Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena E-Book

Milton J. Rosen

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 888

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Now in its fourth edition, Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena explains why and how surfactants operate in interfacial processes (such as foaming, wetting, emulsion formation and detergency), and shows the correlations between a surfactant's chemical structure and its action.

Updated and revised to include more modern information, along with additional three chapters on Surfactants in Biology and Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and Surfactants, and Molecular Modeling with Surfactant Systems, this is the premier text on the properties and applications of surfactants.

This book provides an easy-to-read, user-friendly resource for industrial chemists and a text for classroom use, and is an unparalleled tool for understanding and applying the latest information on surfactants.   Problems are included at the end of each chapter to enhance the reader’s understanding, along with many tables of data that are not compiled elsewhere.  Only the minimum mathematics is used in the explanation of topics to make it easy-to-understand and very user friendly.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1  Characteristic Features of Surfactants

I. CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA AND SURFACTANTS BECOME SIGNIFICANT

II. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND BEHAVIOR OF SURFACTANTS

III. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS

IV. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES AND USES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SURFACTANTS

V. SOME USEFUL GENERALIZATIONS

VI. ELECTRONIC SEARCHING OF THE SURFACTANT LITERATURE

2  Adsorption of Surface-Active Agents at Interfaces: The Electrical Double Layer

I. THE ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER

II. ADSORPTION AT THE SOLID–LIQUID INTERFACE

III. ADSORPTION AT THE LIQUID–GAS (L/G) AND LIQUID–LIQUID (L/L) INTERFACES

3  Micelle Formation by Surfactants

I. THE CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION (CMC)

II. MICELLAR STRUCTURE AND SHAPE

III. MICELLAR AGGREGATION NUMBERS

IV. FACTORS AFFECTING THE VALUE OF THE CMC IN AQUEOUS MEDIA

V. MICELLIZATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AND ADSORPTION AT THE AQUEOUS SOLUTION–AIR OR AQUEOUS SOLUTION–HYDROCARBON INTERFACE

VI. CMCS IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIA

VII. EQUATIONS FOR THE CMC BASED ON THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS

VIII. THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF MICELLIZATION

IX. MIXED MICELLE FORMATION IN MIXTURES OF TWO SURFACTANTS

4  Solubilization by Solutions of Surfactants: Micellar Catalysis

I. SOLUBILIZATION IN AQUEOUS MEDIA

II. SOLUBILIZATION IN NONAQUEOUS SOLVENTS

III. SOME EFFECTS OF SOLUBILIZATION

IV. MICELLAR CATALYSIS

5  Reduction of Surface and Interfacial Tension by Surfactants

I. EFFICIENCY IN SURFACE TENSION REDUCTION

II. EFFECTIVENESS IN SURFACE TENSION REDUCTION

III. LIQUID–LIQUID INTERFACIAL TENSION REDUCTION

IV. DYNAMIC SURFACE TENSION REDUCTION

6  Wetting and Its Modification by Surfactants

I. WETTING EQUILIBRIA

II. MODIFICATION OF WETTING BY SURFACTANTS

III. SYNERGY IN WETTING BY MIXTURES OF SURFACTANTS

IV. SUPERSPREADING (SUPERWETTING)

7  Foaming and Antifoaming by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactants

I. THEORIES OF FILM ELASTICITY

II. FACTORS DETERMINING FOAM PERSISTENCE

III. THE RELATION OF SURFACTANT CHEMICAL STRUCTURE TO FOAMING IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

IV. FOAM-STABILIZING ORGANIC ADDITIVES

V. ANTIFOAMING

VI. FOAMING OF AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS OF FINELY DIVIDED SOLIDS

VII. FOAMING AND ANTIFOAMING IN ORGANIC MEDIA

8  Emulsification by Surfactants

I. MACROEMULSIONS

II. MICROEMULSIONS

III. NANOEMULSIONS

IV. SELECTION OF SURFACTANTS AS EMULSIFYING AGENTS

V. DEMULSIFICATION

9  Dispersion and Aggregation of Solids in Liquid Media by Surfactants

I. INTERPARTICLE FORCES

II. ROLE OF THE SURFACTANT IN THE DISPERSION PROCESS

III. COAGULATION OR FLOCCULATION OF DISPERSED SOLIDS BY SURFACTANTS

IV. THE RELATION OF SURFACTANT CHEMICAL STRUCTURE TO DISPERSING PROPERTIES

10  Detergency and Its Modification by Surfactants

I. MECHANISMS OF THE CLEANING PROCESS

II. EFFECT OF WATER HARDNESS

III. FABRIC SOFTENERS

IV. THE RELATION OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SURFACTANT TO ITS DETERGENCY

V. BIOSURFACTANTS AND ENZYMES IN DETERGENT FORMULATIONS

VI. NANODETERGENTS (SEE CHAPTER 14, SECTION IIIF)

11  Molecular Interactions and Synergism in Mixtures of Two Surfactants

I. EVALUATION OF MOLECULAR INTERACTION PARAMETERS

II. EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENT ON MOLECULAR INTERACTION PARAMETERS

III. CONDITIONS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF SYNERGISM

IV. THE RELATION BETWEEN SYNERGISM IN FUNDAMENTAL SURFACE PROPERTIES AND SYNERGISM IN SURFACTANT APPLICATIONS

12  Gemini Surfactants

I. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES

II. INTERACTION WITH OTHER SURFACTANTS

III. PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES

13  Surfactants in Biology

I. BIOSURFACTANTS AND THEIR APPLICATION AREAS

II. CELL MEMBRANES

III. SURFACTANTS IN CELL LYSIS

IV. PROTEIN DENATURING AND ELECTROPHORESIS WITH SURFACTANTS

V. PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

VI. SURFACTANTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

14 Surfactants in Nanotechnology

I. SPECIAL EFFECTS OF THE NANOSTATE

II. ROLE OF SURFACTANTS IN THE PREPARATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES

III. SURFACTANTS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

15  Surfactants and Molecular Modeling

I. MOLECULAR MECHANICS METHODS

II. QUANTUM MECHANICAL METHODS

III. ENERGY MINIMIZATION PROCEDURE

IV. COMPUTER SIMULATION METHODS

V. SURFACTANT SYSTEMS

VI. FIVE SELECTED SYSTEMS

VII. SUMMARY OF REPRESENTATIVE MODELING STUDIES

Answers to Selected Problems

Index

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Rosen, Milton J.

 Surfactants and interfacial phenomena / Milton J. Rosen and Joy T. Kunjappu. – 4th ed.

p. cm.

 Includes index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-54194-4 (hardback)

 1. Surface active agents. 2. Surface chemistry. I. Kunjappu, Joy T. II. Title.

 TP994.R67 2012

 668'.1–dc23

2011046735

ISBN 978-1-118-22888-3 (mobi)

ISBN 978-1-118-22893-7 (epdf)

ISBN 978-1-118-22902-6 (epub)

PREFACE

Ever since surfactant science detached its umbilical cord from the body of colloid science and established its unique identity as an independent entity in the 1950s, great leaps in its theoretical and applied fronts have occurred. The real thrust of surfactant science and technology is centered on applications, although its importance in understanding frontline areas like the origin of life and soft matter (a subfield of condensed matter studies) technology is built upon the self-organizing power of surfactants into structures such as micelles or bilayers.

This book, when originally conceived in the 1970s, forecast the impend­ing revolution that surfactant science was to witness in the future, and was developed to bridge the gap between fundamental knowledge and industrial applications. Later editions of the book incorporated advances in theory with a special link to end uses.

The importance of surfactants continues to emerge, as evidenced by the use of polymeric surfactants during the Gulf oil spill of 2010 to disperse the floating oil film in the ocean, in processing materials such as the silicon chip, and in the still emerging areas of in vivo biotechnology and in vitro nanotechnology.

The present edition has been updated to embrace these cutting-edge and state-of-the-art topics in surfactant application by the addition of three new chapters: Chapter 13, “Surfactants in Biology”; Chapter 14, “Surfactants in Nanotechnology”; and Chapter 15, “Surfactants and Molecular Modeling.”

Most of the previously existing chapters have been revised with some new materials in the form of expanded, rewritten or new sections, and/or additional references and problems. Specifically, the following new sections (in bold) are added or existing ones revised (in italics): environmental effects of surfactants, electronic searching of surfactant literature, zwitterioncs (Chapter 1); mechanism of adsorption and aggregation (Chapter 2); rheology of surfactant solutions (Chapter 3); solubilization (Chapter 4); accurate depiction of equations in film elasticity, foaming and antifoaming in organic media (Chapter 7); microemulsions, demulsification (Chapter 8); limitations of the DLVO theory, design of new dispersants (Chapter 9); biosurfactants and enzymes in detergent formulations (Chapter 10); and problems (Chapters 1, 2, 5–10, and 12).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank a group of Brooklyn College students: Rameez Shoukat, Danielle Nadav, Meryem Choudhry, Ariana Gluck, Alex John, Abdelrahim Abdel, Khubaib Gondal, and Yara Adam, whose participation in a workshop conducted by one of the authors (JTK) on “Science Writing” helped accelerate the pace of writing of this edition. Thanks are also due to Drs. Viraht Sahni (Brooklyn College), Teresa Antony (New York City College of Technology) and Richard Magliazzo (Brooklyn College), all from the City University of New York, and Dr. John F. Scamerhorn of the University of Oklahoma for either providing useful leads in developing the topics or for commenting on sections of the manuscript.

We would also like to thank Ms. Anita Lekhwani and Ms. Catherine Odal at John Wiley & Sons and Ms. Stephanie Sakson at Toppan Best-set Premedia for offering their editorial skills and help from acquisition to production of the book.

MILTON J. ROSEN

JOY T. KUNJAPPU

([email protected])