Taphonomy of Human Remains E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
A truly interdisciplinary approach to this core subject within Forensic Science
- Combines essential theory with practical crime scene work
- Includes case studies
- Applicable to all time periods so has relevance for conventional archaeology, prehistory and anthropology
- Combines points of view from both established practitioners and young researchers to ensure relevance
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Notes on Contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Introduction
I.1 Efremov: from Taphonomy to Science Fiction
I.2 The Meaning of Taphonomy
I.3 The Rationale Behind this Volume
I.4 Challenges in Forensic Taphonomy
I.5 Organisation of the Volume
References
Part I: General Post-Mortem Processes: Degradation of Soft Tissue, Bone and Associated Materials
Chapter 1: Gross Post-Mortem Changes in the Human Body
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Immediate Post-Mortem Period
1.3 Subsequent Weeks
1.4 Other Post-Mortem Modifications
1.5 Skeletonisation
1.6 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Cited court cases
Chapter 2: Microscopic Post-Mortem Changes: the Chemistry of Decomposition
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Autolysis
2.3 Putrefaction
2.4 Factors Affecting Autolysis and Putrefaction
2.5 Impact of the Decomposition Process on the Surrounding Environment
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Matrices and Sampling Methods
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.4 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Chapter 4: Blood Degradation and Bloodstain Age Estimation
4.1 Introduction: Forensic relevance of bloodstains
4.2 Blood Degradation
4.3 Mechanical and Morphological Changes
4.4 Optical Methods
4.5 Practical Implementation
4.6 Crime Scene Challenges of Bloodstain Age Estimation
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanisms of DNA Degradation
5.3 Preservation of DNA: Recommendations Concerning Sampling and Storage
5.4 Methodologies to Analyse Degraded DNA
5.5 Future Prospects
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Taphonomic Alterations to Hair and Nail
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structure of Hair and Nail
6.3 Changes to Hair and Nail
6.4 Processing and Storage of Hair
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7: Taphonomy of Teeth
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanical Damage: Forensic Case Study
7.3 Effects of Thermal Damage
7.4 Thermal Damage: Archaeological Case Study
7.5 Caveats
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: The Taphonomy of Natural Mummies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Post-Mortem Decay
8.3 Natural or Spontaneous Mummification
8.4 Soft Tissue Changes
8.5 Environment, Culture or Both?
8.6 Dry Environments
8.7 Bog Environments
8.8 Cold Environments
8.9 Anaerobic Environments
8.10 Differential Decomposition
8.11 Post-Depositional Factors and Taphonomic Impact
8.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Structures and Properties of Clothing Materials
9.3 Decomposition Mechanisms of Clothing Materials in Depositional Environments
9.4 The Influence of Clothing on the Decomposition Processes
9.5 Forensic and Archaeological Studies of Clothing Degradation
9.6 Protocols for Forensic and Archaeological Clothing Collection and Analysis
9.7 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Chapter 10: Post-Mortem Interval Estimation: an Overview of Techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Why Estimating the PMI is Important
10.3 Scientific Method versus Anecdote in PMI Estimation
10.4 Methods for Estimating PMI
10.5 Case Example
10.6 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Part II: The Depositional Environment
Chapter 11: Relationships between Human Remains, Graves and the Depositional Environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Taphonomy of Buried Human Remains
11.3 Factors that Influence Decomposition: Environmental and Intrinsic Variables
11.4 Decomposition Processes: Autolysis, Putrefaction and Decay
11.5 The Forensic Application of Taphonomy
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Bacterial Growth and Metabolism
12.3 Limiting Factors of Bacterial Growth and Function
12.4 Bacteria as Symbiotic Organisms
12.5 Bacteria as Taphonomic Agents
12.6 Putrefaction
12.7 Microbiology in Forensic Medicine
12.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Insects: Useful Information for Forensic Scientists and Archaeologists
13.3 Forensic Entomology and the Application of Insect Knowledge in Forensic Contexts
13.4 Insects Recovered from Graves or Associated with Human Remains in Archaeological Contexts
13.5 Body Alteration at the Crime Scene as a Result of Insect Activity
13.6 Bone Modifications due to Insect Activity
13.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14: Forensic Botany and Stomach Contents Analysis: Established Practice and Innovation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Forensic Applications of Botany
14.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: The Effects of Weathering on Bone Preservation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 A Brief History of Weathering Studies
15.3 Variables that Influence Weathering
15.4 The Value of Bone Weathering Analyses in Forensic Investigations
15.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16: The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Terrestrial Mammalian Scavengers
16.3 Avian Scavengers
16.4 Applications to Crime Scene Investigation
16.5 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Chapter 17: Decomposition in Aquatic Environments
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Decomposition Processes in Aquatic Environments
17.3 Post-Mortem Submersion Interval
17.4 Factors Influencing Aquatic Decomposition Processes
17.5 Case Reports and Studies
17.6 Recovery Protocols
17.7 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Chapter 18: Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Assessment of Taphonomic Change in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts
18.3 The Study of Taphonomy in Forensic and Archaeological Contexts
18.4 Taphonomic Assessment in Mass Burial Deposits
18.5 Taphonomic Processes and Differential Preservation in Mass Burials: Current Research and Application
18.6 Case Study 1: Differential Preservation of Human Remains and Artefacts in Archaeological Mass Graves of the Same PMI and its Utility to Establish Differences in Burial Environments over Time
18.7 Case Study 2: Differential Preservation of Human Remains in Forensic Mass Graves and its Use as an Evidentiary Tool
18.8 Conclusion and Future Research
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 19: Reconstructing the Original Arrangement, Organisation and Architecture1 of Burials in Archaeology
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Reconstruction of Perishable Funerary Architecture and its Arrangement
19.3 Analysis of Several Individuals in the Same Pit
19.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part III: Anti-, Peri- and Post-Mortem Modifications to the Body
Chapter 20: Forensic Toxicology of Decomposed Human Remains
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Toxicological Matrices
20.3 Case Study
20.4 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Chapter 21: Thermal Alteration to the Body
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Soft Tissue Changes
21.3 Hard Tissue Changes
21.4 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Chapter 22: Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Corrosive Substances: Definitions and History
22.3 The Effect of Corrosive Substances on Human Tissues: Case Examples
22.4 Research on Corrosive Agents and Decomposition
22.5 Case Study: The Pandy Case
22.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 23: Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma
23.3 Alternative Solutions for Distinguishing Between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone
23.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Collection Care and Management of Human Remains
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Collection Origin and Deposition
24.3 Collection Management
24.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part IV: Case Studies
Chapter 25: The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Methods and Collection
25.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Background on the Exhumations Carried out by the NFI
26.3 Variables
26.4 Cemetery versus Clandestine Burials
26.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27: Case Studies on Taphonomic Variation between Cemetery Burials
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Burial Taphonomy: Examples of Cemetery Burials
27.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Case Study from Mexico City
28.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains and Textile Degradation: a Case Study
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Outdoor Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains
29.3 Case Study
29.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 30: Saponified Brains of the Spanish Civil War
30.1 Introduction: the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
30.2 Two Mass Graves
30.3 Methods and Materials
30.4 Results: Taphonomic Factors and Brain Analysis
30.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 31: Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Background to the Case
31.3 Physical Evidence Recovered at the Crime Scene
31.4 Additional Experiments
31.5 Discussion
31.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 32: A Soldier's Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Background and Case History
32.3 Condition of the Remains and Inventory
32.4 Analysis Results
32.5 Discussion
32.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Decomposition in an Unusual Environment: Body Sealed in Concrete
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Case Report
33.3 Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter 34: A Case Study from Los Angeles: Baby in Concrete
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Background to the Case
34.3 External Examination
34.4 Internal Examination
34.5 Discussion
34.6 Conclusion
References
Part V: Past, Present and Future Considerations
Chapter 35: History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee
35.1 Introduction
35.2 History of the ARF
35.3 Daily Operations of the FAC
35.4 Research at the ARF
35.5 Training Opportunities at the ARF
35.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 36: Crime Scene Investigation, Archaeology and Taphonomy: Reconstructing Activities at Crime Scenes
36.1 Introduction
36.2 CSI Fundamentals
36.3 The Archaeological Paradigm
36.4 Assessing Archaeological Assemblages and Site Formation Processes
36.5 The CSI Practice, an Archaeological and Criminalistic Perspective
36.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Gross Post-Mortem Changes in the Human Body
Figure 1.1 The
tâche noire de la sclérotique
, a post-mortem artefact.
Figure 1.2 A sketch of a case of cadaveric spasm from a 19th-century pathology textbook showing a soldier who is enjoying a beverage while his head has been blown off by a shell explosion.
Figure 1.3 A razor blade clutched in the hand, an apparent example of cadaveric spasm.
Figure 1.4 Clear sparing in hypostasis from the body lying on a hard surface and the small blood vessels being compressed, preventing hypostasis developing in these areas.
Figure 1.5 Propeller injuries. The regular, parallel-incised wounds are the result of the propeller passing over the body as the boat moves through the water.
Figure 1.6 So-called ‘washerwoman change’. The waterlogged skin becomes wrinkled and may slough off. The sloughed skin can still be used to obtain fingerprints.
Chapter 2: Microscopic Post-Mortem Changes: the Chemistry of Decomposition
Figure 2.1 Example of a hydrolysis reaction.
Figure 2.2 Example of a hydrogenation reaction.
Figure 2.3 Carcass decomposition depicting a cadaver decomposition island (CDI) surrounding a decomposing pig carcass.
Figure 2.4 Opportunistic plants colonise areas of ideal nutrient availability.
Chapter 3: Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition
Figure 3.1 (A) In classical GC the two peaks are co-eluting. The modulator cuts this peak to generate a 2D (GC × GC) plot where the two peaks are resolved. (B) The 1D traces of a GC × GC analysis is a succession of fast GC separations that are software transformed to obtain the 2D plot.
Figure 3.2 Illustration of the data processing method to analyse data from decomposition headspace compared to control samples.
Chapter 4: Blood Degradation and Bloodstain Age Estimation
Figure 4.1 Reflectance spectra of bloodstains of different ages, and absorption spectra of the haemoglobin derivatives oxyhaemoglobin (HbO
2
), methaemoglobin (MetHb) and haemichrome (HC).
Figure 4.2 Near infrared absorbance spectra of bloodstains of different ages (Source : Edelman 2012. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.).
Figure 4.3 Forensic spectral camera at a simulated crime scene.
Figure 4.4 (a) Grey scale image created from the hyperspectral image of the blood on the handkerchief. (b) Image showing pixels highly correlating with blood based on the reflectance spectra in white, low correlations areshown in black. (c) Grey scale image of the scene overlaid with white (Mrs Jenkins' blood) and black (unknown source) pixels showing bloodstains of different ages. (d) Reflectance spectra of the selected bloodstains.
Chapter 5: DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis
Figure 5.1 Electropherograms produced using the Powerplex® ESI 16 system (Promega). (a) DNA profile from a pristine sample. All loci and alleles are well balanced. (b) DNA profile from a degraded sample. A decrease in peak height with increasing molecular weight of the loci is observed in the first, second and third channel.
Figure 5.2 Nucleosomes and DNA degradation protection. Nucleosomes provide protection from DNA degradation when the DNA strand is wrapped around the histone protein complex. DNA strands in the linker region are unprotected and most vulnerable to DNA degradation by endonucleases (indicated by lightning flashes).
Chapter 6: Taphonomic Alterations to Hair and Nail
Figure 6.1 Scanning electron micrograph of scalp hair affected by keratinolytic fungi, evident from characteristic ovoid lesions created by fungal tunnelling. Bar = 50 µm
Figure 6.2 Transverse semi-thin section of scalp hair stained with toluidine blue in borax showing fungal tunnelling in progress (arrow), with fungal hyphae extending within the hair shaft. Bar = 15 µm
Figure 6.3 Transverse ultra-thin transmission electron micrograph, showing enzymatic attack resulting in separation of macrofibrils (arrow). The circular black structures aggregated within the fungal hyphae are melanin pigment granules which are chemically distinct from keratin and more resistant to enzymatic attack. Bar = 5 µm
Chapter 7: Taphonomy of Teeth
Figure 7.1 Teeth from Herculaneum individual E 41 having blackened roots (arrows).
Figure 7.2 Detail of teeth from Figure 7.1. Notice vertical (left arrow) and horizontal (right arrow) fracturing.
Figure 7.3 Orange staining (arrow) on teeth of Herculaneum individual E56 adjacent to areas with charred soft tissue. The staining is due to oxidation of soil near to a charred area.
Chapter 8: The Taphonomy of Natural Mummies
Figure 8.1 Isla San Lorenzo, Peru. This naturally mummified individual was buried in a wooden coffin in the sands of the desert island, Isla San Lorenzo, off of the coast of Callao, Peru. Although the island is typically surrounded with fog, the high degree of preservation is a testament to the environmental conditions of the burial.
Figure 8.2 Fray Lazaro de Santofimia. The naturally mummified remains of Fray Lazaro de Santofimia were discovered after an earthquake exposed his coffin, which was encased in a stone windowsill of the Church of la Asuncion in Guano, Ecuador. Fray Lazaro was a Spanish missionary who undertook religious conversion work in the region during the 16th century.
Figure 8.3 Popoli, Italy. This mummy was discovered in a crypt under a side room off the main altar area of the Church of the Holy Trinity in the village of Popoli, in the Abruzzo region of Italy. The dry, sealed crypt held multiple burials.
Figure 8.5 The Big Four, St Michan's Church, Ireland. These four individuals were discovered in the catacombs beneath St Michan's Church in Dublin, Ireland. They provide excellent examples of natural mummification in crypt environments.
Figure 8.6 Guanajuato, Mexico. This is an example of natural mummification occurring in an above-ground mausoleum crypt in the sierra region of Guanajuato, Mexico. The natural mummification was likely the result of burial in the dry season, reduction of the surrounding humidity by the limestone structure, and interment in a location where water was less likely to bleed into the vault (Museo de las Momias).
Figure 8.7 Guanajuato foetus. Another example of natural mummification is that of a foetus, which is said to have been buried with the mother, who apparently perished from an attempted Caesarean section. The natural mummification was likely the result of burial in the dry season, reduction of the surrounding humidity by the limestone structure, and interment in a location where water was less likely to bleed into the vault (Museo de las Momias).
Figure 8.8 Bog body, Assen, The Netherlands. In this example of a body preserved in a peat bog, the high level of soft tissue preservation in the cranial region is in contrast to the demineralised bony structures. The chemical characteristics of the peat bog leach calcium, magnesium and other minerals from the bone over time, leading to compression of the entire body from the weight of the overlying peat. The soft tissues retain a high degree of preservation.
Figure 8.9 Inca mummy, Cusco, Peru. A combination of dry air, high altitude and burial in caves or niches, enabled some Inca mummies to spontaneously desiccate through evaporation and convection, without external treatment.
Figure 8.10 Soap Lady. An example of extensive adipocere formation is seen here in the mummy known as the ‘Soap Lady’, curated at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This special type of natural mummification occurs when the body fats convert to a waxy soap-like substance due to contact with alkaline environments
Figure 8.11 Post-depositional change at the lateral side of the torso of an individual. Evidence of vermin activity along the right lateral abdominal surface of the individual at the mid-axillary line resulted in post-depositional changes. Note the chew marks indicated by the arrows.
Chapter 9: Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments
Figure 9.1 Chemical structures of some common textile fibre components.
Figure 9.2 Visual damage to cotton after one year of burial in an acidic sandy soil.
Chapter 12: Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans
Figure 12.1 Average of the rank order abundances of dominate phyla in the human gut from 19 individuals presented in 3 separate studies (Costello
et al
. 2009; Eckburg
et al
. 2005; Li
et al
. 2008)
1
. Average of the rank order abundances of dominate phyla from the GIT of two individuals at the end of the bloat stage (Hyde
et al
. 2013)
2
. Dominate phyla recovered from lower ribs of eight individuals that decomposed for less than one year (Damann
et al
. 2015)
3
. Dominate phyla recovered from lower ribs of four individuals that decomposed for more than one year and less than four years (Damann
et al
. 2015)
4
.
Chapter 13: Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology
Figure 13.1 Adult of
Calliphora vicina
(Diptera, Calliphoridae). This species is often the first coloniser of a body in cold seasons. Adult flies have several morphological characters useful for identification
Figure 13.2 Larva of Calliphoridae. Only few characters are available for species identification if compared with the adults (Source: S. Vanin).
Figure 13.3 Life cycle of Holometabolous insects.
Figure 13.4 Diptera larvae collected from the ocular cavity of a cadaver in active decay
Figure 13.5 Pupae of Diptera species on a cadaver in advance decay
Figure 13.6 Empty puparia of Calliphoridae (dark-coloured in the foreground and mid-ground of the image) and pupae of Phoridae (white/yellow, mostly in the background) on a partially mummified body
Figure 13.7 Excrements (frass) of dermestid beetles on mummified human skin
Figure 13.8 Modelled patterns of taphonomic reconstruction of a burial from the location of the insect remains. (a) Monospecific colonisation in a large pit in an empty space, allowing the third instar larvae to migrate from the body to pupate. (b) Entomological evidence of a decomposition of the body in a perishable structure, which has deteriorated by the time of excavation. (c) Patterns of colonisation by post-depositional flies (i.e.
Conicera
,
Ophyra
species), which pupate within the cadaver (initial drawing: P. Courtaud (PACEA, Bordeaux), modified by J.-B. Huchet).
Figure 13.9 Puparia of the common post-burial fly
Ophyra capensis
(Wied.) (Diptera, Muscidae) associated with German soldier corpses of the First World War at the ‘Kilianstollen’ of Carspach (Haut-Rhin, France) (Huchet 2013). (Excavation: M Landolt; Photo: J.-B. Huchet) Scale = 5 mm. Note: the presence of this species with buried cadavers indicates that empty spaces (air pockets) persisted after the underground trench collapsed on the soldiers.
Figure 13.10 Puparia of typical ‘coffin flies’ (post-burial) (Phoridae) recovered from a mummified corpse buried in a wooden coffin (Church of Saint-Pierre d'Épernon, Eure-et-Loir, France) (Excavation: P Blanchard, INRAP, France; Photo: J.-B. Huchet) Scale = 1 mm.
Figure 13.11 The ‘Coffin Fly’
Conicera tibialis
Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae). These specimens were recovered from the coffin of a buried individual exhumed 18 years after death in central Spain (image courtesy: D. Martín-Vega (NHM, London)).
Figure 13.12 (a) Fragmented human bone from Middle Bronze Age (Munhata, Israel) bearing extensive perforations corresponding to dermestid pupal chambers. (b) Computed tomographic 3D reconstruction. (c) idem, with pupal chambers modelled (Source: Huchet
et al
. 2013).
Chapter 14: Forensic Botany and Stomach Contents Analysis: Established Practice and Innovation
Figure 14.1 Roots growing through the sleeping bag of a homeless man.
Figure 14.2 Lung tissue showing long chain diatom.
Chapter 16: The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body
Figure 16.1 Pits and scores produced by foxes whilst scavenging a deer tibia.
Figure 16.2 Fox-inflicted punctures located on the shaft of the ilium of deer innominate bones.
Figure 16.3 Damage and gnawing of the epiphyseal ends of long bones by foxes can produce numerous furrows.
Figure 16.4 Foxes commonly fracture the sternal ends of deer ribs and produce additional bite marks such as pits.
Figure 16.5 Scavenging of deer lumbar vertebrae created punctures and fractured the spinous and transverse processes.
Figure 16.6 Scavenging of deer scapulae by canids, especially foxes, is often seen along the medial border.
Figure 16.7 Foxes caused damage to deer innominate bones, in particular to the ischium, pubis and ilium with pits and scores located on the pubis, ischium and shaft of the ilium. Punctures are common at the acetabulum or in this case on the shaft of the ilium.
Figure 16.8 Fox scavenging of the proximal end of the deer long bone created a canid-typical uneven wound margin.
Figure 16.9 Rodent scavenging of the ends of deer long bones produced rodent-typical parallel striations in the bone surfaces.
Chapter 17: Decomposition in Aquatic Environments
Figure 17.1 Adipocere formation on human remains recovered from the Lake Brienz, Switzerland (Source: Thali 2011. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier).
Figure 17.2 Progression of carcass scavenging and degradation for pig carcass immersed in a deep marine coastal environment within Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. (a)
Chionectes tanneri
Rathburn (tanner crab) attracted to the face. (b)
Metacarcinus magister
Dana (Dungeness crab) reaching into abdominal area and consuming internal tissues with
Munida quadrispina
Benedict (squat lobster) and
Pandalus platyceros
Brandt (three spot shrimp) waiting nearby. (c) Rib ends exposed and large numbers of
M. quadrispina
dominate the carcass. (d)
Orchomenella obtusa
Sars cover the exposed tissue. (e) Half of carcass removed by shark, carcass being skeletonised from inside out by
O. obtusa
with
M. quadrispina
feeding on skin. (f) Skin pulled over torso and cranium by
M. quadrispina
exposing skeleton (Source: Anderson & Bell 2014, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110710. Used under CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Chapter 18: Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials
Figure 18.1 Mass burial contemporaneous with 13th- to 14th-century deposits associated with the priory and hospital of St Mary's Spital without Bishopsgate, London (photo: C. Barker).
Figure 18.2 Undisturbed primary grave (Kozluk 3 exhumed in 1999) containing a disorganised mass of bodies. The human remains are predominantly saponified wearing well-preserved modern civilian clothing and footwear, also
in-situ
fabric ligatures binding the wrists are visible on the body in centre of the photograph (photo: T. Loveless).
Figure 18.3 Partially robbed primary grave (Kozluk 2 exhumed in 1999) containing a disorganised mass of bodies. The human remains are predominantly skeletonised and associated with partial preservation of modern civilian clothing and footwear.
In-situ
fabric ligatures on the wrists of one body and the robbing of the grave by mechanical excavator are also visible in the photograph (photo: T. Loveless).
Figure 18.4 Robbed primary grave (Glogova exhumed in 2000) containing a partly disarticulated set of skeletonised human remains disturbed or re-deposited on the base of the grave during the robbing event. The body is associated with fragments of modern civilian clothing and footwear and mechanical excavator marks from the robbing event are visible in the photograph (photo: T. Loveless).
Figure 18.5 Mass of commingled, partially saponified and skeletonised bodies and body parts associated with modern civilian clothing fragments, deposited in a secondary grave (Čančari 12 exhumed in 1998) (photo: C. Barker).
Chapter 19: Reconstructing the Original Arrangement, Organisation and Architecture1 of Burials in Archaeology
Figure 19.1 Cross-sections and longitudinal sections from burials 3042, 609 and 561 related to Figure 19.2 (drawings: F. Blaizot).
Figure 19.2 Early medieval burials showing various effects of burial pits on skeletons and their reconstruction in pits with a cover. Burial 3042 with convergence of the edges (Les Forgettes at Quincieux in Rhône, France). Burial 609 with a rounded bottom (Les Ruelles at Serris in Seine-et-Marne, France). Burial 561 with narrow pit (Les Ruelles at Serris in Seine-et-Marne, France) (photos and drawing: F. Blaizot).
Figure 19.3 Burial from late antiquity in a hollowed tree trunk and placement of the vessels at Malbosc in Montpellier (Hérault, France) (photo and drawing: F. Blaizot).
Figure 19.4 Late antiquity burial in a nailed coffin and reconstruction of coffin, cover and grave furniture at Les Forgettes in Quincieux (Rhône, France) (photo and drawing: F. Blaizot).
Figure 19.5 The skeletal remains from two stacked coffins from Notre-Dame at Grenoble (Isère, France) (drawings: F. Blaizot).
Figure 19.6 Burial 169 from the Merovingian cemetery at Jau-Dignac-et-Loirac (Gironde, France). (a) General view of the stone sarcophagus (photo: H. Réveillas). (b) Illustration of the displacement of remains within the deposits: individual 1 (black), individual 2 (dark grey), individual 3 (light grey) (CAD drawing: G. Sachau-Carcel). Only the long bones, the pelvises and crania are depicted in order to highlight the most important bone displacements.
Figure 19.7 Burial H from a 15th-century cemetery at Termonde (East Flanders, Belgium). (a) General view of the stone sarcophagus (photo: G. Gueguen). (b) Illustration of the movements within the deposits: subject 1 (black), subject 2 (grey), subject 3 (white) (reconstruction: G. Devilder).
Figure 19.8 One of the 14 simultaneous burials from burial 119 at Issoudun (Indre, France), containing 22 individuals (photo: F. Porcell, Inrap).
Figure 19.9 Diagram of the 3 layers of individuals and movement of skeletal elements within the deposit from burial 119 at Isssoudun (Indre, France) (drawing: I. Souquet-Leroy, Inrap).
Figure 19.10 Primary deposit of individual 17 from layer 1 in burial 119 at Issoudun (Indre, France) (photo: F. Porcell, Inrap).
Figure 19.11 An example of primary deposits in an in-filled space; individual 16 from layer 1 in burial 119 at Issoudun (Indre, France) (photo: F. Porcell, Inrap).
Figure 19.12 Reconstruction of the organisation of the deposits of simultaneous burial 119 at Issoudun (Indre, France) (CAD drawing: B. Ducourneau, Inrap).
Chapter 21: Thermal Alteration to the Body
Figure 21.1 Left unburned humerus and right calcined humerus from individual 50 of the XXI Century Identified Collection of the University of Coimbra, subjected to controlled burning. The burned antimere presents substantial shrinkage and mass loss of 35.8%.
Figure 21.2 Histological detail of a cremated femur fragment from burial EL76NN (FN 549) from the Elsham (North Lincolnshire) cemetery seen under plane polarised light
Figure 21.3 Histological detail of a cremated femur fragment from burial EL76NN (FN 549) from the Elsham (North Lincolnshire) cemetery seen under cross polarised light
Chapter 22: Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues
Figure 22.1 Room temperature and temperature of the fluid, indicating an exothermic reaction during the initial 24 hours of the experiment, reaching a maximum temperature of 79°C after 5 hours
Figure 22.2 One hour after the onset of the experiment, the head showed unrecognisable facial features. After five hours, the head was reduced to the thickest parts of the cranium. After five days, only a part of the occipital bone and a few porous grey osseous fragments of the occipital and temporal bones remained
Figure 22.3 Image of the three recovered teeth (47, 44 and 33), five days after the experiment. The teeth show erosion of the enamel with partially dissolved dentine of the roots. Radiographically, the pulp chamber and root canals were still discernable, indicating that the teeth could potentially be used for identification. 1 square is 5 mm
Chapter 23: Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone
Figure 23.1 Example of a green fracture (peri-mortem breakage) with a complex fracture pattern.
Figure 23.2 Post-mortem breakage to a dry human femur. The fracture is characteristic of dry bone fractures: the fracture edges are irregular and jagged and lighter in colour than the darker adjacent tissue.
Figure 23.3 Human tibia fracture: the bevelled, sharp and smooth edges together with the acute and obtuse fracture angles as well as the homogeneous colour are strong indicators that suggest a peri-mortem trauma.
Figure 23.4 A known peri-mortem fracture of the ilium: the morphological appearance of a similar fracture is to all effects more difficult to assess and requires much more caution since it does not respond totally to the parameters suggested for long bones.
Figure 23.5 A thin undecalcified bone section showing a post-mortem fracture of a tibia. The fracture line, as indicated by the black arrow, passes through a Haversian system. In some other cases, the fracture line respects the Harversian structures and passes around them, showing no significant differences to what happens in fresh bone tissue.
Figure 23.6 Left: A backscattered electron image of some copper (Cu) particles detected on a bone hit with a copper bar (Cu inside). Right: The X-ray spectrum of the particles detected on the same sample.
Figure 23.7 An example of a fracture for which the assessment is difficult due to the presence of diverse characteristics, some distinctive of fresh bone fractures, some typical of dry bone.
Figure 23.8 An example of the appearance of a fracture observed at autopsy (after 20 years of inhumation). The fracture still shows characteristics of peri-mortem trauma. However, some features are transformed by the taphonomic effects, which render evaluation more difficult especially when spongy bones have to be considered.
Figure 23.9 (a) SEM analysis of erythrocyte-like structures (arrows) in a fracture margin of skeletal remains; the interpretation of these structures becomes very difficult and botanic/mycological contamination needs to be considered. (b) Erythrocytes visible by SEM in an archaeological bone artificially dipped in human fresh blood.
Figure 23.10 Immunohistochemical analysis, which uses antibody anti-Human Glicophorin A in detecting residues from erythrocytes even when these are highly degraded (after 2 months of decomposition in air): the Glicophorin A protein persists longer in decomposing bone tissue. The brownish coloration (as indicated by the black arrows) suggests the persistence of such residues (confirming their own origin), which are useful indicators of blood.
Figure 23.11 In cemetery skeletal remains (inhumed for 15 years) it is still possible to identify blood residues thanks to the sensitive immunohistochemical techniques. This technique demonstrates the presence of erithrocytic residues in some Haversian canals and in bone marrow spaces. If degraded erythrocytes are no longer detectable morphologically, they can still be identified by such techniques, as can the presence of haematomas or blood clots or similar biomarkers, which could still be traceable after so many years in fracture margins.
Figure 23.12 In (a) a clot composed of blood materials (erythrocytes and platelets) was visible in the thin bone section obtained from a fracture margin of a vital skull fracture (40X magnification). The survival time of the individual (3 hours) was sufficient for the appearance of signs of vitality, e.g. the clot. In (b) a higher magnification (200X) of the same clot stained by anti-Glycophorin A antibody, which made it possible to prove the haematic nature of such material.
Chapter 24: Collection Care and Management of Human Remains
Figure 24.1 Image showing how human remains are packed at the Museum of London (Source: ©
Museum of London
).
Figure 24.2 Example of a break repaired using an unknown adhesive in an adult Anglo-Saxon female skeleton. Close-up view shows the superior aspect of the right transverse process of the 2nd thoracic vertebra (Source: ©
Museum of London
).
Figure 24.3 Example of multiple samples taken from a femur using a drill technique (Source: ©
Museum of London
).
Figure 24.4 Example of a femur with saw marks caused by sampling (Source: ©
Museum of London
).
Figure 24.5 Examples of sectioned teeth for the analysis of incremental counts to establish the age of an individual. The one on the right ‘exploded’ whilst being mounted in resin (Source: ©
Museum of London
).
Chapter 25: The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval
Figure 25.1 Image of the decedent. Estimated total body decomposition approximately 55–60%.
Figure 25.2 Possible ADD values when the decedent could have died based on VFA results
Chapter 26: A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials
Figure 26.1 Decomposition stage of 219 human bodies, as observed during exhumations and forensic excavations. The
x
-axis correlates with the number of years that the bodies have been buried. The
y
-axis gives the observed decomposition stage.
Chapter 27: Case Studies on Taphonomic Variation between Cemetery Burials
Figure 27.1 Working shot of interment with 4 individuals at Haslar Royal Hospital, 2013, illustrating distinction between dark silty grave fill and sand/gravel natural geology
Chapter 28: Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico
Figure 28.1 Adult and larva of
Synthesiomyia nudiseta
.
Figure 28.2 Larva of
Fannia scalaris
.
Figure 28.3 Adult of
Megaselia scalaris
.
Figure 28.4 Adult of
Dermestes maculatus
.
Chapter 30: Saponified Brains of the Spanish Civil War
Figure 30.1 Gross morphology of saponified brains found in mass grave ‘La Pedraja’: (a) brain 25; (b) brain 104; (c) brain 11.
Figure 30.2 Gross morphology of saponified brains found in mass grave ‘Villabasta de Valdavia’. Lateral view of (a) brain 2; (b) brain; (c) brain 4; and (d) brain 6. (e) Medial view of brain 2 after rehydration and superficial cleaning; and (f) higher magnification. Some vegetable roots remained attached to cerebral parenchyma. FL: Frontal lobe. PL: Parietal lobe. OC: Occipital lobe. Ce: Cerebellum. T: Thalamus. CC: Corpus callosum. CG: Cingulate gyrus. SFG: Superior frontal gyrus.
Figure 30.3 (a,b): Intracranial haemorrhage on parietal lobule of brain 11. (a) Gross grey-dark coloured subarachnoid thickening on parietal lobe (arrow). (b) Intraparenchymal dark deposits of hemosiderin in a specimen stained with Perl's stain (Prussian blue); round microorganisms with affinity for neutral red counterstain can also be observed. (c) Plastic scale model of brain 25 after stereolithography composition from CT scans. (d) Electron micrograph of brain 104 showing imperfect concentric arrangement of myelin lamellae and disintegration of central axoplasm.
Chapter 31: Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide
Figure 31.1 Aerial view of the location of the pyre (Haute-Savoie, French Alps).
Figure 31.2 Parietal and occipital cranial bones were almost not affected by the fire.
Figure 31.3 Gnawing damage on two thoracic vertebrae caused by a scavenger.
Chapter 32: A Soldier's Story: Forensic Anthropology and Blast Injury
Figure 32.1 Inventory of the remains.
Figure 32.2 Positive and negative pressure phases (adapted from Horrocks and Brett 2000).
Chapter 34: A Case Study from Los Angeles: Baby in Concrete
Figure 34.1 The container containing the infant encased in concrete (Source : Reprinted with permission of the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner – Coroner).
Figure 34.2 Image of the concrete block with fleece blanket and the infant's cranium being exposed (Source : Reprinted with permission of the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner - Coroner).
Figure 34.3 The baby was well preserved after about 11 months in concrete (Source : Reprinted with permission of the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner – Coroner).
Chapter 35: History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee
Figure 35.1 Image of the original ARF, a 4.9 m square concrete block surrounded by chain link fence.
Figure 35.2 Body donations to the FAC from 1981 through September 2016; Donations and declines since 2012.
Chapter 36: Crime Scene Investigation, Archaeology and Taphonomy: Reconstructing Activities at Crime Scenes
Figure 36.1 A schematic representation of archaeological formative and retrieval processes.
Figure 36.2 Archaeological framework and the CSI practice. The solid lines relate to the proposed CSI sequence. The dashed lines relate to the proposed R&D. The dotted lines represent feedback.
List of Tables
Chapter 3: Profiling Volatile Organic Compounds of Decomposition
Table 3.1 VOCs and their possible origin (Dekeirsschieter
et al
. 2012; Paczkowski and Schütz 2011; Stadler
et al
. 2013; Statheropoulos
et al
. 2011)
Chapter 5: DNA Degradation: Current Knowledge and Progress in DNA Analysis
Table 5.1 Recommendations of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (Prinz
et al
. 2007) concerning post-mortem sampling of human remains for genetic identification
Chapter 9: Degradation of Clothing in Depositional Environments
Table 9.1 The deterioration of man-made fibres buried in well-watered soil (Northrop and Rowe 1987; Rowe 1997; Singer and Rowe 1989)
Chapter 12: Bacterial Symbionts and Taphonomic Agents of Humans
Table 12.1 Rank-order abundance of the top 12 most abundant bacterial families identified in bone and non-corpse soils (Damann
et al
. 2015). Types are listed in order from most abundant to least abundant
Chapter 13: Forensic Entomology and Funerary Archaeoentomology
Table 13.1 Factors affecting the decomposition speed and the composition of the cadaver feeding fauna
Table 13.2 Information derived from the study of the entomological community
Chapter 15: The Effects of Weathering on Bone Preservation
Table 15.1 Description of bone weathering in a desert environment as provided by Miller (1975)
Table 15.2 Stages of bone weathering as developed by Behrensmeyer 1978: p. 151 and adapted by Ross and Cunningham 2011, Table 1: p. 127
Table 15.3 Summary of the effects of different environments and climatic zones on weathering and bone preservation
Chapter 16: The Effects of Terrestrial Mammalian Scavenging and Avian Scavenging on the Body
Table 16.1 The different characteristics of the soft tissue and bone modifications typically produced by canids, rodents, felids, ursids, suids, mustelids, procyonids, phalangerids, peramelids, artiodactyls and avians whilst scavenging a body
Chapter 17: Decomposition in Aquatic Environments
Table 17.1 Decomposition phases in aquatic environments (Haefner
et al
. 2004; Merritt and Wallace 2010)
Table 17.2 Scoring system for the evaluation of bone exposure of human remains in aquatic environments (Haglund 1993; Introna
et al
. 2013)
Table 17.3 Total aquatic decomposition scoring system
Table 17.4 Decompositional scoring for 52 bodies recovered from a shipwreck using the scoring system provided in Table 17.2
Table 17.5 Adipocere formation in bodies recovered from the
MV Mineral Dampier
shipwreck
Chapter 18: Post-Mortem Differential Preservation and its Utility in Interpreting Forensic and Archaeological Mass Burials
Table 18.1 Intrinsic biological, chemical and physical taphonomic factors affecting in-soil human decomposition
Table 18.2 Extrinsic biological, chemical and physical taphonomic factors affecting in soil human decomposition
Chapter 20: Forensic Toxicology of Decomposed Human Remains
Table 20.1 Methods for preparing hair and bone for analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Table 20.2 Examples of selected drugs of abuse detected in bone and bone marrow reported in the literature since 2008
Table 20.3 Summary of toxicology (blood) results, initial case
Table 20.4 Summary of toxicology results (plucked hair), initial case
Table 20.5 Summary of toxicology results (cut hair), Exhumation 2
Table 20.6 Quantitative analysis on thigh muscle of Exhumation 3
Table 20.7 Quantitative analysis on pubic hair of Exhumation 3
Table 20.8 Summary of findings in the hair of the suspect compared to admissions
Chapter 21: Thermal Alteration to the Body
Table 21.1 Colour mapping of experimental colour data on burned bone with increasing temperature and primary level phase. Decomposition encompasses the change from yellow/brown to calcined white. 1: Dehydration, 2: Decomposition, 3: Inversion, 4: Fusion. YE: Yellow, BR: Brown, BL: Black, GR: Grey, WH: White
Table 21.2 Some advantages and disadvantages of commonly used colour systems
Chapter 22: Concealing the Crime: the Effects of Chemicals on Human Tissues
Table 22.1 Corrosive agents that are most often reported in forensic practice with references to experimental research
Chapter 23: Distinguishing between Peri- and Post-Mortem Trauma on Bone
Table 23.1 Morphological comparison between fresh and dry bone features according to the literature (Johnson 1985; Wieberg and Wescott 2008)
Chapter 25: The Use of Volatile Fatty Acid Biomarkers to Estimate the Post-Mortem Interval
Table 25.1 Evaluating the best PMI method more than 48 hrs post-mortem (not all listed)
Table 25.2 Results of VFA analysis from soil collected underneath the decedent
Table 25.3 Determination of ADD range for interpretation of VFA results
Chapter 26: A Taphonomic Study Based on Observations of 196 Exhumations and 23 Clandestine Burials
Table 26.1 Exhumed human bodies with and without body bag at regular cemeteries, per time period
Table 26.2 Decomposition rate per soil type, without a plastic wrapping
Chapter 28: Forensic Entomology Case Studies from Mexico
Table 28.1 Identified species from two bodies at Mexico City
Table 28.2 Bodies discovered at Hidalgo State
Chapter 29: Recovery of Skeletonised Human Remains and Textile Degradation: a Case Study
Table 29.1 Summary of materials preservation
Chapter 31: Analysis and Interpretation of Burned Human Remains from a Homicide
Table 31.1 Overview of skeletal remains disovered at the crime scene
Chapter 35: History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee
Table 35.1 List of human decomposition facilities in the USA
Taphonomy of Human Remains
Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional Environment
Edited by
Eline M.J. Schotsmans
PACEA De La Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
Nicholas Márquez-Grant
Cranfield Forensic Institute, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, UK
Shari L. Forbes
Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
This edition first published 2017
© 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schotsmans, Eline M.J., 1981– editor. | Márquez-Grant, Nicholas, 1976–editor. | Forbes, Shari L., 1977– editor.
Title: Taphonomy of human remains : forensic analysis of the dead and the depositional environment / edited by Eline M. Schotsmans, Nicholas Márquez-Grant, Shari L. Forbes.
Description: Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016036072 (print) | LCCN 2016037394 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118953327 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118953334 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118953341 (epub)
Subjects: | MESH: Forensic Anthropology | Fossils | Postmortem Changes | Environment
Classification: LCC RA1055 (print) | LCC RA1055 (ebook) | NLM W 750 | DDC 614/.17–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036072
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Cover image:
Front Cover: Human remains from a mass grave at Kozluk - Courtesy of T. Loveless
Back Cover: The hand from a body recovered from water - Courtesy of S.J. Hamilton & M.A. Green
Eroded teeth from an acid experiment - Courtesy of Rep EX/98-44.
Preserved human remains from a crypt in Italy - Courtesy of R.G. Beckett
Preserved brain from a Spanish Civil War mass grave - Courtesy of F. Serrulla
List of Contributors
Maurice C.G. Aalders
Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Esma Alicehajic
European Union Rule of Law Mission (EULEX)
Kosovo
Ruggero D'Anastasio
Museo Universitario
Università ‘G. d'Annunzio’
Chieti e Pescara
Italy
Caroline Barker
Independent Forensic Anthropologist and Archaeologist
Ronald G. Beckett
Quinnipiac University
Hamden
Connecticut
USA
Bram Bekaert
KU Leuven - University of Leuven
Department of Imaging & Pathology
Forensic Biomedical Sciences
Leuven
Belgium
University Hospitals Leuven
Department of Forensic Medicine
Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology
Leuven
Belgium
Jelena J. Bekvalac
Centre for Human Bioarchaeology
Museum of London
UK
Charles E.H. Berger
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)
The Hague
The Netherlands
Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology
Faculty of Law
Leiden University
Leiden
The Netherlands
Frédérique Blaizot
Inrap
Centre Archéologique Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne
Lyon
France
PACEA De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199
CNRS-Université de Bordeaux
Pessac
France
Soren Blau
Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine
Southbank
Australia
Department of Forensic Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Monash University
Australia
Martin Brown
The Plugstreet Project
Belgium
David O. Carter
Forensic Sciences Unit
Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Chaminade University of Honolulu
Hawaii
Annalisa Cappella
LABANOF (Laboratorio di antropologia e odontologia forense)
Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute
Università degli Studi di Milano
Italy
José Luis Cascallana
Instituto de Medicina Legal de Galicia
Unidad de Antropología Forense
Hospital de Verin
Ourense
Spain
Dominique Castex
PACEA De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199
CNRS-Université de Bordeaux
Pessac
France
Cristina Cattaneo
LABANOF (Laboratorio di antropologia e odontologia forense)
Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute
Università degli Studi di Milano
Italy
Emily Cline
Cranfield Forensic Institute
Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
Cranfield University
Shrivenham
UK
Jenna L. Comstock
Faculty of Science
University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Ontario
Canada
Anne Coulombeix
Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale (IRCGN)
Pontoise
France
Eva Cuypers
KU Leuven - University of Leuven
Toxicology and Pharmacology
Campus Gasthuisberg
Leuven
Belgium
Franklin E. Damann
Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency
Central Identification Laboratory
Offutt Air Force Base
Nebraska
USA
Ronny Decorte
KU Leuven - University of Leuven
Department of Imaging & Pathology
Forensic Biomedical Sciences
Leuven
Belgium
University Hospitals Leuven
Department of Forensic Medicine
Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology
Leuven
Belgium
Roosje de Leeuwe
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)
The Hague
The Netherlands
Julio Del Olmo
Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica de Valladolid
Spain
Maria Cristina de Mendonça
Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses
Coimbra
Portugal
Joanne B. Devlin
Forensic Anthropology Center
Department of Anthropology
University of Tennessee Knoxville
Tennessee
USA
Marie Christine Dussault
Department of Anatomy
Faculty of Health Sciences
University of Pretoria
South Africa
Faculty of Science and Technology
Bournemouth University
UK
Gerda J. Edelman
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)
The Hague
The Netherlands
Francisco Etxeberría
Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi
Spain
Universidad del Pais Vasco
Spain
Julie Evans
ROAR Forensics
Malvern Hills Science Park
Malvern
Worcestershire
UK
Elissa Fleak
Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner
Los Angeles
California
USA
Leonardo R. Flores Pérez
Universidad Autónoma Chapingo
Texcoco
México
Jean-François Focant
CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group
Chemistry Department
University of Liège
Belgium
Shari L. Forbes
Centre for Forensic Science
University of Technology Sydney
Sydney
Australia
Heather Gill-Frerking
NTK Services
Concord
New Hampshire
USA
David Gonçalves
Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS)
University of Coimbra
Coimbra
Portugal
Laboratório de Arqueociências
Direção Geral do Património Cultural and LARC/CIBIO/InBIO
Lisboa
Portugal
Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology
Department of Life Sciences
University of Coimbra
Coimbra
Portugal
Michael A. Green
Department of Forensic Pathology
University of Sheffield
Sheffield
UK
W.J. Mike Groen
Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)
The Hague
The Netherlands
Department of Archaeological Sciences
Faculty of Archaeology
Leiden University
Leiden
The Netherlands
Stuart J. Hamilton
East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit
Leicester Royal Infirmary
Leicester
UK
Karl Harrison
Cranfield Forensic Institute
Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
Cranfield University
Shrivenham
UK
Lourdes Herrasti
Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi
Spain
Jean-Bernard Huchet
Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, UMR 7209
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Paris
France
Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR 7205
Département Systématique et Evolution (Entomologie)
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Paris
France
PACEA De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199
CNRS-Université de Bordeaux
Pessac
France
Rob C. Janaway
School of Archaeological Sciences
University of Bradford
Bradford
UK
Lee Meadows Jantz
Forensic Anthropology Center
Department of Anthropology
University of Tennessee
Knoxville
Tennessee
USA
Emily N. Junkins
Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology
University of Oklahoma
Norman
Oklahoma
USA
Richard Lloyd
Cranfield Forensic Institute
Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
Cranfield University
Shrivenham
UK
Nicholas Márquez-Grant
Cranfield Forensic Institute
Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
Cranfield University
Shrivenham
UK
Institute of Human Sciences
School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography
University of Oxford
Oxford
UK
Jennifer Miller
School of Science and Technology
Nottingham Trent University
Clifton Campus
Nottingham
UK
Humberto Molina Chávez
Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal – Faculty of Medicine
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
México
Javier Naranjo Santana
Independent Forensic Archaeologist
Manuel Nava Hernández
Procuraduría General de Justicia del Distrito Federal – Faculty of Medicine
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
México
Richard Osgood
The Plugstreet Project
Belgium
Claudio Ottoni
University of Oslo
Department of Biosciences
Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)
Oslo
Norway
KU Leuven - University of Leuven
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Center for Archaeological Sciences
Leuven
Belgium
KU Leuven - University of Leuven
Department of Imaging and Pathology
Forensic Biomedical Sciences
Leuven
Belgium
Chelsea Parham
Cranfield Forensic Institute
Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
Cranfield University
Shrivenham
UK
Fray M. Pérez Villegas
Servicio Médico Forense
Pachuca de Soto
Estado de Hidalgo
México
Katelynn A. Perrault
Centre for Forensic Science
University of Technology Sydney
Sydney
Australia
Dario Piombino-Mascali
Department of Cultural Heritage and of Sicilian Identity
Palermo
Italy
Robin Quataert
Department of Anthropology
University of Indianapolis
Indiana
USA
Rebecca C. Redfern
Centre for Human Bioarchaeology
Museum of London
UK
Elien Rosier
KU Leuven - University of Leuven
Toxicology and Pharmacology
Campus Gasthuisberg
Leuven
Belgium
Christopher W. Schmidt
Department of Anthropology
University of Indianapolis
Indiana
USA
Eline M.J. Schotsmans
PACEA De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199
CNRS-Université de Bordeaux
Pessac
France
School of Archaeological Sciences
University of Bradford
Bradford
UK
Yves Schuliar
Institut de Recherche Criminelle de la Gendarmerie Nationale (IRCGN)
Pontoise
France
Fernando Serrulla
Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi
Spain
Instituto de Medicina Legal de Galicia
Unidad de Antropología Forense
Hospital de Verin
Ourense
Spain
Tal Simmons
Department of Forensic Science
