The Globalization and Environment Reader E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 989

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

The Globalization and Environment Reader features a collection of classic and cutting-edge readings that explore whether and how globalization can be made compatible with sustainable development.

• Offers a comprehensive collection of nearly 30 classic and cutting-edge readings spanning a broad range of perspectives within this increasingly important field
• Addresses the question of whether economic globalization is the prime cause of the destruction of the global environment – or if some forms of globalization could help to address global environmental problems
• Features carefully edited extracts selected both for their importance and their accessibility
• Covers a variety of topics such as the ‘marketization’ of nature, debates about managing and governing the relationship between globalization and the environment, and discussions about whether or not globalization should be ‘greened’
• Systematically captures the breadth and diversity of the field without assuming prior knowledge
• Offers a timely and necessary insight into the future of our fragile planet in the 21st century

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Editors’ Introduction: The Globalization and Environment Debate

Introduction

Sustaining Development or “Sustainable Development”?

From Rio to Rio: The Rise of the Green Economy

Production, Labor, and the Environment

Globalizing Consumption

Outline of the Book

References

Part I: Going Global

Introduction

References

1 The Anthropocene

Introduction

Pre-Anthropocene Events

The Industrial Era (ca. 1800–1945): Stage 1 of the Anthropocene

The Great Acceleration (1945–ca. 2015): Stage 2 of the Anthropocene

Stewards of the Earth System? (ca. 2015–?): Stage 3 of the Anthropocene

References

2 Address at the Closing Ceremony of the Eighth and Final Meeting of the World Commission on Environment and Development and the Tokyo Declaration (1987)

World Commission on Environment and Development

3 Foxes in Charge of the Chickens (1993)

The Earth Summit debacle

Conflicting Interests, Differing Perceptions

The Threat of Environmentalism

The Threat of Economic Contraction

Containing Challenges

Capturing the Debate

UNCED’s Prescriptions: Further Enclosure

4 Can the Environment Survive the Global Economy? (1997)

Creating Consumers

Production for Export

Increased Transport

The Environmental Effects of Increased Competition

Competition and Environmental Disaster

Deregulation

Free-Trade Zones

The Environmental Effects of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)

Cross-Deregulation

Harmonizing Standards

References

5 Ecological Modernization and the Global Economy (2002)

1. Introduction

2. Ecological Modernization Theory

3. Challenging Ecological Modernization: Globalization and AntiGlobalization

4. Ecological Modernization and Neo-Marxism

5. Taming the Treadmill of Global Capitalism: Political Modernization

6. Taming the Treadmill of Global Capitalism: Economic Dynamics

7. Taming the Treadmill of Global Capitalism:Global Civil Society

8. Conclusions: Ecological Modernization Perspectives in an Era of Globalization

6 Environment and Globalization

The Five Propositions

Avenues for Action: What Can We Do?

Part II: The Nature of Globalization – Cases and Trends in Globalization

Introduction

References

7 The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital (1997)

Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Services

Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services

Valuation of Ecosystem Services

Valuation Methods

Ecoystem Values, Markets and GNP

Global Land Use and Land Cover

Synthesis

Source of Error, Limitations and Caveats

Total Global Value of Ecosystem Services

Discussion

8 Sustainability and Markets

Sustainability and Collectivity

The Scale of the Sustainability Objective

Neoclassical Environmental Economics

Markets and the Concept of Sustainability

Markets and Structural Change

Markets and Instruments

Markets, Planning and the State

9 Crafting the Next Generation of Market-Based Environmental Tools (1997)

Market-Based Policy Instruments

Limited Experience

Mixed Performance

The Next Generation

10 Climate Fraud and Carbon Colonialism

Introduction

What is Emissions Trading?

Climate Fraud

Monitoring the Monitors

Carbon Colonialism

Might Makes Right

The 1992 Rio Earth Summit and Climate Change

The Role of Corporations

Co-opting NGOs

The Impact of the World Trade Organization on Emissions Trading

Environmental Justice

The Alternative

Conclusions

11 The Business of Sustainable Development (1992)

Sustainable Development

The Growth Controversy

The Business Challenge

“Eco-efficiency”

The Challenge of Time

Shaping the Future

12 The “Commons” versus the “Commodity”

Prologue

Introduction: The Triumph of Market Environmentalism?

Neoliberal Reforms and Resource Management: Clarifying the Debate

Debating Neoliberalization: Anti-privatization Campaigns and the “Human Right to Water”

Alter-globalization and the Commons

Conclusions

References

Part III: Explaining the Relationship between Globalization and the Environment

Introduction

13 Peril or Prosperity? Mapping Worldviews of Global Environmental Change (2011)

Four Environmental Worldviews

Market Liberals

Institutionalists

Bioenvironmentalists

Social Greens

Conclusion

14 Introduction to

World Development Report, 2003

Achievements and Challenges

15 The Political Ecology of Globalization (2012)

Which Globalization?

Which Political Ecology?

Conclusions

References

16 Institutions for the Earth

International Environmental Institutions

Advice to the New Secretary General

Contemporary Greenhouse-gas Negotiations

Sovereignty

Part IV: Governing Globalization and the Environment

Introduction

References

17 Trading Up and Governing Across

The Impact of Economic Interdependence

The Costs of Compliance

Exporting Production Standards

The Limits of Market Pressures

18 The WTO and the Undermining of Global Environmental Governance (2000)

The Green Critique of the WTO

The Race to a Polluted Bottom

Commodifying the Commons

Conclusion

19 Private Environmental Governance and International Relations

Supplanting, or Complementing, State Authority?

20 Managing Multinationals

Introduction: The Regulation of TNCs and the Environment

1

Power without Responsibility? The Limits of Existing Regulation

Civil Regulation: From Confrontation to Collaboration

Litigation against TNCs

Conclusion

References

21 Reforming Global Environmental Governance

World Politics in the Anthropocene

Forty Years of Debate on a World Environment Organization

Three Models of a World Environment Organization

Rio Plus 2012: The Case for Getting Serious about a United Nations Environment Organization

Summing Up

Part V: Can Globalization be Greened?

Introduction

References

22 Whose Common Future

I. The Commons

II. Development as Enclosure

III. The Encompassing Web

IV. Reclaiming the Commons

V. A Concluding Remark

23 Resisting ‘Globalisation-from-above’ Through ‘Globalisation-from-below’ (1997)

I. A Normative Assessment of Globalisation

II. The New Politics of Resistance in an Era of Globalisation

24 Picking the Wrong Fight

Why the Concerns? (or What’s New about the WTO?)

Environmental and Public Health Complaints in Context

Conclusions

25 What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know About Capitalism (2010)

Characteristics of Capitalism in Conflict with the Environment

Proposals for the Ecological Reformation of Capitalism

What Can Be Done Now?

Another Economic System Is Not Just Possible – lt’s Essential

26 Pathways of Human Development and Carbon Emissions Embodied in Trade (2012)

References

27 Introduction to

Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication

(2012)

Setting the Stage for a Green Economy Transition

28 Critique of the Green Economy

Blueprint For an Economy of Moderation

Social Commons as an Economic Factor

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 Comparing Contrasting Perspectives on Environmental Reform

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Environment and Globalization: Some Examples of Interaction

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 Ecosystem services and functions used in this study

Table 7.2 Summary of average global value of annual ecosystem services

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Resource management reforms: examples from the water sector

Table 12.2 The commons versus commodity debate

Table 12.3 Water supply delivery models: the cooperative, the state, and the private corporation

Table 12.4 Neoliberal reforms and alter-globalization alternatives

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Environmental perspectives

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Regression results for the trend curves shown in Figs 26.1 and 26.3

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Natural capital: Underlying components and illustrative services and values

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 The change in the human enterprise from 1750 to 2000. [28]. The Great Acceleration is clearly shown in every component of the human enterprise included in the figure. Either the component was not present before 1950 (e.g., foreign direct investment) or its rate of change increased sharply after 1950 (e.g., population).

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 Supply and demand curves, showing the definitions of cost, net rent and consumer surplus for normal goods (a) and some essential ecosystem services (b). See text for further explanation.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Global population approaching stability

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Correcting for trade: how moving from territorial to consumption-based emissions changes the relation between carbon and human development. a,b, Each arrow represents a country/region moving horizontally from territorial (arrow base) to consumption-based (centre of arrowhead) carbon emissions, in the year 2004. The vertical axes are life expectancy (a) and income (b). The arrowhead size represents national population. [...]

Figure 26.2 Simultaneous visualization of international life expectancy, income and consumption-based carbon emissions in 2004. Three-dimensional representation of life expectancy (vertical axis), consumption-based emissions (horizontal axis) and income (colour scale [see online article for colour scale]). The inset is the ‘Goldemberg corner’, with life expectancy over 70 years and less than one tonne of carbon emissions per capita. The highest life-expectancy levels are attained at a wide range of carbon emissions and incomes.

Figure 26.3 National development trajectories 1990–2005 for life expectancy, income and territorial and consumption-based emissions. a,b, Territorial-emission trajectories are dark grey; consumption-based ones are pale grey, shown for life expectancy (a) and income (b), and contrasted with the global fit curves for consumption-based carbon in 1990 and 2005. The trajectories are upwards except when the arrows indicate otherwise. South Africa’s trajectory in b is clockwise.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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The Globalization and Environment Reader

Edited byPeter Newell and J. Timmons Roberts

This edition first published 2017Editorial material and organization © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

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Cover image: jalvaran/Getty

Editors’ Introduction: The Globalization and Environment Debate

J. Timmons Roberts and Peter Newell

Introduction

Just before the massive People’s Climate March in 2014, author and activist Naomi Klein released a book which argued that we as a global society face a choice: either unregulated capitalism, or a livable Earth. The book, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate (Klein, 2014), cited climate scientists who believe we are on a collision course and so must drastically and immediately change the direction of our development path. Klein put it in stark terms: “What the climate needs to avoid collapse is a contraction in humanity’s use of resources; what our economic model demands to avoid collapse is unfettered expansion. Only one of these sets of rules can be changed, and it’s not the laws of nature” (21).

Klein argued that the time for half-measures is past, having been lost in the 1990s and 2000s when the process of globalization was deepening and intensifying. “Gentle tweaks to the status quo stopped being a climate option when we supersized the American Dream in the 1990s, and then proceeded to take it global” (22). She argued that the profound changes that need to be made could build a more sustainable and fairer society, such as “radically cutting our fossil fuel emissions and beginning the shift to zero-carbon sources of energy … with a full-blown transition underway within the decade” (18). But, she concluded, “we are not stopping the fire,” because doing those things would “fundamentally conflict with deregulated capitalism … [and] are extremely threatening to an elite minority.” She continued that it was “our great collective misfortune that the scientific community made its decisive diagnosis of the climate threat at the precise moment … that marked the dawning of what came to be called ‘globalization.’”

Klein recounts the three policy pillars of the “market fundamentalism” of globalization that “systematically sabotaged our collective response to climate change …privatization of the public sphere, deregulation of the corporate sector, and lower corporate taxation, paid for with cuts to public spending” (19). She describes how globalization made it impossible for the United Nations negotiations on climate to succeed, and quotes a Canadian college student who spoke at the 2011 United Nations climate talks in South Africa: “You have been negotiating all my life” (11). This was not an exaggeration: as we’ll describe below, those talks began in the early 1990s in the build up to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. For Klein the overwhelming issue of climate change requires that we acknowledge its magnitude and horror, and think creatively about how we can reorganize society in a new and positive way. “Because of our lost decades, it is time to turn this around now. Is it possible? Absolutely. Is it possible without challenging the fundamental logic of deregulated capitalism? Not a chance.”