System of Systems Engineering E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Systems Engineering and Management
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1037

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Discover the emerging science and engineering of System of Systems Many challenges of the twenty-first century, such as fossil fuel energy resources, require a new approach. The emergence of System of Systems (SoS) and System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) presents engineers and professionals with the potential for solving many of the challenges facing our world today. This groundbreaking book brings together the viewpoints of key global players in the field to not only define these challenges, but to provide possible solutions. Each chapter has been contributed by an international expert, and topics covered include modeling, simulation, architecture, the emergence of SoS and SoSE, net-centricity, standards, management, and optimization, with various applications to defense, transportation, energy, the environment, healthcare, service industry, aerospace, robotics, infrastructure, and information technology. The book has been complemented with several case studies--Space Exploration, Future Energy Resources, Commercial Airlines Maintenance, Manufacturing Sector, Service Sector, Intelligent Transportation, Future Combat Missions, Global Earth Observation System of Systems project, and many more--to give readers an understanding of the real-world applications of this relatively new technology. System of Systems Engineering is an indispensable resource for aerospace and defense engineers and professionals in related fields.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Preface

About the Editor

Contributors

Chapter 1 Introduction to System of Systems

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

1.3 CHALLENGING PROBLEMS IN SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

1.4 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2 An Open Systems Approach to System of Systems Engineering

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 THE OPEN SYSTEM CONCEPT

2.3 OPEN SYSTEM PRINCIPLES

2.4 THE OPEN SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SoSE

2.5 CONCLUSION

2.6 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 3 Engineering of a System of Systems

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 BACKGROUND

3.3 DEFINITIONS

3.4 MOTIVATION FOR THE ENGINEERING OF A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

3.5 FEDERALIST MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

3.6 STRUCTURAL APPROACH—DEFINING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ENGINEERING A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

3.7 CASE STUDIES INVOLVING THE ENGINEERING OF A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

3.8 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 4 System of Systems Architecting

4.1 COMPLEX SYSTEM ARCHITECTING

4.2 EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM ARCHITECTING

4.3 SoS ARCHITECTING ENABLERS: THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL LIFE

4.4 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 5 Modeling and Simulation for Systems of Systems Engineering

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 REVIEW OF M&S FOUNDATIONAL FRAMEWORK

5.3 MODEL-BASED ENGINEERING

5.4 SoS ARCHITECTURE MODELING: DoDAF, UML, AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

5.5 SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS TEST AND EVALUATION USING DEVS M&S

5.6 EXPERIMENTAL FRAME CONCEPTS

5.7 EXPERIMENTAL FRAMES FOR SoS TEST AND EVALUATION

5.8 DEVS UNIFIED PROCESS AND ITS SERVICE-ORIENTED IMPLEMENTATION

5.9 APPLICATION: SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS SIMULATION FOR HETEROGENEOUS MOBILE SENSOR NETWORKS

5.10 APPLICATION: AGENT-IMPLEMENTED TEST INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM

5.11 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 6 Net Centricity and System of Systems

6.1 NET CENTRICITY OVERVIEW

6.2 NETWORK-ENABLED SYSTEMS INTERACTION

6.3 INSTITUTIONAL SCOPE AND CONTEXT REPRESENTATION IN SERVICE INTERACTION

6.4 INFORMATION ASSURANCE

6.5 ARCHITECTING AN NCSoS

6.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7 Emergence in System of Systems

7.1 THE SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS PROBLEM DOMAIN

7.2 NATURE OF EMERGENCE IN SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS

7.3 DEALING WITH EMERGENCE IN SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS PROBLEM DOMAINS

7.4 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS AND CHALLENGES

REFERENCES

Chapter 8 System of Systems Management

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 BUILDING A FOUNDATION: AN SoS PHILOSOPHY

8.3 PARADOX IN SoS MANAGEMENT

8.4 BUILDING A CONTEXT: SoS CHARACTERISTICS

8.5 DESCRIBING A SoS—A CASE STUDY OF THE NYC YELLOW CAB SYSTEM

8.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 9 Systems Engineering for Department of Defense Systems of Systems

9.1 BACKGROUND

9.2 DEFENSE CONSIDERATIONS IN SoS SE

9.3 SoS IN THE DoD TODAY

9.4 COMPARING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AT A SYSTEM LEVEL WITH SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS

9.5 CORE ELEMENTS OF SoS SE

9.6 EMERGING PRINCIPLES FOR SoS SE

9.7 FUTURE DIRECTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 10 Boeing’s SoSE Approach to e-Enabling Commercial Airlines

10.1 BOEING e-ENABLING INTRODUCTION

10.2 BOEING’S e-ENABLED AIRLINE PROGRAM

10.3 BOEING e-ENABLED TECHNICAL ARCHITECTURE

10.4 e-ENABLED APPLICATIONS

10.5 THE e-ENABLED 787

10.6 BOEING’S GOLD CARE MAINTENANCE FOR 787

10.7 SUMMARY

Chapter 11 System of Systems Perspectives on Infrastructures

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND MODEL

11.3 SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL ENERGY INFRASYSTEM

11.4 FLEXIBLE SYNTHESIS GAS INFRASYSTEM

11.5 RESEARCH AGENDA

11.6 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 12 Advances in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Case Study in System of Systems Perspective

12.1 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

12.2 SENSOR NETWORKS AS SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

12.3 FAULT-TOLERANT DESIGN

12.4 DECISION MAKING

12.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Chapter 13 A System of Systems View of Services

13.1 SERVICE SYSTEM

13.2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

13.3 SYSTEM INTEGRATION

13.4 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 14 System of Systems Engineering in Space Exploration

14.1 KEY ISSUES IN SPACE EXPLORATION SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

14.2 PROGRESS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SoSE

14.3 FUTURE CHALLENGES IN SPACE EXPLORATION SoSE

14.4 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 15 Communication and Navigation Networks in Space System of Systems

15.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

15.2 SPACE SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS

15.3 COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION NETWORK ARCHITECTURES

15.4 COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE-BASED APPROACH

15.5 END-TO-END COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTING PROCESS

15.6 APPLYING DoDAF VIEWS

15.7 MODELING, SIMULATION, AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING OF COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION NETWORKS

15.8 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 16 Operation and Control of Electrical Power Systems

16.1 BACKGROUND

16.2 CURRENT PRACTICES IN OPERATION AND CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

16.3 THE CHANGING NATURE OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

16.4 WIDE AREA MONITORING AND CONTROL

16.5 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

16.6 TRENDS IN CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

16.7 NEW APPROACHES AND OPPORTUNITIES

16.8 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

16.9 FUTURE CHALLENGES IN OPERATION AND CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

REFERENCES

Chapter 17 Future Transportation Fuel System of Systems

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS OVERVIEW

17.3 TRANSPORTATION FUEL SYSTEM AS A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

17.4 VISION FOR FUTURE TRANSPORTATION FUEL SoS

17.5 CHALLENGES

17.6 NEAR-TERM EVOLUTION OF SoS: TRANSITION TO BIOMASS TRANSPORTATION FUEL SoS

17.7 LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF SoS: TRANSITION TO HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION FUEL SoS

17.8 MANAGING THE TRANSITION USING SE TOOLS

17.9 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 18 Sustainable Environmental Management from a System of Systems Engineering Perspective

18.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

18.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

18.3 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS DECISION METHODOLOGIES

18.4 SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS METHODOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

18.5 INSIGHTS AND DISCUSSION POINTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 19 Robotic Swarms as System of Systems

19.1 INTRODUCTION

19.2 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

19.3 SYSTEM OF SYSTEM APPROACH TO ROBOTIC SWARMS

19.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF SYSTEM OF ROBOTS: GROUNDSCOUTS

19.5 HARDWARE-MODULARITY

19.6 SOFTWARE MODULARITY

19.7 COMMUNICATION: ADAPTIVE AND ROBUST

19.8 APPLICATION: MINE DETECTION WITH ANT COLONY-BASED SWARM INTELLIGENCE

19.9 CONCLUDING INSIGHTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

REFERENCES

Chapter 20 Understanding Transportation as a System of Systems Problem

20.1 INTRODUCTION

20.2 GENERAL PROBLEM CHARACTERIZATION

20.3 AIR TRANSPORTATION AS A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

20.4 SUMMARY

20.5 FUTURE CHALLENGES

REFERENCES

Chapter 21 Health Care System of Systems

21.1 INTRODUCTION

21.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

21.3 HEALTH CARE SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

21.4 NETWORK-CENTRIC HEALTH CARE

21.5 WORLD HEALTH INFORMATION GRID (WHIG)

21.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Chapter 22 System of Systems Engineering of GEOSS

22.1 GEOSS: ITS BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

22.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR BUILDING GEOSS

22.3 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND ITS APPLICATION TO GEOSS

22.4 SoSE ACTIVITIES FOR GEOSS

22.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

REFERENCES

Author Index

Subject Index

Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on theweb at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, theymake no representations orwarranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Systems of systems engineering : innovations for the 21st century/edited by Mo Jamshidi.

p. cm. – (Wiley series in systems engineering and management)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-19590-1 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. Systems engineering–Technological innovations. 2. Large scale systems. I. Jamshidi, Mohammad.

TA168.S8885 2009

620.001’171–dc22

2008018996

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED JOINTLY TO:

All my mentors, in alphabetical order:

George Bekey (USC)

Joe Cruz (UIUC)

Joe Engelberger (Unimation)

Ali Javan (MIT)

Eli Jury (UC-Berkeley)

Petar Kokotovic (UIUC)

Bill Perkins (UIUC)

Faz Reza (Syracuse U)

Andy Sage (UVA)

Solon Stone (OSU)

Lotfi Zadeh (UC-Berkeley)

who directly or indirectly taught me systems and control engineering throughout my career

Preface

In the twenty-first century, information science and technology continues to be critical benefactors of systems engineering that continue to redefine the design problem in industry, energy, defense, security, environment, and so on. Systems engineering is currently undergoing a major change to extend itself beyond a single system framework. Recently, there has been a growing interest in a class of complex systems whose constituents are themselves complex. These systems are sometimes called system of systems (SoS) or federation of systems (FoS). Performance optimization, robustness, and reliability among an emerging group of heterogeneous systems in order to realize a common goal have become the focus of various applications including military, security, aerospace, space, manufacturing, service industry, environmental systems, and disaster management, to name a few. There is an increasing interest in achieving synergy between these independent systems to achieve the desired overall system performance. Critical issues that deserve attention are coordination and interoperability in an SoS. SoS technology is believed to more effectively implement and analyze large, complex, independent, and heterogeneous systems working (or made towork) cooperatively. The main thrust behind the desire to viewthe systems as an SoS is to obtain higher capabilities and performance than would be possible with a traditional system view. The SoS concept presents a high-level viewpoint and explains the interactions between each of the independent systems. However, when it comes to engineering and engineering tools of SoS, we have a long way to go. This is the main goal of this volume. Here, we have put together 22 chapters, 8 on such fundamental issues as openness, engineering, architecture, modeling, simulation, net centricity (integration), emergence, technical evaluation, and management of SoS. In addition, a set of chapters indicative of the state of the art in current or potential applications of the technology of SoS such as defense, services, commercial airlines, transportation systems, health care, space exploration, space communication, global earth oberservation, robotics, infrastructures, electric power systems, microgrid systems, and environmental impacts are all included. Experts from all over the globe have been recruited to contribute to it. The structure of the book is as follows: Chapter 1 is a brief introduction, and Chapters 2–8 examine the fundamental issue of systems engineering as outlined from SoS point of view. Application areas are covered in Chapters 8–22.

This volume in the Wiley Series on System Engineering and Management would not have been possible without the diligent work and support of the contributing authors from industry, academia, The United States, Japan, the Netherlands, Canada, and so on. The editor thanks all of them for their contributions to SoS technology and to this volume. I wish to expressmysincere appreciation and thanks to Professor Andrew P. Sage, Series Editor and an author of Chapter 3, for his encouragement to make this volume a reality. I wish to thank him, among 10 other mentors, to whom I have dedicated this volume—from my days at Oregon State University (1963–1967) to University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1967–1971) to the formation of my professional career after I finished my systems and control education. Last, but by no means least, I wish to thankmy dear wife, Jila Salari Jamshid, for her continuous love and support in all that I have undertaken in 34 years of companionship.

MO JAMSHIDI

San Antonio, Texas, USA

May 10, 2008

About the Editor

Mo M. Jamshidi (Fellow IEEE, Fellow ASME, Associate Fellow AIAA, Fellow AAAS, Fellow TWAS, Fellow NYAS) received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Oregon State University in June 1967 and the M.S and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in February 1971. He holds three honorary doctorate degrees from Azerbaijan National University, Baku, Azerbaijan, 1999, University of Waterloo, Canada and Technical University of Crete, Greece, both in 2004. Currently, he is Lutcher Brown Endowed Chaired Professor at the University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA. He is also the Regents Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the AT&T Professor of Manufacturing Engineering, and founding Director of the Center for Autonomous Control Engineering (ACE) at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. He has been a consultant and special government employee with the U.S. Department of Energy, NASA Headquarters and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory for a combined 25-year period. He has worked in various academic and industrial positions at various national and international locations including with IBM and GM Corporations. In 1999, he was a NATO Distinguished Professor in Portugal conducting lectures on intelligent systems and control. He has over 600 technical publications including 63 books (12 textbooks) and edited volumes. Six of his books have been translated into at least one foreign language. He is the founding editor or cofounding editor or editor-in-chief of many journals (including Elsevier’s International Journal of Computers and Electrical Engineering Elsevier, UK, Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing, TSI Press, USA) and one magazine (IEEE Control Systems Magazine). He is editor-in-chief of the new IEEE Systems Journal (inaugurated in 2007) and coeditor-in-chief of the International Journal on Control and Automation. He has been the General Chairman of the World Automation Congress (WAC, wacong.org) from its inception. He has been active within the IEEE for 42 years. Dr. Jamshidi is a Fellow of the IEEE for contributions to “large-scale systems theory and applications and engineering education,” a Fellow of the ASME for contributions to “control of robotic and manufacturing systems,” Fellow of the AAAS—the American Association for the Advancement of Science for contributions to “complex large-scale systems and their applications to controls and optimization,” a Fellow of Academy of Developing Nations (Trieste, Italy), Member of the Russian Academy of Nonlinear Sciences, Associate Fellow, Hungarian Academy of Engineering, aFellow of the New York Academy of Sciences, and recipient of the IEEE Centennial Medal and IEEE Control Systems Society Distinguished Member Award and the IEEE CSS Millennium Award. In October 2005, he was awarded the IEEE SMC Society’s Norbert Weiner Research Achieve-ment Award and in October 2006, he received the IEEE SMC Society Outstanding Contribution Award. As an OSU Alumni, he was inducted into Oregon State Uni-versity’s Academy of Distinguished Engineers in February 2007. He is the founding Chair and Chair of the IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering since 2006-2009.

Contributors

Cyrus Azani is a Senior Systems Engineer at Northrop Grumman Corporation and an Adjunct Professor at University of Maryland, MD, USA. His areas of research are system of systems engineering, architecture, and assessment; open architecture strategy, implementation and assessment; and multicriteria decision-making models and approaches.

Kul B. Bhasin leads the architecture development team for NASA’s SCaN-Constellation Integration Project at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH, USA. He develops communication network architectures within a system of systems environment for the upcoming exploration missions of NASA.

John Boardman graduated with 1st Class Honors in Electrical Engineering from the University of Liverpool, from where he also obtained his PhD. He is currently a Distinguished Service Professor in the School of Systems and Enterprises at Stevens Institute of Technology. Before coming to Stevens Institute of Technology he held positions at the University of Portsmouth as the GEC Marconi Professor of Systems Engineering and Director of the School of Systems Engineering and later Dean of the College of Technology. He is a Chartered Engineer and Fellow of the Institute of Engineering and Technology and the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE).

Rajendra V. Boppana is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA. His research interests include wireless and sensor networks, secure routing and intrusion detection techniques, and autonomic computing and communications.

Suresh Chalasani is an Associate Professor and the Chair of the Business Department at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside, WI, USA. His research interests include supply chain management, health care management, and emerging technologies.

Robert J. Cloutier is a Research Associate Professor in the School of Systems and Enterprises at Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ, USA. His research interests include model-based systems engineering and systems architecting, reference architectures, systems engineering patterns, and model-driven architecture. Rob has over 20 year’s experience in systems engineering and architecting software engineering, and project management in both commercial and defense industries.

Cihan H. Dagli, Cihan Dagli is Professor of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management and also a Professor Computer and Electrical Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, USA. Dr. Dagli is also the Intelligent Systems Design Area Editor for the International Journal of General Systems and the director of the Smart Engineering Systems Lab (SESL) at the Missouri S&T. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Industrial Engineering from the Middle East Technical University and a Ph.D. Applied Operations Research in Large Scale Systems Design and Operation from the University of Birmingham, UK.

Judith S. Dahmann, Ph.D., is a principal Senior Scientist in the MITRE Corporation Center for Acquisition and Systems. Prior to this, Dr. Dahmann was Chief Scientist for the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office for the U.S. DoD, where she led the development of the High-Level Architecture for simulations, now IEEE 1516. Dr. Dahmann holds a B.A. from Chatham with a year as a special student at Dartmouth College, an M.A. from The University of Chicago, and a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University.

Daniel A. DeLaurentis is an Assistant Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Purdue University, joining the University in 2004 under the System of Systems Signature Area. His areas of interests are system of systems modeling and analysis methodologies and advanced design techniques applied to air and space transportation systems.

Michael J. DiMario, as a Senior Program Manager at Lockheed Martin, manages System of Systems Command and Control programs and is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Systems and Enterprises at Stevens Institute of Technology. His research interests include system of systems and interoperability of complex systems. Michael has over 25 years of experience in managing and engineering systems and software programs.

Michael Duffy, Ph.D., is the Lead Systems Engineer for the U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Program at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. He has over 35 years of systems engineering experience in energy, safeguards and security, nuclear waste management, national defense, transportation, and space programs.

Liping Fang is a Professor and Chair of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada. His research interests are systems engineering, industrial engineering, multiple participant-multiple objective decision making, and decision support systems.

Bobi Garrett is the Associate Director for Strategic Development and Analysis at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. She has 29 years of technical leadership experience, focused on advancing new technologies in the energy, environmental, defense, and health care sectors.

Alex Gorod received a B.S. in Information Systems and a M.S. in Telecommunications from Pace University. Prior to his graduate studies he held a Research Analyst position at Salomon Smith Barney. He is currently a Robert Crooks Stanley Doctoral Fellow in Engineering Management at Stevens Institute of Technology, with research interests in the area of management of complex systems. He is also the Vice President of the Stevens Student Chapter of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE).

Jeffery L. Hayden is a Space Systems Engineer and Communication Architecture Consultant for NASA and the DoD. His areas of interest include space communication system of systems and network of networks architecture development, space communication network design tools and databases, spacecraft design, exploration mission concepts of operation, and scientific instrument design.

Paulien M. Herder is an Associate Professor and holds an M.Sc. degree in chemical engineering (1994) and a Ph.D. degree in systems engineering (1999), both from Delft University of Technology. She works at the faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management and is coleader of the ’’Flexible Infrastructures" subprogramme within the Next Generation Infrastructures (NGInfra) programme. Her research focuses on design of large-scale networked systems.

Keith W. Hipel is a University Professor of Systems Design Engineering at the University of Waterloo in Canada. His research interests are the development of conflict resolution, multiple objective decision making, and time series analysis techniques, with applications in water resources management, hydrology, environmental engineering, and sustainable development.

Ian A. Hiskens is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison WI, USA. His major research interests lie in the area of power system analysis, in particular system dynamics, security, and numerical techniques. Other research interests include nonlinear and hybrid dynamical systems, and control.

Mo Jamshidi is the Lutcher Brown Endowed Chaired Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA. His areas of interests are system of systems simulation, architecture, and control with application to land, sea, and air rovers.

Steve D. Jolly is a Senior Systems Engineer with Lockheed Martin Space Systems and has worked many deep space missions including Mars 98, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. More recently, he is supporting the Orion Program (Crew Exploration Vehicle), the Geostationary Environmental Operational Satellite Program (GOES-R), and the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Program. He is also instrumental in the development of a three-course graduate series in systems engineering at the University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.

Charles B. Keating is a Professor of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering and Director, National Centers for System of Systems Engineering at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, VA, USA. His research interests include system of systems engineering, complex systems exploration methodologies, and R&D systems management.

D. Marc Kilgour is a Professor of Mathematics at Wilfrid Laurier University, Research Director: Conflict Analysis for the Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, and Adjunct Professor of Systems Engineering at the University of Waterloo. His main research interest is optimal decision making in multi- decision maker and multicriteria contexts, including deterrence and counterterrorism, power sharing, fair division, voting, negotiation, and infrastructure management.

Nil Kilicay-Ergin is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Systems Engineering at the Missouri University of Science & Technology (Missouri S&T). She received her Ph.D. degree in Systems Engineering from the University of Missouri-Rolla. Her research interests are analysis of system of systems, complex adaptive systems, artificial life, and financial markets.

Petr Korba, Ph.D., is a Principal Scientist in the field of power and control systems at ABB Corporate Research Ltd., Baden, Switzerland. His areas of interest include robust and adaptive control, model identification and parameter estimation techniques, and their applications to power systems.

Asad M. Madni is Retired President and Chief Operating Officer of BEI Technologies Inc., and is currently the Executive Managing Director and Chief Technology Officer of Crocker Capital, San Francisco, CA, USA. His areas of interest are wireless sensor networks, miniaturized "intelligent" sensors and systems, and signal processing for aerospace and defense, automotive and transportation, and industrial and commercial applications.

José Luis Risco Martín is an Assistant Professor in Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. He received his Ph.D. from Complutense University of Madrid in 2004. His research interests are computational theory of modeling and simulation, with emphasis on DEVS, dynamic memory management of embedded systems, and net-centric computing.

Saurabh Mittal is the founder and CEO of Dunip Technologies, New Delhi, India. Previously he worked as Research Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona, USA where he received his Ph.D in 2007. His areas of interest include Web-based M&S using SOA, executable architectures, Distributed Simulation, and System of Systems engineering using DoDAF. He can be reached at [email protected]

Brian K. Muirhead is the Program Systems Engineer for NASA’s Constellation Program, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA. He is responsible for the program architecture for the United States’ human exploration of the Moon and beyond.

Amer Obeidi is a Lecturer at the Department of Management Sciences, University of Waterloo, Canada. His research interest is in the development of integrated systems of decision and conflict models that incorporate emotions with complex levels of perception and awareness, with applications in military and national security strategic and tactical planning, as well as environmental and societal concerns.

Jay S. Pearlman, Ph.D. is a Chief Engineer of NCOC&EM at Boeing and is Cochair of the GEO Architecture and Data Committee. His areas of interest are system of systems architecture, ocean studies, and information systems. He is also active in remote sensing sensors and applications and aerial observation.

Hans W. Polzer is a Lockheed Martin Fellow working for the Network Centric Integration Department within the Advanced Concepts Division of the Lockheed Martin Corporate Engineering and Technology organization. Hans conducts network-centric assessments of Lockheed Martin programs and pursuits and is the Technical Lead for the corporation’s participation in the Network-Centric Operations Industry Consortium (NCOIC). He is interested in measures of diversity in perspectives, context, and scope across systems and the institutions that sponsor them.

Cynthia Riley is the Lead Systems Integrator for the U.S. Department of Energy Biomass Program at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. She has over 30 years of engineering experience in the energy and environmental industries, focused on analysis and evaluation of emerging alternative energy technologies.

Andrew P. Sage received the BSEE degree from the Citadel, the SMEE degree from MIT, and the Ph.D. from Purdue, the latter in 1960. He received honorary Doctor of Engineering degrees from the University of Waterloo in 1987 and from Dalhousie University in 1997. He has been a faculty member at the University of Arizona, the University of Florida, and the Southern Methodist University. Following 10 years of service at the University of Virginia, where he held a named professorship and was the first chair of their systems engineering department, he became first American Bank Professor of Information Technology and Engineering in 1984 at George Mason University and the first Dean of the School of Information Technology and Engineering. In May 1996, he was elected Founding Dean Emeritus of the School and also was appointed a University Professor. He is an elected Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the International Council on Systems Engineering. He is editor of the John Wiley textbook series on Systems Engineering and Management, the INCOSE Wiley journal Systems Engineering, and coeditor of Information, Knowledge, and Systems Management. He was elected to membership in the National Academy of Engineering in 2004. His interests include systems engineering and management efforts in a variety of application areas including systems integration and architecting, reengineering, and industrial ecology and sustainable development.

Ferat Sahin is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA. His areas of interests are swarm robotics, multiagent systems, system of systems simulation for autonomous rovers, and MEMS-based microrobots.

Debra Sandor is the Lead Systems Engineer for the U.S. Department of Energy Biomass Program at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. She has 18 years of experience in engineering and energy R&D focused on evaluating and reporting advances in alternative transportation fuels and renewable energy technologies.

Brian Sauser holds a B.S. from Texas A&M University, a M.S. from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, and a Ph.D. from Stevens Institute of Technology. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the School of Systems and Enterprises at Stevens Institute of Technology. His research interests are in theories, tools, and methods for bridging the gap between systems engineering and project management for managing complex systems. This includes the advancement of systems theory in the pursuit of a Biology of Systems, system and enterprise maturity assessment for system and enterprise management, and systems engineering capability assessment.

Ryosuke Shibasaki is a professor and director of Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo. His research interests cover mapping/tracking technologies for mobile and immobile objects in urban environment, context-aware services based on human behavior sensing, planning and design of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) and its application to the integration of heterogeneous systems. He graduated department of civil engineering, University of Tokyo in 1980. After working for Public Works Research Institute, Minisitry of Construction for six years, he returned to Univ. of Tokyo as an associate professor. In 1998, he became a professor of Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo and since 2006 he serves as a director. In 2006, he became one of the co-chairs of ADC (Architecture and Data Committee) of GEO (Group of Earth Observation).

Prasanna Sridhar received the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Bangalore University, India, in 2000, Master of Science degree in Computer Science in 2003, and Ph.D. degree in Computer Engineering in 2007, the last two from the University of New Mexico. In 2006, he joined the University of Texas at San Antonio as a Research Scientist Assistant. His current research interests are embedded sensor networks, mobile robotics, modeling and simulation, and computational intelligence. Currently, he is with Microsoft Corporation.

Wil A.H. Thissen, M.Sc. in Physics and Ph.D. in Systems and Control Engineering, is a Professor and Head of the Policy Analysis Department, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology. His research interests are in the development of concepts, methods, and tools to deal with the complexity of large- scale, multiactor systems, in particular infrastructure systems.

James M. Tien received the B.E.E. from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and the SM, E.E. and Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has held leadership positions at Bell Telephone Laboratories, at the Rand Corporation, and at Structured Decisions Corporation (which he cofounded in 1974). He joined the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering at RPI in 1977, became the Acting Chair of the department, joined a unique interdisciplinary Department of Decision Sciences and Engineering Systems as its founding Chair, and twice served as the Acting Dean of Engineering. In 2007, he joined the University of Miami as a Distinguished Professor and Dean of its College of Engineering. His areas of research interest include the development and application of computer and systems analysis techniques to information and decision systems. He has published extensively, been invited to present dozens of plenary lectures, and been honored with both teaching and research awards, including being elected a Fellow in IEEE, INFORMS, and AAAS and being a recipient of the IEEE Joseph G. Wohl Outstanding Career Award, the IEEE Major Educational Innovation Award, the IEEE Norbert Wiener Award, and the IBM Faculty Award. He is an Honorary Professor at a number of non-U.S. Universities. Dr. Tien is also an elected member of the U. S. National Academy of Engineering.

Gary D. Wells works as a Senior Systems Engineer within the federal government with over 15 year’s experience in supporting the acquisition and systems engineering of national space systems. Gary is a Ph.D. candidate at George Mason University. His research interests involve management and systems engineering of systems of systems.

Nilmini Wickramasinghe is an Associate Professor and Associate Director of the Center for the Management of Medical Technologies at Stuart Graduate School of Business, Illinois Institute of Technology. Her research interests include management aspects of medical technology, e-health, and knowledge management in health care.

George F. Wilber is a Technical Fellow in the Phantom Works Research and Development Group within the Boeing Company. His areas of expertise are complex software computing algorithms and systems architecture and design for airborne computing and networking systems.

Bernard P. Ziegler is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson, and Director of the Arizona Center for Integrative Modeling and Simulation. He is developing DEVS-methodology approaches for testing mission thread end-to-end interoperability and combat effectiveness of Defense Department acquisitions and transitions to the Global Information Grid with its Service-Oriented Architecture (GIG/SOA).

Chapter 1

Introduction to System of Systems

MO JAMSHIDI

The University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Recently, there has been a growing interest in a class of complex systems whose constituents are themselves complex. Performance optimization, robustness, and reliability among an emerging group of heterogeneous systems in order to realize a common goal have become the focus of various applications including military, security, aerospace, space, manufacturing, service industry, environmental systems, and disaster management, to name a few (Crossley, 2004; Lopez, 2006; Wojcik and Hoffman, 2006). There is an increasing interest in achieving synergy between these independent systems to achieve the desired overall system performance (Azarnoosh et al., 2006). In the literature, researchers have addressed the issue of coordination and interoperability in a system of systems (SoS) (Abel and Sukkarieh, 2006; DiMario, 2006). SoS technology is believed to more effectively implement and analyze large, complex, independent, and heterogeneous systems working (or made to work) cooperatively (Abel and Sukkarieh, 2006). The main thrust behind the desire to view the systems as an SoS is to obtain higher capabilities and performance than would be possible with a traditional system view. The SoS concept presents a high-level viewpoint and explains the interactions between each of the independent systems. However, the SoS concept is still at its developing stages (Abbott, 2006; Meilich, 2006).

The next section will present some definitions out of many possible definitions of SoS. However, a practical definition may be that a system of systems is a “supersystem” comprised of other elements that themselves are independent complex operational systems and interact among themselves to achieve a common goal. Each element of an SoS achieves well-substantiated goals even if they are detached from the rest of the SoS. For example, a Boeing 747 airplane, as an element of an SoS, is not SoS, but an airport is an SoS, or a rover on Mars is not an SoS, but a robotic colony (or a robotic swarm) exploring the red planet, or any other place, is an SoS. As will be illustrated shortly, associated with SoS, there are numerous problems and open-ended issues that need a great deal of fundamental advances in theory and verifications. It is hoped that this volume will be a first effort toward bridging the gaps between an idea and a practice.

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS

Based on the literature survey on system of systems, there are numerous definitions whose detailed discussion is beyond the space allotted to this chapter (Kotov, 1997; Luskasik, 1998; Pei, 2000; Carlock and Fenton, 2001; Sage and Cuppan, 2001; Jamshidi, 2005). Here we enumerate only six of many potential definitions:

Definition 1: Systems of systems exist when there is a presence of a majority of the following five characteristics: operational and managerial independence, geographic distribution, emergent behavior, and evolutionary development (Jamshidi, 2005).

Definition 2: Systems of systems are large-scale concurrent and distributed systems that are comprised of complex systems (Carlock and Fenton, 2001; Jamshidi, 2005).