lignin and lignin model compounds
7.6 The solid residue product
7.7 Summary – strategies to increase yields of monophenols
References
Chapter 8: Conversion of sugarcane carbohydrates into platform chemicals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Platform chemicals
8.3 Organic acids
8.4 Value of potential hydrolysis products
8.5 Current technology for manufacture of furans and levulinic acid
8.6 Technology improvements
8.7 Catalysts
8.8 Solvolysis
8.9 Other product chemicals
8.10 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 9: Cogeneration of sugarcane bagasse for renewable energy production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background
9.3 Sugar factory processes without large-scale cogeneration
9.4 Sugar factory processes with large-scale cogeneration
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Pulp and paper production from sugarcane bagasse
10.1 Background
10.2 History of bagasse in the pulp and paper industry
10.3 Depithing
10.4 Storage of bagasse for papermaking
10.5 Chemical pulping and bleaching of bagasse
10.6 Mechanical and chemi-mechanical pulping
10.7 Papermaking
10.8 Alternate uses of bagasse pulp
References
Chapter 11: Sugarcane-derived animal feed
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Crop residues and processing products
11.3 Processing sugarcane residues to enhance their value in animal feed
11.4 Conclusions
References
Part III: Systems and sustainability
Chapter 12: Integrated first- and second-generation processes for bioethanol production from sugarcane
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Process descriptions
12.3 Economic aspects of first- and second-generation ethanol production
12.4 Environmental aspects of first- and second-generation ethanol production
12.5 Final remarks
References
Chapter 13: Greenhouse gas abatement from sugarcane bioenergy, biofuels, and biomaterials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Life cycle assessment (LCA) of sugarcane systems
13.3 Greenhouse gas/carbon footprint profile of sugarcane bioproducts
13.4 Greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement from sugarcane products
13.5 Environmental trade-offs
13.6 Production pathways that optimize GHG abatement
13.7 Opportunities for further optimizing GHG abatement
13.8 Summary
References
Chapter 14: Environmental sustainability assessment of sugarcane bioenergy
14.1 Bioenergy and the sustainability challenge
14.2 Prospect of sugarcane bioenergy
14.3 Environmental sustainability assessment tools
14.4 Environmental sustainability assessment of sugarcane bioenergy: Case of Thailand
14.5 Net energy balance and net energy ratio
14.6 Life cycle environmental impacts
14.7 Key environmental considerations for promoting sugarcane bioenergy
References
INDEX
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Sugarcane for biofuels and bioproducts
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: The sugarcane industry, biofuel, and bioproduct perspectives
Figure 1.1 Leading sugarcane-producing countries (FAO 2015).
Figure 1.2 Typical schematic of the raw sugar production process.
Figure 1.3 Schematic of a typical refined sugar production process showing phosphatation clarification and ion exchange resin decolorization processes.
Figure 1.4 Conceptual model of a sugarcane biorefinery with the sugarcane factory as a hub for renewable energy and bioproduct technologies and services (O'Hara
et al.
2013).
Chapter 2: Sugarcane biotechnology: tapping unlimited potential
Figure 2.1 Global distribution of sugarcane.
Chapter 3: Fermentation of sugarcane juice and molasses for ethanol production
Figure 3.1 Cell cycle of
S
.
cerevisiae
illustrating vegetative and sexual reproduction and chromosomal recombination between homologous chromosomes in a cell of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
during meiosis.
Figure 3.2 Foam dried at room temperature (a, magnified at 40x) obtained by flotation of cells of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
suspended in synthetic medium and the micrograph (b, magnified at 750x), showing dense layers of dry cells adsorbed onto surfaces of three neighboring air bubbles in the dry foam.
Figure 3.3 Flocculation observed (optical microscope, magnified at 40x) in samples obtained at an industrial alcohol plant during fermentation of sugarcane molasses.
Figure 3.4 Diagram of an annexed distillery illustrating the interactions between sugar mill and distillery in an integrated alcohol factory.
Figure 3.5 Fed-batch fermentation with cell recycling.
Figure 3.6 Multistage continuous system with cell recycling.
Figure 3.7 Control room of a commercial ethanol plant.
Chapter 4: Production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse
Figure 4.1 Typical ethanol production process from bagasse.
Figure 4.2 Schematic of pilot-scale horizontal reactor (Zhang
et al
. 2013a).
Figure 4.3 Kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse pretreated at different acid contents, temperatures, and times in a pilot scale reactor (Zhang
et al
. 2013a).
Figure 4.4 Relationships between glucan digestibility and solution pH.
Chapter 5: Chemicals manufacture from fermentation of sugarcane products
Figure 5.1 Processing steps from each biomass feedstock. Primary processing is required to liberate the carbohydrate polymers starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, and the disaccharide sucrose. Sucrose can be used directly in fermentations, whereas the polymers require secondary processing to release fermentable sugars.
Figure 5.2 Processing streams from harvested sugarcane to crystal sugar, which increases in value as the sucrose becomes more refined. Examples of products that may be derived from each stream with chemical products from fermentation possible at each stage.
Figure 5.3 Sucrose metabolism. Sucrose permease (1), sucrose PTS (2), and sucrose permease (3) are prokaryotic systems; hexose transporter (4) is the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
system; sucrose and fructose PTS (5a and 5b) is the
Mannheimia succiniciproducens
system; periplasmic space is shaded grey and the cytoplasm is the inner area shaded white.
Figure 5.4 Metabolism of d-xylose and l-arabinose. Solid arrows indicate pathways found in yeast and filamentous fungi, and dashed arrows indicate prokaryote pathways. AR, aldose reductase; LAD, l-arabitol dehydrogenase; LXR, l-xylulose reductase; XD, xylitol dehydrogenase; DXR, d-xylulose kinase; LAI, l-arabinose isomerase; LRK, l-ribulose kinase; LR5PE, l-ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase; DXI, d-xylose isomerase.
Figure 5.5 Overall bioprocessing steps from stored fermentable sugars to the desired product and waste streams. After fermentation, the cellular biomass is typically separated from the aqueous stream by centrifugation before purification of the product chemical from the aqueous stream. The wastewater may be disposed of or recycled following decontamination, and the cellular biomass may be anaerobically digested to generate heat and power from biogas or used as animal feed.
Chapter 7: Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin
Figure 7.1 The monolignols.
Figure 7.2 Schematic representation of lignin.
Figure 7.3 Primary interunit linkages.
Figure 7.4 Syringol chemical degradation pathway proposed by Miller et al.
Figure 7.5 Approximation of the bond energies comprising the typical β-O-4 lignin linkage structure (highlighted bond energies are in units of kJ/mol).
Chapter 8: Conversion of sugarcane carbohydrates into platform chemicals
Figure 8.1 Current and potential products from sugarcane.
Figure 8.2 Top 10 chemicals produced from sugars.
Figure 8.3 Acid-catalyzed decomposition of carbohydrates.
Figure 8.4 Furfural as a platform chemical.
Figure 8.5 HMF/CMF/BMF as a platform chemical.
Figure 8.6 Levulinic acid as a platform chemical.
Figure 8.7 Schematic of Biofine process (Hayes
et al.
2006).
Chapter 9: Cogeneration of sugarcane bagasse for renewable energy production
Figure 9.1 Typical sugarcane composition.
Figure 9.2 Typical bagasse composition.
Figure 9.3 Calculated boiler station efficiency (% GCV basis) required to balance the production and consumption of bagasse in a sugar factory for different sugarcane fiber levels.
Figure 9.4 Calculated boiler station efficiency (% GCV basis) required to balance the production and consumption of bagasse in a sugar factory for varying bagasse ash contents.
Figure 9.5 Typical arrangement of a sugar factor steam cycle without large-scale cogeneration.
Figure 9.6 Crushing season bagasse energy use in a typical sugar factory.
Figure 9.7 SOC for different vapor bleeding arrangements.
Figure 9.8 Calculated effect of evaporation on the loss of combustible fiber and loss of total stockpile mass. Calculations assume slow oxidation of combustible fiber supplies all the energy used for evaporation (Mann 2010).
Figure 9.9 A possible arrangement of a steam cycle for a sugar factor steam setup for cogeneration.
Figure 9.10 Crushing season bagasse energy use in a sugar factory setup for cogeneration.
Chapter 10: Pulp and paper production from sugarcane bagasse
Figure 10.1 Photograph of (a) bagasse pith and (b) whole bagasse (Rainey 2009).
Figure 10.2 Sketch of a depither.
Figure 10.3 Typical arrangement of a bank of depithers.
Figure 10.4 Effect of bagasse aging on brightness.
Figure 10.5 pH, brightness, and yellowness of stored bagasse through the stockpile.
Figure 10.6 Bagasse digestion system for pulping agricultural fibers.
Figure 10.8 Pulp and handsheet properties of Kraft bagasse pulp compared with Kraft wood pulp.
Figure 10.7 Bagasse pulp fiber length distribution (Rainey
et al.
2009; with permission from the authors).
Chapter 11: Sugarcane-derived animal feed
Figure 11.1 General schematic of sugarcane processing and sugar production.
Chapter 12: Integrated first- and second-generation processes for bioethanol production from sugarcane
Figure 12.1 Simplified block flow diagram of the integrated first- and second-generation ethanol production process.
Figure 12.2 Scheme of the interaction among the main steps of the integrated first- and second-generation ethanol production process.
Figure 12.3 Results for ethanol and electricity production. 1G: optimized first-generation autonomous distillery producing surplus lignocellulosic material for the stand-alone second-generation plant; 1G2G: integrated first- and second-generation sugarcane biorefinery; 2G: stand-alone second-generation process; 1G + 2G: independent first- and second-generation ethanol from sugarcane.
Figure 12.4 Internal rate of return (IRR) and investment required for first- and second-generation ethanol production from sugarcane. 1G: optimized first-generation autonomous distillery producing surplus lignocellulosic material for the stand-alone second-generation plant; 1G2G: integrated first- and second-generation sugarcane biorefinery; 2G: stand-alone second-generation process; 1G + 2G: independent first- and second-generation ethanol from sugarcane.
Chapter 13: Greenhouse gas abatement from sugarcane bioenergy, biofuels, and biomaterials
Figure 13.1 Life cycle of sugarcane products.
Figure 13.2 Indicative ‘cradle to factory gate’ greenhouse gas emissions for bioethanol and bioplastics relative to the reference fossil fuel, showing the influence of LUC and allocation method. Data derived from selected studies with “cradle-to-factory-gate” system boundaries, compatible functional units and sufficient transparency to present a contributional breakdown: (1) values for “cane growing, ” “processing,” and “transport” for ethanol from sugarcane juice are averages for a range of sugarcane growing regions, including Argentina (Amores
et al.
2013), Mexico (Garcia
et al.
2011), and Brazil (Hoefnagels
et al.
2010). (2) Values for “land-use change” and variation due to alternative allocation approaches (energy, mass, and economic allocation, and system expansion) for ethanol derived from Hoefnagels
et al.
(2010) for Brazil. (3) Values for ethanol from molasses are averages across a range of sugarcane growing regions, including Argentina (Amores
et al.
2013), Mexico (Garcia
et al.
2011), and Australia (Renouf
et al.
2011). (4) Values for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic from sugarcane juice derived from Liptow and Tillman (2012).
Figure 13.3 Indicative ‘cradle to farm gate’ greenhouse gas emissions for harvested sugarcane. This example represented a production system involving supplementary irrigation, mechanical cultivation and harvesting, with a portion of the crop being burnt before harvesting.
Figure 13.4 Fossil energy ratio (FER) of biofuels (MJ bioethanol output/MJ fossil energy input).
Chapter 14: Environmental sustainability assessment of sugarcane bioenergy
Figure 14.1 Value chain of sugarcane in Thailand.
Figure 14.2 Average impact contribution from cradle to gate of molasses-based ethanol production.
List of Tables
Chapter 1: The sugarcane industry, biofuel, and bioproduct perspectives
Table 1.1 Potential chemicals and bioproducts from biomass (O'Hara
et al.
2013)
Chapter 2: Sugarcane biotechnology: tapping unlimited potential
Table 2.1 Potential promoters identified for constitutive, tissue-specific, or inducible transgene expression in sugarcane
Chapter 4: Production of fermentable sugars from sugarcane bagasse
Table 4.1 Comparison of pretreatment effectiveness by glycerol, PG and EG solutions in the presence of 1.2% H
2
SO
4
and 10% water at 130 °C for 30 min (Zhang
et al
. 2013c)
Table 4.2 Results from pretreatment by AC/AG solvents at 90 °C for 30 min in the presence of 1.2% H
2
SO
4
(Zhang
et al
. 2013e)
Chapter 5: Chemicals manufacture from fermentation of sugarcane products
Table 5.1 Sugar composition and relative price of various sugarcane processing intermediates and products
Chapter 7: Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin
Table 7.1 Summary of operating conditions for thermochemical processes
Table 7.2 Mass percentage of extracts from BCD (Vigneault
et al
. 2006)
Table 7.3 Results from Zabaleta (2012) of the BCD product trends and lignin feedstock molecular weight
Table 7.4 Maximum proportions (presented as yields) of compounds in the aqueous phase for varying reaction time (Wahyudiono
et al
. 2008)
Table 7.5 Summary of the findings in the literature for the hydrolysis of lignin
Table 7.6 Summary of the findings in the literature for the hydrolysis of lignin in subcritical and supercritical water without an alkali base
Table 7.7 Summary of the findings in the literature for the solvolysis of lignin with formic acid
Chapter 8: Conversion of sugarcane carbohydrates into platform chemicals
Table 8.1 Value-added products derived from carbohydrates (O'Hara
et al.
2013)
Chapter 9: Cogeneration of sugarcane bagasse for renewable energy production
Table 9.1 Typical efficiency loss components and calculated efficiency for a sugar factory boiler with bagasse fuel
Table 9.2 Crushing season conditions for a typical sugar factory
Table 9.3 Vapor bleeding arrangements and heating sources for primary, secondary, and ESJ heaters and pans (Mann
et al.
2015)
Table 9.4 Efficiency loss components and calculated efficiency for a new high-efficiency cogeneration boiler with bagasse fuel
Table 9.5 Crushing season conditions for a sugar factory setup for large-scale cogeneration
Chapter 10: Pulp and paper production from sugarcane bagasse
Table 10.1 Chemical composition of whole bagasse, depithed bagasse, and pith for Indian bagasse (Rao 1997), Australian bagasse (Rainey 2009), and Cuban bagasse (Lois and Suarez 1983, Lois-Correa 1986)
Table 10.2 Average chemical composition of whole bagasse, depithed bagasse, and pith
Table 10.3 Fuel properties of pith and bagasse mixtures (Mann and O'Hara 2012)
Table 10.4 Bleaching sequences
Table 10.5 Bagasse pulp morphology (Rainey 2009, Rainey
et al.
2010)
Table 10.6 Typical furnishes for newsprint and printing and writing paper
Chapter 11: Sugarcane-derived animal feed
Table 11.1 Dry matter (g/kg) and chemical composition (g/kg DM) of whole sugarcane used in animal feed
Table 11.2 Dry matter (g/kg) and chemical composition (g/kg DM) of sugarcane tops
Table 11.3 Chemical composition of sugarcane of molasses
Table 11.4 Dry matter (g/kg) and chemical composition (g/kg DM) of sugarcane silage
Chapter 13: Greenhouse gas abatement from sugarcane bioenergy, biofuels, and biomaterials
Table 13.1 LCA and carbon footprint studies of sugarcane products
Table 13.2 Default life cycle GHG abatement for different feedstocks emissions from land-use change. GHG savings are expressed as the percentage (%) reduction in GHG emissions relative to the reference fossil fuel
Chapter 14: Environmental sustainability assessment of sugarcane bioenergy
Table 14.1 Key characteristics of the molasses-based ethanol plant investigated
Table 14.2 Energy balance (MJ) for production of 1000 l molasses-based ethanol
a
Table 14.3 Life cycle GHG emissions of molasses-based ethanol and gasoline 95
Sugarcane-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts
EDITED BY
Ian M. O'Hara
and
Sagadevan G. Mundree
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: O'Hara, Ian M., editor. | Mundree, Sagadevan G., 1946- editor.
Title: Sugarcane-based biofuels and bioproducts / edited by Ian M. O'Hara and
Sagadevan G. Mundree.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2016. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016007511| ISBN 9781118719916 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118719923
(epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Biomass energy. | Sugarcane–Biotechnology.
Classification: LCC TP339 .S84 2016 | DDC 662/.88–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007511
Preface
As a society we are faced with significant issues. There is an urgent need to address the challenge of climate change while continuing to promote development in the world's poorest countries. From an agricultural perspective, our land, water, energy, and food systems are inextricably linked. New technologies are needed to provide sustainable energy solutions and at the same time enhance food availability and distribution.
Sugarcane is one of the world's most important agricultural crops with a long history of use for the production of food, energy, and coproducts. Growing across many countries in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane has a significant global footprint. The high photosynthetic efficiency and high biomass production makes sugarcane an ideal feedstock for both food production and the coproduction of non-fossil-based chemicals, polymers, and energy products.
While the opportunities for the use of sugarcane for ethanol production are well-known, there are many other potential products of similar or higher value that can be produced from the crop. Technology developments, most particularly in the fields of agricultural and industrial biotechnology, are providing new opportunities to diversify the revenue base for sugar producers. Not only does the application of this technology promote economic viability of sugarcane producers and their regional communities, it also helps to address our over-reliance on products from fossil-based resources, and hence contributes to global decarbonization activities. These economic, social, and environmental benefits, however, will only be achieved where technologies are adopted in an appropriate manner.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of current and future opportunities for the production of biofuels and bioproducts from sugarcane. The first section of the book (Chapters 1 and 2) provides an overview of the sugarcane industry and presents the opportunities and challenges in this area. This section also examines the sugarcane crop biotechnology and the opportunities that this field presents in enhancing opportunities for the production of bioproducts. The second section of the book (Chapters 3–12) provides detailed overviews of the current state-of-the-art relating to a variety of biofuel and bioproduct opportunities from sugarcane. These opportunities include more traditional products such as ethanol production, pulp and paper, animal feed products and cogeneration to future opportunities such as the production of fermentable sugars from bagasse and their subsequent conversion into specialty chemical products. The final section of the book addresses aspects relating to sugarcane biofuel and bioproduct sustainability, techno-economics, and whole-of-system process integration.
The editors are very grateful to the many authors who contributed to this book. All of the authors are recognized as leading experts in their fields and provide unique perspectives as a result of their many decades of experience in sugar, biofuels, and bioproducts research. Without their contributions, this book would not have been possible and we appreciate their insights and highly value the contributions that they have made.
Ian M. O'HaraSagadevan G. Mundree9 July 2015Brisbane, Australia
List of contributors
Sébastien Bonnet
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Laboratory, The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, PERDO, Bangkok, Thailand
Antonio Bonomi
Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil; Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FEQ/UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
Anthony K. Brinin
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Otávio Cavalett
Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
Geoff Covey
Covey Consulting, Melbourne, Australia
Sudipta S. Das Bhowmik
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Marina O. de Souza Dias
Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
William O.S. Doherty
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Kameron G. Dunn
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Troy Farrell
Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Rubens M. Filho
Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil; Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FEQ/UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
Shabbir H. Gheewala
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Laboratory, The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, PERDO, Bangkok, Thailand
Ava Greenwood
Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Mark D. Harrison
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Philip A. Hobson
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Cecília Laluce
Biochemistry and Chemical Technology Department, Institute of Chemistry, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
Guilherme R. Leite
Biochemistry and Chemical Technology Department, Institute of Chemistry, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
Anthony P. Mann
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Sagadevan G. Mundree
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Ian M. O'Hara
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Darryn W. Rackemann
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Thomas J. Rainey
School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Marguerite A. Renouf
School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
Karen T. Robins
Sustain Biotech Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia
Thapat Silalertruksa
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Laboratory, The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Energy Technology and Environment, PERDO, Bangkok, Thailand
Robert E. Speight
School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Ricardo Ventura
Integra Consultoria Química LTDA, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Brett Williams
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Thamires T. Zamai
Biochemistry and Chemical Technology Department, Institute of Chemistry, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
Bruna Z. Zavitoski
Biochemistry and Chemical Technology Department, Institute of Chemistry, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
Zhanying Zhang
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
Part ISugarcane for biofuels and bioproducts
Chapter 1The sugarcane industry, biofuel, and bioproduct perspectives
Ian M. O'Hara
Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
1.1 Sugarcane – a global bioindustrial crop
Sugar (or more specifically sucrose) is one of the major food carbohydrate energy sources in the world. It is used as a sweetener, preservative, and colorant in baked and processed foods and beverages and is one of lowest cost energy sources for human metabolism.
On an industrial scale, sucrose is produced from two major crops – sugarcane, grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and sugar beet, grown in more temperate climates. Sugarcane, however, accounts for the vast majority of global sugar production.
For much of the history of sugarcane production, sugar was a scarce and highly valued commodity. Sugarcane processing focused on extracting sucrose as efficiently as possible for the lucrative markets in the United Kingdom and Europe. The potential for the production of alternative products from sugarcane, however, has long been recognized. The key process by-products including bagasse, molasses, mud, and ash have all been investigated as a basis for the production of alternative products (Rao 1997, Taupier and Bugallo 2000).
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
