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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Nanotechnology has revolutionized many fields and applications, such as medical diagnosis and treatment, water purification, and environmental protection. There is an art behind the synthesis of nanomaterials and their use in our daily lives. The Art of Nanomaterials takes the reader on a fascinating historical journey to learn how artistic inventiveness has influenced scientific innovation, from ancient Egyptian paintings to modern uses in healthcare and engineering.
Through 6 chapters, readers will be able to appreciate the history and significance of nanomaterials in modern technology, their role in medicine, environmental protection, and their relationship with water. It serves as a quick and simple reference for anyone who has a scientific background in natural sciences, or otherwise, who is interested in nanomaterials.
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Seitenzahl: 170
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2003
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FOREWORD
“The evolution and widespread use of nanotechnology in many facets of everyday life is a fascinating story. The unique physical and chemical properties of materials at the nanoscale allow them to be utilized in ever-growing new applications. We most likely encounter nanomaterials in our daily life unknowingly. The book by Dr. Amin El-Meligi takes the reader through the history of nanomaterials from their appearance in the arts of the ancients, methods of fabrication, and their current utility in medicine and the environment. The author dedicates a chapter to the use of nanomaterials in medicine and the side effects of their use. Dr. El-Meligi also writes on water treatment by nanomaterials as well as the contamination of the environment by nanomaterials such as nanoplastics. The book concludes with a future look into nanotechnology and how it will transform human life. The book is a good read and a reference for researchers and students alike.”
PREFACE
The evolution of nanotechnology started in the middle of 20th century. As stated, the ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk titled “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term nanotechnology was used”. Nanotechnology appeared in the art of ancient Egyptian. The beautiful pictures of ancient Egyptians have been discovered with fine, gorgeous blue and other colors. It is important to say that there is an art behind the formation of nanomaterials and their applications in nanotechnology revolution. Nanotechnology applications include many aspects, such as materials protection and environmental protection. Nanomaterials are the backbone of nanotechnological applications. Nanomaterials are characterized by their small grain sizes (1-100 nm) and high volume fraction of grain boundaries, which often give rise to unique physical, chemical and mechanical properties compared with those of their cast counterparts. It can be said that corrosion protection relies on the improvement in the properties of the materials due to nanostructure. Nanomaterials are the basis for nanotechnology. The theme of nanotechnology is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. The application of nanotechnology is confirmed in many fields, such as medicine, cosmetics, lubricants, coats, water purification, environmental protection, and corrosion prevention of metals and alloys. The nanostructures enhance selective oxidation, forming a protective oxide scale with superior substrate adhesion. Nanomedicines have been produced for more efficient healing, nanocosmetics have been developed for highly efficient look, nanolubricants have been developed to increase the efficiency of car parts friction, etc. A polymer nanocomposite coating can effectively combine the benefits of organic polymers, such as elasticity and water resistance to that of advanced inorganic materials, such as hardness and permeability. The art of nanomaterials and nanotechnology continues to produce more products for better life, and who knows what will be in the near future. New materials may appear with smaller sizes of atoms than nanosizes such as picomaterials followed by picotechnology. Reaching femto second (10-15 sec) time may support this idea.
History of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
El-Meligi AminAbstract
The secret of nanomaterials is not the size of the particles, but it is in the applications of nanomaterials and the art of making. Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. It is an amazing field dealing with very small size particles; imagine that a meter of cloth has been cut into a billion pieces (1 meter =109 nm). Thousands of years ago, the monuments were fabricated and reflected the art and coloures of paints. The Egyptian monuments reflect the beauty and art of paints in the papyrus papers, for example, the ancient pigment known as Egyptian blue may have important new applications in nanotechnology. Lotus flowers were once considered sacred in Egypt and parts of Asia. Significant advances in nanotechnology are helping researchers analyze the type of pigments used to paint mummy portraits in ancient Egypt. Scientists at Boise State University led by a Materials Science and Engineering Professor Darryl Butt, have taken a sliver of wood smaller than a human hair and extracted five extraordinarily tiny fragments—about 20 nanometers wide—and two thin foils of purple paint from a Romano-Egyptian mummy portrait dating to between A.D. 170 and 180. There is a new challenge facing the world, especially in the field of nanotechnology. It was stated by James Canton (2001) that if Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the atomic level, at maturity achieves even a fraction of its promise, it will force the reassessment of global markets and Economies and industries on a scale never experienced before in human history. Nanotechnology will be discussed from all aspects of economics such as wages, employment, purchasing, pricing, capital, exchange rates, currencies, markets, supply and demand. Nanotechnology may well drive economic prosperity or at the least be an enabling factor in shaping productivity and global competitiveness.
INTRODUCTION
The story of nanotechnology started in the middle of the twentieth century, as stated: the ideas and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk titled “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term nanotechno-
logy was used [1]. Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. It is an amazing and very small size; imagine that a meter of cloth has been cut into a billion pieces (1 meter =109 nm). We can imagine a number of common materials when they are in a nanosize, for example, a water molecule (H2O) is 0.3 nm across, 10 hydrogen atoms lined up is measured at about 1 nm, a grain of sand is 1 million nm, a red blood cell is nearly 7,000 nm wide, and DNA molecules are 2.5 nm wide, as shown in Fig. (1) [2].
Fig. (1))(a) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org, (b) Source: http://www.123rf.com [2].Feynman said People tell me about miniaturization, and how far it is progressed today. They tell me about the electric motors that are the size of the nail in your small finger. And there is a device in the market, they tell me by which, you can write Lord’s Prayer on the head of a pin. But that is nothing; that’s the most primitive, halting step in the direction I intend to discuss. It is a staggeringly small world that is below. In the year 2000, when they look back at this age, they will wonder why it was not until the year 1960 that began seriously to move in this direction. Why cannot we write the entire 24 volume of Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin [1].
Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve the ability to follow and control individual atoms and molecules. Food, clothes, buildings, homes, and our bodies are made of atoms. About 30 years ago, the nanotechnology era emerged . As stated by Ashby et al., Imagine dissociating a human body into its most fundamental building blocks. We would collect a considerable portion of gases, namely hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; sizable amounts of carbon and calcium; small fractions of several metals such as iron, magnesium, and zinc; and tiny levels of many other chemical elements. The total cost of these materials would be less than the cost of a good pair of shoes. Are we humans worth so little? Obviously not, mainly because it is the arrangement of these elements and the way they are assembled that allow human beings to eat, talk, think, and reproduce. In this context, we could ask ourselves: What if we could follow nature and build whatever we want, atom by atom and/or molecule by molecule? [3].
As presented in Wikipedia “The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation” [4].
Art of Nanosize
The formation of nanosizes is an art. (Fig. 2) represents that “medieval stained-glass windows are an example of how nanotechnology was used in the pre-modern era” [4]. Nanomaterials have outstanding mechanical and physical properties due to their fine grain size and high grain boundary [5]. It is stated that Nanotechnology is extremely diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale) [6-8].
Fig. (2)) Medieval stained-glass windows show the application of nanotechnology in the pre-modern era. (Courtesy: NanoBioNet) [4].In 2009, Japan's National Institute of Industrial Science and Advanced Technology reported the manufacture of a nanometer-sized “diamond ruler” [9]. The art of nanosize has reached the minimum-scale 0.2 nm by utilization of the crystal structure of diamond.
In 2003, Risch L., a German researcher, developed nanoelectronics research leading to nanodevices, and a nano-transistor (Field-Effect Transistor) that has a gate length of 10 nm [9, 10].
The Chinese National Super Fine Powder Engineering Centre and Shanghai Joatong University have declared their breakthrough with “Nanoair Purifier” that kills germs through optic catalysis, ultraviolet rays, and dust removal [9].
The Infineon Technology AG, Germany, scientists and researchers had developed carbon nanotubes to manufacture power semiconductors. This first carbon nanotube can control light emitting diodes (LEDs) or electric motors [9, 11].
Japan's Toray Industry Inc. developed the world's first film-forming technology. This technology is designed to be used for high-precision lamination of several different types of polymers with molecular arrangements up to several nanometers thick [9].
Ancient Egyptians (Pharaohs) and Nanotechnology
As stated, the rebirth color of the ancient Egyptians was blue. “Today their chemical invention of artificial lapiz lazuli means new advances for lights, lasers and more” [12]. “Researchers at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia in the US were surprised to discover that Egyptian blue breaks into thin nanosheets, 1/1000th the width of a human hair which could be printed using ordinary ink-jet printer techniques, as shown in Fig. (3). This along with other Egyptian blue properties may have important applications in medical science, telecommuni- cation and lasers” [13].
Fig. (3)) The ancient Egyptian blue relates to nanotechnology application [13].The earth tones of 15,000 year-old cave paintings were created with natural pigments of yellow and red ochre clay, soot, berries, animal parts and blood. Most of the world’s languages did not have a word for the color blue 5000 years ago when, before Egypt’s fourth dynasty, a crafty Alchemist heated copper, sand and natron. The resulting powder is composed of tiny crystals of calcium copper silicate (CaCuSi4O10)
The Egyptian word for this substance was hsbd-iryt which means artificial lapiz lazuli. Before the discovery of the Egyptian blue, the precious stone lapis lazuli had to be crushed in order to reproduce the colors of the rebirth, irtiu and khshdj.
The color of the heaven, the phoenix, the primeval flood, and the Nile was Egyptian blue. The Greco-Roman scientist adapted Egyptian blue, as shown in Fig. (4). The secret of its manufacture was lost during the fourth century A.D. and rediscovered more than 1400 years later by Sir Humphrey Davy of England [13].
Fig. (4)) Lotus flowers were once considered sacred in Egypt and parts of Asia. They hold a secret to a clean nanotechnology [12, 13].Like the ancient blue pigment found in ancient Egypt, old spiritual materials like the lotus flower inspire new environmental science, as shown in Fig. (4): “As an assistant professor of Environmental Sciences and Engineering at King Abdulla University of Science and Technology (KAUST)”, Dr. Peng Wang seems to embody this Saudi Arabian university’s motto, “Through Inspiration, Discovery”. His research focuses on the possible uses of environmental nanomaterials in order to solve three of the biggest environmental problems of our time; water scarcity, energy production and pollution. Wang seems to enjoy the fine tuning of the size and form of these tiny materials in order to solve what sometimes seem to be intractable environmental problems [12, 13]. He says, “On a personal note, there is always a lot of fun working with these very tiny materials. Who wouldn’t enjoy studying the lotus effect, pore size modulation and superhydrophobicity? The following is a brief explanation of how environmental nanomaterials can help solve real-world problems”.
Significant advances in nanotechnology are helping researchers analyze the type of pigments used to paint mummy portraits in ancient Egypt. Scientists at Boise State University, led by a Materials Science and Engineering Professor Darryl Butt, have taken a sliver of wood smaller than a human hair and extracted five extraordinarily tiny fragments—about 20 nanometers wide—and two thin foils of purple paint from a Romano-Egyptian mummy portrait dating to between A.D. 170 and 180. “So far we've learned that the paint is a synthetic pigment,” says Butt. “These are very vibrant pigments, possibly heated in a lead crucible. People thought that the process had been developed in the 1800s or so. This could prove it happened a lot earlier.” It is also possible that by understanding more about the pigment, scholars may also be able to learn more about the identity of the deceased, who is currently known only as “Bearded Man.” [14].
Nanomaterials for Artifacts Conservation
As stated, “unique work of arts is indeed an integral part of what makes culture and history so fascinating, and their trade weighs quite heavily in today's economies” [9
