Telecommunications System Reliability Engineering, Theory, and Practice E-Book

Mark L. Ayers

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Network Management
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 327

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Practical tools for analyzing, calculating, and reporting availability, reliability, and maintainability metrics Engineers in the telecommunications industry must be able to quantify system reliability and availability metrics for use in service level agreements, system design decisions, and daily operations. Increasing system complexity and software dependence require new, more sophisticated tools for system modeling and metric calculation than those available in the current literature. Telecommunications System Reliability Engineering, Theory, and Practice provides a background in reliability engineering theory as well as detailed sections discussing applications to fiber optic networks (earth station and space segment), microwave networks (long-haul, cellular backhaul and mobile wireless), satellite networks (teleport and VSAT), power systems (generators, commercial power and battery systems), facilities management, and software/firmware. Programming techniques and examples for simulation of the approaches presented are discussed throughout the book. This powerful resource: * Acts as a comprehensive reference and textbook for analysis and design of highly reliable and available telecommunications systems * Bridges the fields of system reliability theory, telecommunications system engineering, and computer programming * Translates abstract reliability theory concepts into practical tools and techniques for technical managers, engineers and students * Provides telecommunication engineers with a holistic understanding of system reliability theory, telecommunications system engineering, and reliability/risk analysis Telecommunications System Reliability Engineering, Theory, and Practice is a must-have guide for telecommunications engineers or engineering students planning to work in the field of telecommunications Telecommunications System Reliability Engineering, Theory, and Practice is a must-have guide for telecommunications engineers or engineering students planning to work in the field of telecommunications.

Leseprobe

IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial BoardJohn B. Anderson, Editor in Chief

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Technical ReviewersGene Strid, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer at GCI

Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

List of Illustrations

Preface

About the Author

Acronym List

Introduction

Chapter 1: Reliability Theory

1.1 System Metrics

1.2 Statistical Distributions

1.3 System Modeling Techniques

1.4 Systems with Repair

1.5 Markov Chain Models

1.6 Practical Markov System Models

1.7 Monte Carlo Simulation Models

1.8 Repair Period Models

1.9 Equipment Sparing

Chapter 2: Fiber-Optic Networks

2.1 Terrestrial Fiber-Optic Networks

2.2 Submarine Fiber-Optic Networks

Chapter 3: Microwave Networks

3.1 Long-Haul Microwave Networks

3.2 Short-Haul Microwave Networks

3.3 Local Area Microwave Networks

Chapter 4: Satellite Networks

4.1 Propagation

4.2 Earth Stations

4.3 VSAT Earth Stations

4.4 Earth Stations

4.5 Spacecraft

4.6 Satellite Network Topologies

Chapter 5: Mobile Wireless Networks

5.1 Mobile Wireless Equipment

5.2 Mobile Wireless Network Systems

Chapter 6: Telecommunications Facilities

6.1 Power Systems

6.2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems

Chapter 7: Software and Firmware

7.1 Software Failure Mechanisms

7.2 Software Failure Rate Modeling

7.3 Reliability and Availability of Systems With Software Components

References

Index

Cover Image: Bill Donnelley/WT Design

Copyright © 2012 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Ayers, Mark L.

Telecommunications system reliability engineering, theory, and practice / Mark L. Ayers.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-1-118-13051-3 (hardback)

1. Telecommunication systems. I. Title.

TK5101.A89 2012

621.382–dc23

2012013009

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1 Reliability Theory

Figure 1.1 Gaussian CDF and associated reliability function R(t)

Figure 1.2 Average availability for system 1 (short duration, frequent outages) and system 2 (long duration, infrequent outages)

Figure 1.3 Bathtub curve for electronic systems

Figure 1.4 Exponential distribution PDF for varying values of λ

Figure 1.5 Exponential distribution CDF for varying values of λ

Figure 1.6 Normal distribution PDF of TTR, where μ = 8 h and σ = 2 h

Figure 1.7 Normal distribution CDF of TTR, where μ = 8 h and σ = 2 h

Figure 1.8 Weibull distributed random variable for submarine fiber-optic cable TTR

Figure 1.9 Series and parallel reliability block diagrams

Figure 1.10 Series structure reliability block diagram

Figure 1.11 Single-thread satellite link RF chain

Figure 1.12 Parallel structure reliability block diagram

Figure 1.13 Parallel satellite RF chain system

Figure 1.14 One-for-two (1:2) redundant HPA system block diagram

Figure 1.15 Redundant Markov chain state diagram

Figure 1.16 Redundant Markov chain state diagram, identical components

Figure 1.17 Single-component Markov state transition diagram

Figure 1.18 Hot-standby redundant Markov state transition diagram

Figure 1.19 Cold-standby Markov state transition diagram

Figure 1.20 Monte Carlo system analysis algorithm

Figure 1.21 Component model

Figure 1.22 State vector algorithm flow chart

Figure 1.23 Sample state vector algorithm output

Figure 1.24 Serial component state assessment flow diagram

Figure 1.25 Parallel component state assessment flow diagram

Figure 1.26 Exponentially distributed TTR with MTTR = 8 h

Figure 1.27 Normal distributed TTR with MTTR = 8 h, variance = 2 h

Figure 1.28 Centralized warehousing and dispatch sparing approach

Figure 1.29 Territorial warehousing and dispatch sparing approach

Figure 1.30 On-site sparing approach

Chapter 2 Fiber-Optic Networks

Figure 2.1 Shallow-buried fiber-optic cable installation example in western Alaska

Figure 2.2 Terrestrial fiber-optic cable TTF model PDF and CDF

Figure 2.3 Terrestrial fiber-optic cable TTR model PDF and CDF

Figure 2.4 Monte Carlo simulation results for terrestrial fiber-optic cable

Figure 2.5 Terrestrial fiber-optic terminal functional block diagram

Figure 2.6 Unprotected fiber-optic network system block diagram

Figure 2.7 Unprotected fiber-optic network reliability block diagram

Figure 2.8 UPSR ring network topology, normal operation

Figure 2.9 UPSR ring network topology, fiber path failure

Figure 2.10 UPSR ring network topology, transceiver failure

Figure 2.11 Example SONET network topology for Monte Carlo analysis

Figure 2.12 UPSR system model rule set flow chart

Figure 2.13 UPSR system model simulation results

Figure 2.14 Submarine fiber-optic network block diagram

Figure 2.15 Submarine line terminal equipment functional block diagram

Figure 2.16 Power feed equipment operation, nominal and failure

Figure 2.17 Normal distributed submarine cable TTR model

Figure 2.18 Sample submarine system with 10 periodic repeaters

Figure 2.19 Submarine repeater RBD

Chapter 3 Microwave Networks

Figure 3.1 Long-haul microwave network tower in western Alaska

Figure 3.2 Multipath signal propagation

Figure 3.3 Multipath outage event model using uniform occurrence distribution

Figure 3.4 Multihop microwave radio link in a low-intensity rain region

Figure 3.5 Long-haul microwave radio block diagram

Figure 3.6 Microwave tower damaged by ice formation

Figure 3.7 Ice bridge infrastructure damaged by ice formation

Figure 3.8 Long-haul microwave antenna mount damaged by ice formation

Figure 3.9 Sample microwave radio block diagram

Figure 3.10 Two-hop radio transceiver system (one-for-two redundancy)

Figure 3.11 Single-thread transceiver system RBD

Figure 3.12 One-for-one redundant transceiver system RBD

Figure 3.13 One-for-two redundant transceiver system RBD

Figure 3.14 Two-hop radio link serial transceiver RBD

Figure 3.15 Microwave TRX path reliability comparison

Figure 3.16 Long-haul microwave network multiplexed baseband OC-3 interface

Figure 3.17 Single-hop long-haul microwave network block diagram

Figure 3.18 Single-hop long-haul microwave radio system model rule set

Figure 3.19 Single-hop long-haul microwave radio system availability

Figure 3.20 Single-hop long-haul microwave radio downtime distribution

Figure 3.21 Three-hop long-haul microwave availability analysis

Figure 3.22 Short-haul microwave fiber optic ring network restoral path

Figure 3.23 Short-haul microwave cellular network backhaul application

Figure 3.24 Short-haul microwave urban structure application

Figure 3.25 Short-haul cellular backhaul microwave radio

Figure 3.26 Unlicensed short-haul commercial service microwave radio

Figure 3.27 Short-haul microwave availability for redundant and single-thread designs at varying MTTR values

Figure 3.28 Point-to-point versus local area network topology failure modes

Figure 3.29 Generic local area microwave network elements

Figure 3.30 Local area wireless network heat map coverage region

Figure 3.31 Wi-Fi access point functional block diagram

Figure 3.32 Radio design types, integrated versus split (ODU/IDU)

Figure 3.33 Sample Wi-Fi local area wireless network diagram

Chapter 4 Satellite Networks

Figure 4.1 Satellite earth station multipath condition sketch

Figure 4.2 Generalized satellite earth station equipment complement

Figure 4.3 Remote VSAT signal chain block diagram

Figure 4.4 VSAT station reliability block diagram

Figure 4.5 C-band satellite earth station constructed in Nome, Alaska

Figure 4.6 Typical earth station RF chain block diagram

Figure 4.7 Nonredundant earth station reliability block diagram

Figure 4.8 Fully redundant earth station system block diagram

Figure 4.9 One-for-two redundant Markov failure state transition diagram

Figure 4.10 Modular satellite power amplifier system block diagram

Figure 4.11 Modular SSPA MTTR distribution model

Figure 4.12 Modular SSPA system availability for three-out-of-four configuration

Figure 4.13 Modular SSPA system availability for seven-out-of-eight configuration

Figure 4.14 In-orbit spare satellite diagram

Figure 4.15 Satellite capacity restoral by in-orbit spare move

Figure 4.16 Satellite capacity restoral by ground station repointing

Figure 4.17 Hub/remote satellite network topology

Figure 4.18 Ku-band hub/remote VSAT network block diagram

Figure 4.19 Ku-band VSAT hub station block diagram

Figure 4.20 Bidirectional point-to-point satellite network block diagram

Chapter 5 Mobile Wireless Networks

Figure 5.1 GSM network block diagram

Figure 5.2 Distributed MSC network block diagram

Figure 5.3 Distributed MSC failure scenario and service continuity

Figure 5.4 Base station subsystem block diagram

Figure 5.5 Mobile wireless base station TRX configuration

Figure 5.6 Markov chain state transition diagram for BTS TRX modules

Figure 5.7 Base station overlap and probability of coverage by multiple stations

Figure 5.8 Network switching subsystem packet switching redundancy

Figure 5.9 Example GSM cellular wireless network

Chapter 6 Telecommunications Facilities

Figure 6.1 Primary power system redundancy configurations

Figure 6.2 Weibull distribution fit to transformer TTF and downtime empirical data

Figure 6.3 Single-thread generator system block diagram

Figure 6.4 Single-thread generator TTF and TTR for a village environment

Figure 6.5 Single-thread generator system availability

Figure 6.6 Cold-standby redundant generator system block diagram

Figure 6.7 Cold-standby redundant generator system availability

Figure 6.8 Load-sharing generator system block diagram

Figure 6.9 Load-sharing generator system relaxed TTR model

Figure 6.10 Load-sharing generator system availability

Figure 6.11 Modular rectifier system block diagram

Figure 6.12 1:N and soft-fail rectifier design descriptions

Figure 6.13 Soft-fail rectifier system availability distribution

Figure 6.14 −48 VDC battery plant block diagram

Figure 6.15 Normal distributed TTR with μ = 12 h and σ = 3 h

Figure 6.16 Availability performance versus battery capacity for single-thread and cold-standby generator systems

Figure 6.17 Fiberglass communications shelter dimensions

Figure 6.18 Room air temperature increase rate for two A/C scenarios

Chapter 7 Software and Firmware

Figure 7.1 Sample hardware and software failure rate versus time curve comparison

Figure 7.2 Software reliability improvement failure rate function

Figure 7.3 Software feature addition and upgrade failure rate function

Figure 7.4 Aggregate software failure rate trajectory for reliability improvement and feature addition

Figure 7.5 Component block diagram consisting of hardware and software

Figure 7.6 Discrete hardware and software component reliability functions

Figure 7.7 Total component reliability function for hardware and software

Figure 7.8 Sample software TTR distribution

Figure 7.9 Software and hardware component availability distributions

Figure 7.10 Combined component availability including software and hardware components

Preface

The topic of reliability is somewhat obscure within the field of electrical (and ultimately communications) engineering. Most engineers are familiar with the concept of reliability as it relates to their automobile, electronic device, or home, but performing a rigorous mathematical analysis is not always a comfortable or familiar task. The quantitative treatment of reliability has a long-standing tradition within the field of telecommunications dating back to the early days of Bell Laboratories.

Modern society has developed an insatiable dependence on communication technology that demands a complete understanding and analysis of system reliability. Although the technical innovations developed in modern communications are astonishing engineering marvels, the reliability analysis of these systems can sometimes be treated as a cursory afterthought. Even in cases where analysis of system reliability and availability performance is treated with the highest concern, the sophistication of analysis techniques is frequently lagging behind the technical development itself.

The content in this book is a compilation of years of research and analysis of many different telecommunications systems. During the compilation of this research, two primary points became evident to me. First, most communications engineers understand the need for reliability and availability analysis but lack the technical skill and knowledge to execute these analyses confidently. Second, modern communications network topologies demand an approach to analysis that goes beyond the traditional reliability block diagram and exponential distribution assumptions. Modern computing platforms enable engineers to exploit analysis techniques not possible in the days when the Bell Laboratories' techniques were developed and presented. This book presents techniques that utilize computer simulation and random variable models not feasible 20 years ago. I hope that readers of this book find within it a useful resource that I found absent in the academic literatures during my research and analysis of communications system reliability. Although compilation of the data in this book took me years, it is my desire to convey this information to the reader in a matter of hours, enabling engineers to analyze complex problems using basic tools and theories.

I would like to thank Tom Plevyak and Veli Sahin for their editing and review of this book. Their help in producing this book has been instrumental to its completion and quality.

I would also like to thank Gene Strid for his contributions to my career and to the development of this book. His mentoring spirit and attention to detail have had a significant influence on my personal development as a professional engineer. Gene's technical review of this book alone is impressive in its detail and breadth. Thank you, Gene, for everything you have done to help me remain inspired to grow and learn as an engineer and a leader.

About the Author

Mark Ayers is the Manager of RF Engineering at GCI Communications Corporation headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska. Mark has a broad range of telecommunications experience including work in fiber optics, microwave radio, and satellite network designs. Mark holds a B.S. degree in Mathematics from the University of Alaska Anchorage, and an M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska. He is a registered Professional Electrical Engineer in the State of Alaska and a Senior Member of the IEEE. Mark teaches a variety of courses as an Adjunct Faculty Member in the Engineering Department at the University of Alaska Anchorage. His primary interests are systems design, modeling, and optimization.

Acronym List

ACAlternating currentACMAdaptive coding and modulationAGMAbsorbed glass matAPAccess point