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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Electrochemical capacitors are electrochemical energy storage devices able to quickly deliver or store large quantities of energy. They have stimulated numerous innovations throughout the last 20 years and are now implemented in many fields. Supercapacitors Based on Carbon or Pseudocapacitive Materials provides the scientific basis for a better understanding of the characteristics and performance of electrochemical capacitors based on electrochemical double layer electrodes or pseudocapacitive materials, as well as providing information on the design and conception of new devices such as lithium-ion capacitors.
This book details the various applications of supercapacitors, ranging from power electronics and stationary use, to transportation (hybrid vehicles, trams, planes, etc.). They are increasingly used in the automotive sector, especially as part of stop/start systems that have allowed for energy recovery through braking and reduced fuel consumption.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Introduction
1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC)
1.1. The different forms of carbon
1.2. Increasing the capacitance of microporous carbon
1.3. Activated microporous carbon
1.4. Hierarchical porous carbon
1.5. Graphene
1.6. Reducing costs: carbons in aqueous media
1.7. Functionalized carbon
1.8. Conclusion
2 Electrolytes
2.1. High potential electrolytes
2.2. What about AN?
2.3. Conclusion
3 Pseudocapacitive Materials
3.1. Conductive polymers
3.2. Metal oxides
3.3. Transition metal nitrides
3.4. Conclusion
4 Hybrid and/or Asymmetric Systems
4.1. Hybrid devices (asymmetric) in aqueous electrolytes
4.2. Asymmetric aqueous supercapacitors
4.3. Hybrid devices in organic electrolytes
4.4. Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Introduction
Table I.1. Main supercapacitor manufacturers. Maxwell recently announced the development of a supercapacitor with a nominal voltage of 3 V
Table I.2. Comparison of the performance of batteries and supercapacitors [MIL 08]
2 Electrolytes
Table 2.1. Conductivity and viscosity of various electrolytes [BÉG 14]
3 Pseudocapacitive Materials
Table 3.1. Supercapacitors based on conductive polymers and their main characteristics [LAF 01b]
4 Hybrid and/or Asymmetric Systems
Table 4.1. Summary of performances achieved with cells using various electrodes and electrolytes [ZHE 03]
Table 4.2. Performance of various asymmetric systems presented in the literature using a MnO
2
electrode [BÉL 08]
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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Energy Storage – Batteries, Supercapacitors Setcoordinated byPatrice Simon and Jean-Marie Tarascon
Volume 3
Supercapacitors Based on Carbon or Pseudocapacitive Materials
Patrice Simon
Thierry Brousse
Frédéric Favier
First published 2017 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKwww.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2017
The rights of Patrice Simon, Thierry Brousse and Frédéric Favier to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017933651
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-84821-722-5
Introduction
I.1. Why supercapacitors?
Electrochemical capacitors, or supercapacitors (SCs), are electrochemical energy storage systems that deliver or absorb large peak power [SIM 08a, CON 99].
Figure I.1 shows the advantage of using these systems and their complementarity with batteries (LFP, in this case). The figure depicts the energy density delivered or stored according to charge time. For longer charge times (low charge rates), the battery stores 20 times the energy stored in supercapacitors. When the charge time decreases (faster charge rates), the energy density of batteries decreases, whereas that of supercapacitors remains almost stable; for charge times of a few seconds, a supercapacitor can store more energy than a battery.
The two curves intersect at about 10 s, which approximately defines the usage boundary of the two systems: applications requiring a supply of energy in short bursts (power), typically less than 10 s, should be addressed by supercapacitors, whereas batteries are better suited to applications requiring a longer energy supply > 10 s.
Figure I.1.Discharge curves of a 12 Ah/3.2 V LFP/graphite Li ion battery and a 3,000 F/2.5 V supercapacitor. The battery and the supercapacitor have an identical volume [MIL 08]. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/brousse/supercapacitors.zip
The specific features of supercapacitors are due to the charge storage mechanism which occurs at the surface of active electrode materials, unlike batteries that store the charge in the bulk of active materials through redox reactions. In supercapacitors, two main types of active materials can be distinguished, as they store charge in two different ways:
– the vast majority of supercapacitors currently uses porous carbon with a large specific surface area (SSA) as the electrode material; these supercapacitors are called electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). They store charge by accumulating ions from the electrolyte at the surface of carbon electrodes under polarization [SIM 08a]; there are therefore no redox reactions involved;
– pseudocapacitive materials are the second family of materials used in supercapacitors. As their name suggests, the electrochemical signature of these materials seems to be capacitive, in the way that it is similar to that of a carbonaceous material (see
Figure I.3
); however, the storage mechanism is different, since the energy is stored by means of fast and reversible redox reactions, usually occuring at the (sub)surface of the material. We will come back to the storage mechanisms and the properties of pseudocapacitive materials in
Chapter 4
[CON 99].
I.2. Some figures
A growing number of scientific articles containing the words “supercapacitor” or “pseudocapacitor” has been published since 2003–2004. Approximately 3,000 articles contained one of these words in 2016; this highlights the current enthusiasm for these systems. When it comes to global research, France is in fifth place, primarily due to groups in Montpellier (ICG), Nantes (IMN), Orléans (CEMHTI) and Toulouse (CIRIMAT), and all members of the French Network on Electrochemical Energy Storage (RS2E). Laboratories such as IS2M in Mulhouse, LCMCP of Chimie Paris Tech or ICMCB in Bordeaux are also strongly involved in the topic as part of RS2E.
I.3. Applications
There are two main types of applications for supercapacitors depending on the format (actual capacitance) of the cells used. In small formats (capacitance lower than 50 F), supercapacitors have been used for over 20 years in the field of power electronics, for example in the development of power buffers or to supply energy to sensors. They are also found in small tools or even in some toys. The real turning point came with their use as the power supply for emergency systems in the opening of the doors of the Airbus A380, a program that began in 2005 and was developed from the design of the aircraft. Even if it is a niche market, it has, on the one hand, demonstrated the advantage of using supercapacitors for power applications, but also the maturity,
