Synthetic Diamond Films E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: The Wiley Series on Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1134

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The book gives an overview on the current development status of synthetic diamond films and their applications. Its initial part is devoted to discuss the different types of conductive diamond electrodes that have been synthesized, their preparation methods, and their chemical properties and characterization. The electrochemical properties of diamond films in different scientific areas, with special attention in electroanalysis, are further described. Different strategies to modify these electrodes are also discussed as important technologies with ability to change their electrochemical characteristics for a more specific electroanalytical use. The second part of the book deals with practical applications of diamond electrodes to the industry, organic electrosynthesis, electrochemical energy technology, and biotechnology. Special emphasis is made on the properties of these materials for the production of strong oxidizing species allowing the fast mineralization of organics and their use for water disinfection and decontamination. Recent biotechnological development on biosensors, microelectrodes, and nanostructured electrodes, as well as on neurochemistry, is also presented. The book will be written by a large number of internationally recognized experts and comprises 24 chapters describing the characteristics and theoretical fundaments of the different electrochemical uses and applications of synthetic diamond films.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Preface to the Wiley Series

Contributors

Part I: Synthesis of Diamond Films

Chapter 1: Electrochemistry on Diamond: History and Current Status

1.1 Enabling Technologies

1.2 First Studies of the Electrochemistry on Diamond

1.3 Development of Electrochemical Applications of Diamond

1.4 Other Directions

1.5 Conclusions

Chapter 2: Synthesis of Diamond Films

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Diamond Film CVD Techniques

2.3 Diamond Nucleation and Growth

2.4 Diamond Epitaxy

2.5 Nanodiamond thin Films

2.6 Diamond Nanocomposite Films

2.7 Conclusions

Chapter 3: Types of Conducting Diamond Materials and Their Properties

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Conducting Diamond Materials (CDMs)

3.3 CDM Preparation Procedures

3.4 CDM Doping Materials

3.5 Non-Boron-Doped CDMs

3.6 Conclusions

Part II: Electrochemistry of Diamond Films

Chapter 4: Electrochemistry of Diamond

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Principal Electrochemical Properties of Diamond

4.3 The Effect of Semiconductor Nature of Diamond on its Electrochemical Behavior

4.4 The Effect of Crystal Structure on the Electrochemical Behavior of Diamond

4.5 Diamond-Based Nanostructures as Electrode Materials: Vacuum-Annealed Undoped Polycrystalline Diamond

4.6 Conclusions

4.7 Acknowledgments

Chapter 5: Applications of Polycrystalline and Modified Functional Diamond Electrodes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Preparation of BDD Electrodes

5.3 Electrochemical Properties of BDD as Electrode Materials

5.4 Applications in Electrochemical Analysis Using Polycrystalline BDD electrodes

5.5 Modified Functional BDD Electrodes

5.6 Conclusions

5.7 Acknowledgments

Chapter 6: Diamond Ultramicroelectrodes and Nanostructured Electrodes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Ultramicroelectrodes: Definition and Electrochemical Characteristics

6.3 Boron-Doped Diamond UMEs

6.4 Boron-Doped Diamond UME Arrays

6.5 Nanostructured BDD Electrodes

6.6 Conclusions and Future Directions

Part III: Electroanalytical Applications

Chapter 7: Electroanalytical Applications of Diamond Films

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Pharmaceutical Compounds

7.3 Biomolecules or Biological Compounds

7.4 Pollutant Compounds

7.5 Heavy Metals

7.6 Food and Dietary Contaminants

7.7 Miscellaneous

7.8 Conclusions

7.9 Acknowledgments

Chapter 8: Cathodic Pretreatment of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes and Their Use in Electroanalysis

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Cathodic Pretreatment of Conductive Diamond Films

8.3 Electroanalytical Applications

8.4 Gold Deposition and Stripping

8.5 Conclusions

Part IV: Industrial Applications

Chapter 9: Use of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Electrochemical Generation and Applications of Ferrate

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Electrochemical Generation of the Ferrate Ion with Iron Anodes

9.3 Electrochemical Generation of the Ferrate Ion with Inert Anodes

9.4 Electrochemical Generation of the Ferrate Ion with Boron-Doped Diamond Anode

9.5 Applications

9.6 Conclusions

9.7 Acknowlegments

Chapter 10: Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Compounds Induced by Electro-Generated Free Hydroxyl Radicals on BDD Electrodes

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Influence of Anode Material on the Reactivity of Electrolytic Hydroxyl Radicals

10.3 Electro-Generation and Detection of Quasi-Free hydroxyl Radicals on BDD Electrode

10.4 Concentration Profile of Hydroxyl Radicals on BDD Electrode

10.5 Kinetic Model of Organics Oxidation on BDD Anode

10.6 Electrochemically Induced Mineralization of Organic Compounds by Molecular Oxygen

10.7 Conclusions

10.8 Exercises

Chapter 11: Modeling of Electrochemical Process for Water Treatment Using Diamond Films

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Theoretical Models

11.3 Conclusions

11.4 Acknowledgments

Chapter 12: Production of Strong Oxidizing Substances with BDD Anodes

12.1 Electrolyses with Conductive-Diamond Anodes

12.2 Production and Storage of Oxidizing Substances: Experimental Setups

12.3 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals with Conductive-Diamond Anodes

12.4 Synthesis of Peroxoacids and Peroxosalts

12.5 Synthesis of Halogen Oxoanions

12.6 Synthesis of Ferrates

12.7 Effect of the Type of Diamond on the Efficiency of the Production of Oxidants

12.8 Conclusions

12.9 Acknowledgments

Chapter 13: Ozone Generation Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Ozone

13.3 Technologies for Producing Ozone

13.4 Reaction Mechanism for the Production of Ozone with Boron-Doped Diamond

13.5 Conclusions

Chapter 14: Application of Synthetic Diamond Films to Electro-Oxidation Processes

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Application in Wastewater Treatment

14.3 Application in Organic Electrosynthesis

14.4 Conclusions

Chapter 15: Fabrication and Application of Ti/BDD for Wastewater Treatment

15.1 Fabrication of Stable Ti/BBD Electrodes

15.2 Use of Ti/BDD Electrodes for Wastewater Treatment

15.3 Conclusions

Chapter 16: Application of Diamond Films to Water Disinfection

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Disinfection Water

16.3 Science and Technology for Water Purification

16.4 Electrochemical Disinfection/Purification Systems

16.5 Diamond Films for Drinking Water Disinfection

16.6 Production of Inorganic Disinfection by-Products and Inorganic Species Elimination

16.7 Electrochemical Free-Chlorine Systems Using Diamond Films

16.8 Conclusions

Chapter 17: Fenton-Electrochemical Treatment of Wastewaters for the Oxidation of Organic Pollutants Using BDD

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Fundamentals of Fenton's Electrochemistry

17.3 Electrogeneration of H2O2 and Regeneration of Fe2+

17.4 Degradation of Organics in BDD/O2 Tank Reactors

17.5 Degradation of Organics in others Tank Reactors with a BBD Anode

17.6 Degradation of Organics in Batch Recirculation BDD/O2 Flow Cells

17.7 Conclusions

Chapter 18: Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Systems with Diamond Films

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Different Techniques Used to Modify BDD Films

18.3 Application of Modified BDD Films as Electrocatalytic Surfaces for Fuel Cells

18.4 Application of BDD Films in Batteries

18.5 Application of BDD Electrodes as Electrochemical Capacitors

18.6 Conclusions

Chapter 19: Use of Diamond Films in Organic Electrosynthesis

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Specific Features of BDD Electrodes

19.3 Stability of BDD Electrodes in Organic Media

19.4 Electrolysis Cells for BDD Electrodes for Organic Transformations

19.5 Anodic Transformations on BBD Electrodes

19.6 Cathodic Synthesis on BDD Electrodes

19.7 Conclusions

19.8 Acknowledgment

Part V: Bioelectrochemical Applications

Chapter 20: Diamond Sensors for Neurochemistry

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Central and Peripheral Nervous System

20.3 The Process of Neurotransmission

20.4 Electroanalytical Methods to Study Neurotransmitter Release

20.5 Limitations of Current Techniques for In Vitro and In Vivo Monitoring

20.6 Applications of Diamond Sensors and Devices in Neurochemistry

20.7 Conclusions and Outlook for the Future

20.8 Acknowledgments

Chapter 21: DNA-Modified Diamond Films

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Diamond Transducer Properties

21.3 Surface Modification of Diamond

21.4 DNA Molecules on Diamond

21.5 Sensing of DNA Hybridization

21.6 Summary and Outlook

21.7 Acknowledgments

Color Plates

Index

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Synthetic diamond films : preparation, electrochemistry, characterization, and applications / edited by Enric Brillas, Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle.

p. cm.—(The Wiley series on electrocatalysis and electrochemistry)

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-48758-7 (cloth)

1. Diamonds—Electric properties. 2. Diamond thin films. I. Brillas, Enric.

II. Martínez-Huitle, Carlos Alberto.

TK7871.15.D53S96 2011

666′.88—dc22

2010053392

Preface

Diamond is an extremely hard crystalline form of carbon and it is considered an excellent material for many applications due to its unusual physical and chemical properties. For this reason, it has long attracted the attention of scientists and the public. Interest in diamond has been further increased by the discovery of the possibility to produce polycrystalline diamond films with mechanical and electronic properties comparable with natural diamond. Over the last few years, the number of publications has increased considerably regarding the synthesis and/or applications of this new material. Currently, synthetic diamond films have been the subject of applications and fundamental research in several fields of the science.

Much effort was spent during the 1960s and 1970s to investigate diamond synthesis until it was successfully achieved by using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique with excellent diamond growth rates, which led to good prospects for films being used for some industrial applications. Since their introduction into electrochemical research in 1987, doped-diamond electrodes have become more and more popular. This is based on their unique properties that distinguish them from conventional electrode materials and make many electrochemical processes more attractive or even possible. These electrodes, then, have been the subject of a large variety of applications and fundamental research in electrochemistry, opening up a novel branch known as the “electrochemistry of synthetic diamond films.” Almost every aspect of electrochemistry has been impacted by the diamond electrode, from instrumental analysis to industrial applications.

Electrically conductive films of boron-doped diamond (BDD) have gained increasing popularity in many electrochemical applications, in large part due to the fact that very high quality films possess background currents that can be some orders of magnitude lower than those other types of electrode materials. Other important properties of these electrodes are related to their large potential window, low adsorption, corrosion stability in very aggressive media, high efficiency in oxidation processes, and very low double-layer capacitance. Therefore, diamond films have become suitable materials for several purposes classified in different areas: synthesis of chemicals, modification of diamond surfaces, electroanalysis, water disinfection, destruction of pollutants in waters, and so on. The versatility of these materials has also been extended to develop sensors, microelectrodes, nanoelectrodes, and biosensors. Recently, synthetic diamond is starting to be commercialized for practical purposes—for example, diamond electrochemical detectors for liquid chromatography and large-scale diamond films for industrial wastewater treatment.

The future for the synthetic diamond films is bright. These materials are starting to make important contributions for the measurements and understanding of an extensive range of chemical processes. Several other complementary techniques are emerging and can provide new knowledge for the chemistry of materials. Future interdisciplinary developments based on the close collaboration of chemists, electrochemists, engineers, biologists, and neuroscientists can be envisaged to ensure an effective application and productive use of synthetic diamonds to answer important chemical and medical questions and to resolve vital environmental problems. Several areas of interest have been opened up by these developments, including the measurement of release from single neurons, new sensors that are smaller and yet faster responding, sensor arrays for simultaneously detecting several analytes, novel biosensors for new neurochemical species of interest, and medical and clinical applications to neurochemistry and neuroscience.

Synthetic Diamond Films: Preparation, Electrochemistry, Characterization, and Applications is a timely book that has gathered together the best international experts of the electrochemical community and who have imagined a large number of approaches to investigate the electrochemical properties of diamond films and their characteristics. All of these contributing experts now focus on aspects that promote efficiency, selectivity, and high performances for a broad variety of laboratory and industrial diamond applications with goals ranging from organic synthesis to environmental problems.

The first part of the book (Chapters 1 to 3) deals with diamond history, emphasizing the discovery of synthetic diamond films and types of them. The second part (Chapters 4 to 6) concerns the beginning and new branches of the electrochemistry of diamond films. Chapters 7 and 8, which make up the third part of the book, summarize the studies of the diamond films on electroanalytical applications. The chapters focus on the use of these materials as sensors for detecting organic or inorganic species in order to propose the electroanalysis as an alternative quality control technique as well as for monitoring chemical species on air, soil, and water ecosystems. The fourth part (Chapters 9 to 19) is devoted to industrial applications of diamond films describing specific problems of particular interest for organic chemistry, energy conversion (fuel cells and batteries), and environmental aspects. Since diamond films are the most efficient materials for water treatment and water disinfection, Chapters 9 to 17 are devoted to these industrial applications in order to show the properties of these materials for environmental protection. The electrochemical oxidation with diamond films has been recognized as an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP), whereas the recent application of synthetic diamond films to other emerging EAOPs, such as electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton, has also opened new prospects for wastewater remediation. The last part of the book (Chapters 20 to 21) focuses on innovative applications of diamond films, ranging from novel biosensors for chemical species of interest, as well as medical and clinical applications to neurochemistry and neuroscience by diamond microelectrodes and nanoelectrodes.

We strongly believe that this book will greatly promote research in this key field in the forthcoming years for the benefit of our society.

Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle

Enric Brillas

Editors

Preface to the Wiley Series on Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry

This series covers recent advances in electrocatalysis and electrochemistry and depicts prospects for their contribution into the present and future of the industrial world. It aims to illustrate the transition of electrochemical sciences from its beginnings as a solid chapter of physical chemistry (covering mainly electron transfer reactions, concepts of electrode potentials and structure of electrical double layer) to the field in which electrochemical reactivity is shown as a unique chapter of heterogeneous catalysis, is supported by high-level theory, connects to other areas of science, and includes focus on electrode surface structure, reaction environment and interfacial spectroscopy.

The scope of this series ranges from electrocatalysis (practice, theory, relevance to fuel cell science and technology) to electrochemical charge transfer reactions, biocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry. While individual volumes may appear quite diverse, the series promises updated and overall synergistic reports providing insights to help further our understanding of the properties of electrified solid/liquid systems. Readers of the series will also find strong reference to theoretical approaches for predicting electrocatalytic reactivity by such high-level theories as density functional theory. Beyond the theoretical perspective, further vehicles for growth are such significant topics such as energy storage, syntheses of catalytic materials via rational design, nanometer-scale technologies, prospects in electrosynthesis, new instrumentation and surface modifications. In this context, the reader will notice that new methods being developed for one field may be readily adapted for application in another.

Electrochemistry and electrocatalysis have both benefited from numerous monographs and review articles due to their depth, complexity, and relevance to the practical world. The Wiley Series on Electrocatalysis and Electrochemistry is dedicated to present the current activity by focusing each volume on a specific topic that is timely and promising in terms of its potential toward useful science and technology. The chapters in these volumes will also demonstrate the connection of electrochemistry to other disciplines beyond chemistry and chemical engineering, such as physics, quantum mechanics, surface science, and biology. The integral goal is to offer a broad-based analysis of the total development of the fields. The progress of the series will provide a global definition of what electrocatalysis and electrochemistry are now, and will contain projections about how these fields will further evolve in time. The purpose is twofold, to provide a modern reference for graduate instruction and for active researchers in the two disciplines, as well as to document that electrocatalysis and electrochemistry are dynamic fields that are expanding rapidly, and are likewise rapidly changing in their scientific profiles and potential.

Creation of each volume required the editors involvement, vision, enthusiasm and time. The Series Editor thanks each Volume Editor who graciously accepted his invitation. Special thanks go to Ms. Anita Lekhwani, the Series Acquisitions Editor, who extended the invitation to edit this series to me and has been a wonderful help in its assembling process.

Andrzej Wieckowski

Series Editor

Contributors

Leonardo Santos Andrade, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus de Catalão, Avenida Lamartine P. Avelar 1120, 75704-020 Catalão, GO, Brazil

John C. Angus, Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7217, USA

Amara Apilux, Sensor Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Helmut Baltruschat, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, D 53117 Bonn, Germany

Erick Roberto Bandala González, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Ambiente, Sta. Catarina Mártir, Cholula-Puebla, México

Jéssica Horacina Bezerra Rocha, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário-Lagoa Nova, CEP 59.072-970, Natal/RN, Brazil

Karel Bouzek, Department of Inorganic Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Enric Brillas, Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Facultat de Química, Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona, Spain

Erika Bustos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Edo. de Querétaro, México

Pablo Cañizares, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Enrique Costa Building, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain

Orawon Chailapakul, Department of Chemistry, Sensor Research Unit and Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Pimkwan Chantarateepra, Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

Guohua Chen, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University Science & Technology, Clean Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

Xueming Chen, Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China

Christos Comninellis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Group of Electrochemical Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Yasuaki Einaga, Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan

Orlando Fatibello-Filho, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil

Akira Fujishima, President, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Tokyo, Japan

Luís A. Godínez, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Edo. de Querétaro, México

José L. Guzmán-Mar, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Laboratorios Especializados, Universidad de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México

Aracely Hernández-Ramírez, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Laboratorios Especializados, Universidad de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México

Luís Hinojosa-Reyes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Laboratorios Especializados, Universidad de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México

Katherine Holt, Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Building, 20, Gordon St., London, WC1H 0AJ, UK

Xin Jiang, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Str. 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany

Agnieszka Kapalka, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Group of Electrochemical Engineering, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Axel Kirste, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany

Carlos Alberto Martínez-Huitle, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário-Lagoa Nova, CEP 59.072-970, Natal/RN, Brazil

Yunny Meas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro, Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Edo. de Querétaro, México

Stamo Mentizi, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Organische Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany

Christoph E. Nebel, Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), Department Micro- and Nano-Sensors (GF5), Tullastrasse 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany

Marco Panizza, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Università di Genova, P.le J.F. Kennedy 1, 16129 Genoa, Italy

Bhavik A. Patel, Centre for Biomedical and Health Sciences Research, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ

Juan Manuel Peralta-Hernández, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Laboratorios Especializados, Universidad de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México

Yurnny V. Pleskov, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia

Marco Antonio Quiroz-Alfaro, Universidad de las Américas Puebla. Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Ambiente, Sta. Catarina Mártir, Cholula-Puebla, México

Romeu Cardozo Rocha–Filho, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil

Manuel A. Rodrigo, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Enrique Costa Building, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain

Cristina Sáez, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Enrique Costa Building, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain

Giancarlo R. Salazar-Banda, Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa, Universidade Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolandia, 49032-490 Aracaju-SE, Brazil

Ana Sánchez-Carretero, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Enrique Costa Building, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain

Onofrio Scialdone, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Meccanica e Informatica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90100, Palermo, Italy

Virender K. Sharma, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard Melbourne, Fl 32901, USA

Weena Siangproh, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattanna, Bangkok 10110, Thailand

Ignasi Sirés, Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Facultat de Química, Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona, Spain

Vadali V.S.S. Srikanth, School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, University of Hyderabad, Central University (P.O.), Hyderabad 500046, India

Siegfried R. Waldvogel, Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany

Nianjun Yang, Fraunhofer-Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), Department Micro- and Nano-Sensors (GF5), Tullastrasse 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany

Part I

Synthesis of Diamond Films