Sustainable Polymers from Biomass E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 657

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

Offering a unique perspective summarizing research on this timely important topic around the globe, this book provides comprehensive coverage of how molecular biomass can be transformed into sustainable polymers. It critically discusses and compares a few classes of biomass - oxygen-rich, hydrocarbon-rich, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon (including carbon dioxide) as well as natural polymers - and equally includes products that are already commercialized.

A must-have for both newcomers to the field as well as established researchers in both academia and industry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Sustainable Polymers

1.3 Biomass Resources for Sustainable Polymers

1.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Sustainability, Production, and Industrialization

2.1 Introduction

2.2 PHA Diversity and Properties

2.3 PHA Production from Biomass

2.4 PHA Application and Industrialization

2.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 3: Polylactide: Fabrication of Long Chain Branched Polylactides and Their Properties and Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fabrication of LCB PLAs

3.3 Structural Characterization on LCB PLAs

3.4 The Rheological Properties of LCB PLAs

3.5 Crystallization Kinetics of LCB PLAs

3.6 Applications of LCB PLAs

3.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4: Sustainable Vinyl Polymers via Controlled Polymerization of Terpenes

4.1 Introduction

4.2 β-Pinene

4.3 α-Pinene

4.4 Limonene

4.5 β-Myrcene, α-Ocimene, and Alloocimene

4.6 Other Terpene or Terpenoid Monomers

4.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Use of Rosin and Turpentine as Feedstocks for the Preparation of Polyurethane Polymers

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Rosin Based Polyurethane Foams

5.3 Rosin-Based Polyurethane Elastomers

5.4 Terpene-Based Polyurethanes

5.5 Terpene-Based Waterborne Polyurethanes

5.6 Rosin-Based Shape Memory Polyurethanes

5.7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Rosin-Derived Monomers and Their Progress in Polymer Application

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Rosin Chemical Composition

6.3 Rosin Derived Monomers for Main-Chain Polymers

6.4 Rosin-Derived Monomers for Side-Chain Polymers

6.5 Rosin-Derived Monomers for Three-Dimensional Rosin-Based Polymer

6.6 Outlook and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Industrial Applications of Pine-Chemical-Based Materials

7.1 Pine Chemicals Introduction

7.2 Crude Tall Oil

7.3 Terpenes

7.4 Tall Oil Fatty Acid

7.5 Rosin

7.6 Miscellaneous Products

References

Chapter 8: Preparation and Applications of Polymers with Pendant Fatty Chains from Plant Oils

8.1 Introduction

8.2 (Meth)acrylate Monomers Preparation and Polymerization

8.3 Norbornene Monomers and Polymers for Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

8.4 2-Oxazoline Monomers for Living Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization

8.5 Vinyl Ether Monomers for Cationic Polymerization

8.6 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 9: Structure–Property Relationships of Epoxy Thermoset Networks from Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Vegetable Oils

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Epoxidized Vegetable Oils

9.3 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 10: Biopolymers from Sugarcane and Soybean Lignocellulosic Biomass

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Composition and Pretreatment

10.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass from Soybean

10.4 Production of Polymers from Soybean Biomass

10.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass from Sugarcane

10.6 Production of Polymers from Sugarcane Bagasse

10.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Modification of Wheat Gluten-Based Polymer Materials by Molecular Biomass

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Modification of Wheat Gluten Materials by Molecular Biomass

11.3 Biodegradation of Wheat Gluten Materials Modified by Biomass

11.4 Biomass Fillers for WG Biocomposites

11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives of WG-Based Materials

References

Chapter 12: Copolymerization of C1 Building Blocks with Epoxides

12.1 Introduction

12.2 CO

2

/Epoxide Copolymerization

12.3 CS

2

/Epoxide Copolymerization

12.4 COS/Epoxide Copolymerization

12.5 Properties of C1-Based Polymers

12.6 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 13: Double-Metal Cyanide Catalyst Design in CO2/Epoxide Copolymerization

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Polycarbonates and Their Synthesis Methods

13.3 Copolymerization of CO

2

and Epoxides

13.4 Double-Metal Cyanides and Their Structural Variation

13.5 Methods of DMC Synthesis

13.6 Factors Influencing Catalytic Activity of DMCs

13.7 Role of Co-catalyst on the Activity of DMC Catalysts

13.8 Copolymerization in the Presence of Hybrid DMC Catalysts

13.9 Copolymerization with Nano-lamellar DMC Catalysts

13.10 Effect of Crystallinity and Crystal Structure of DMC on Copolymerization

13.11 Effect of Method of Preparation of DMC Catalysts on Their Structure and Copolymerization Activity

13.12 Reaction Mechanism of Copolymerization

13.13 Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Sustainable Polymers from Biomass

Edited by Chuanbing Tang and Chang Y. Ryu

Editors

Prof. Chuanbing Tang

University of South Carolina

Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry

631 Sumter Street

SC

United States

Prof. Chang Y. Ryu

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Dept. of Chemistry & Chemical Biology

110 8th Street

NY

United States

Cover

folded up sheet

fotolia/pico, pellets

fotolia/BillionPhotos.com, stack of wood

fotolia/Alberto Masnovo

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Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

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List of Contributors

Guo-Qiang Chen

Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University

Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Science

Beijing 100084

P. R. China

Fuxiang Chu

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Huagao Fang

Hefei University of Technology

Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices

Hefei, Anhui Province 230009

P. R. China

Mitra S. Ganewatta

University of South Carolina

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

631 Sumter Street

Columbia, SC 29208

USA

Phillip Hurd

Georgia-Pacific Chemicals LLC, Technology Center

2883 Miller Road

Decatur, GA 30035

USA

Feng Jing

Alcon Laboratories, Inc.

11460 Johns Creek Parkway

Duluth, GA 30097

USA

Masami Kamigaito

Nagoya University

Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering

Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku

Nagoya 464-8603

Japan

Shaofeng Liu

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Chuanwei Lu

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Bianca C. Maniglia

Universidade de São Paulo

Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto

Ribeirão Preto, SP

Brazil

Milena Martelli-Tosi

Universidade de São Paulo

Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto

Ribeirão Preto, SP

Brazil

Jananee Narayanan

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis

110 8th Street

Troy, NY 12180

USA

Lien Phun

Georgia-Pacific Chemicals LLC, Technology Center

2883 Miller Road

Decatur, GA 30035

USA

Matthew Ravalli

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis

110 8th Street

Troy, NY 12180

USA

Brittaney Rupp

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis

110 8th Street

Troy, NY 12180

USA

Chang Y. Ryu

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis

110 8th Street

Troy, NY 12180

USA

Kotaro Satoh

Nagoya University

Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering

Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku

Nagoya 464-8603

Japan

Joby Sebastian

Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory

Dr. Homi Bhabha Road

Pune 411 008

India

and

India and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)

New Delhi 110 001

India

David Snead

Georgia-Pacific Chemicals LLC, Technology Center

2883 Miller Road

Decatur, GA 30035

USA

Darbha Srinivas

Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory

Dr. Homi Bhabha Road

Pune 411 008

India

and

India and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)

New Delhi 110 001

India

Chuanbing Tang

University of South Carolina

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

631 Sumter Street

Columbia, SC 29208

USA

Delia R. Tapia-Blácido

Universidade de São Paulo

Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto

Ribeirão Preto, SP

Brazil

Nathan M. Trenor

University of South Carolina

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

631 Sumter Street

Columbia, SC 29208

USA

Chunpeng Wang

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Jifu Wang

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Ying Wang

School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology

Beijing 100081

P. R. China

Zhigang Wang

University of Science and Technology of China

CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale

Hefei, Anhui Province 230026

P. R. China

Zhongkai Wang

University of South Carolina

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

631 Sumter Street

Columbia, SC 29208

USA

Zheqin Yang

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis

110 8th Street

Troy, NY 12180

USA

Juan Yu

Chinese Academy of Forestry

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Liang Yuan

University of South Carolina

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

631 Sumter Street

Columbia, SC 29208

USA

Jinwen Zhang

Washington State University

Composite Materials and Engineering Center, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering

Pullman, WA 99163

USA

Meng Zhang

Research Institute for Forestry New Technology, CAF

Beijing, 100091

P. R. China

and

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Xiaoqing Zhang

CSIRO Manufacturing

Gate 3, Normanby Road

Clayton, VIC 3168

Australia

Xing-Hong Zhang

Zhejiang University

MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering

Hangzhou 310027

P. R. China

Ying-Ying Zhang

Zhejiang University

MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering

Hangzhou 310027

P. R. China

Yonghong Zhou

Research Institute for Forestry New Technology, CAF

Beijing 100091

P. R. China

and

Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, CAF

Nanjing 210042

P. R. China

Chapter 1Introduction

Mitra S. Ganewatta, Chuanbing Tang and Chang Y. Ryu

1.1 Introduction

The discovery and development of synthetic polymeric materials in the twentieth century is undisputedly recognized as one of the most significant inventions humans have made to improve the quality of life. Durability, light weight, processability, and diverse physiochemical properties are just a few merits why polymeric materials are widely used for the manufacture of simple water bottles to setting up modern space stations. Outstanding processability features along with adequate physical properties have resulted in polymeric materials displacing many other materials, such as wood, metal, and glass to a considerable extent. Packaging, construction, transportation, aerospace, biomedical, energy, and military are few examples of industrial sectors, where polymeric materials prevail. Global production of plastic has risen from 204 million tons in 2002 to about 299 million tons in 2013 [1]. Manufacture of non-natural polymers is largely associated with the utilization of essentially non-renewable fossil feedstocks, either natural gas or petroleum. Approximately, 5–8% of the global oil production is used for plastic production [2]. Accompanying environmental problems include, but are not limited to, generation of solid waste that accumulates in landfills and oceans, production pollution and related environmental problems [3]. A major underlying issue in the use of plastics is the enormous carbon footprint associated with their production as portrayed by burning 1 kg of plastics to generate about 3–6 kg of CO2 (including production and incineration) [2]. In addition, their impervious nature to enzymatic breakdown and “linear” consumption as opposed to natural counterparts results in relentless generation of solid waste from most commercial polymers. Although polymers can be recycled to produce new materials or incinerated to recover its heating source value, such an endeavor is neither clearly understood by the majority of consumers nor technological advances are available in most parts of the world. Depleting oil reserves as well as these detrimental environmental impacts observed in the twentyfirst century have driven government, academia, private sectors, and non-profit organizations to explore sustainable polymers from renewable biomass as a long-term alternative. In addition, the consumers’ preference as well as the governmental landscape has shaped in favor of sustainable products for a greener environment. Significant advancements have been made to discover sustainable polymers that are cost-effective to manufacture, as well as compete or out-perform traditional materials in mechanical aspects as well as from environmental standpoints [4]. The valuable contributions to the field by several recent books [5, 6] and reviews [7–11] broadly discuss about sustainable polymeric materials. Our objective is to provide a perspective of the efforts to convert small molecular biomass into sustainable polymers in different continents. This introductory chapter overviews sustainable polymers in general and briefly summarizes the content of each chapter afterward.

1.2 Sustainable Polymers

Given the influence of polymers as an indispensable resource for the modern society, it should be taken as a firm concern for sustainable development. There are many statements to define the term of sustainability. For example, “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” is the working definition provided by the report Our Common Future, published in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development [12]. In most cases, the terms renewable polymers and sustainable polymers are used with overlapping meanings and without any distinction. Contrary to common belief, it should be noted that not all renewable polymers are sustainable. Typically, renewable polymers are made from renewable chemical feedstocks. However, to be sustainable, those renewable polymers should be more environmentally friendly to produce and use. Sustainable polymers should demand less non-renewable chemicals or energy for their synthesis and processing, make less pollution emissions, and be amenable to be decomposed and even composted after reaching their service lifetime (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 A comparison between traditional petrochemical-based polymers and sustainable polymers.

The past two decades have overseen a great level of scientific advancements that have paved paths toward the primary stages of an era of sustainability, carbon neutrality, and independence from petroleum sources for making polymeric materials. Rapid expansion of this field can be visualized by the exponential increase in the number of scientific reports published on sustainable polymers in recent years (Figure 1.2), appearance of dedicated scientific journals such as ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering and the steady increase of the market share of renewable bio-based material products, for example, NatureWorks Ingeo™, DuPont™ Sorona®. Although the worldwide production capacity of bio-based polymers is only 5.7 million tons (2% of total polymer capability) in 2014, it is expected to triple to nearly 17 million tons by 2020. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the production capacity of bio-based polymers is impressive at about 20%, whereas the CAGR for the petroleum-based polymers is at 3–4% [13].

Figure 1.2 Scientific publications with the keyword “sustainable polymers” published from 1995 to 2016.

SciFinder.)

The principal aspects of the concept of sustainable materials are to utilize renewable biomass resources for raw materials as opposed to petrochemical sources and to ideally incorporate degradability to the novel materials such that sustainable polymers inherit a cyclic life cycle considering the time factor.

As illustrated in Figure 1.3, the plastic industry has a considerable influence on global carbon cycle. “Fossil-sourced” carbon dioxide release is so overwhelming that natural photosynthesis or other natural sinks cannot effectively moderate for the equilibration of the global ecosystem. However, a material feedstock transition from fossil-based chemicals to the renewable biomass-derived compounds for the production of sustainable polymer materials would diminish their contribution to the greenhouse effects because of their low carbon or carbon neutral characteristics. As against the geographically uneven distributions of world-wide fossil oil resources, natural biomass is widely available in many geographic areas for the development of local or regional supply of chemical and material feedstock resources without significant technological intervention. In addition, the market price fluctuations would be much favorable compared to those from crude oil resources and can provide a steady and stable supply over a long period of time.

Figure 1.3 A schematic diagram to illustrate the concepts of sustainable polymers from biomass.

1.3 Biomass Resources for Sustainable Polymers