The Handbook of Language Emergence E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1560

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

This authoritative handbook explores the latest integrated theory for understanding human language, offering the most inclusive text yet published on the rapidly evolving emergentist paradigm.

• Brings together an international team of contributors, including the most prominent advocates of linguistic emergentism
• Focuses on the ways in which the learning, processing, and structure of language emerge from a competing set of cognitive, communicative, and biological constraints
• Examines forces on widely divergent timescales, from instantaneous neurolinguistic processing to historical changes and language evolution
• Addresses key theoretical, empirical, and methodological issues, making this handbook the most rigorous examination of emergentist linguistic theory ever

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics

Title Page

Copyright

Notes on Contributors

Acknowledgments

Introduction: Language Emergence

1. Introduction

2. Frameworks Supporting Emergentism

3. Emergentist Approaches

4. Mechanisms of Emergence

5. Emergentism and Universal Grammar

6. Applying Emergentism

7. Conclusion

References

Part I: Basic Language Structures

Chapter 1: The Emergence of Phonological Representation

1. Introduction

2. Phonology Is Not Morphophonology

3. Processes Are Both Phonetic and Phonological

4. Phonemic Perception and Representation

5. Children's Perceptions Develop toward Adult Representations

6. Adults Arrive at Lexical Representations by “Undoing” Multiple Processes

7. A Note on Morphophonology

8. Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 2: Capturing Gradience, Continuous Change, and Quasi-Regularity in Sound, Word, Phrase, and Meaning

1. Visions of Language

2. Motivations for an Emergentist Vision

3. Modeling Graded Constituency, Continuous Change, and Quasi-Regularity

4. Distributed Neural Network Models

5. Modeling the Emergence of Quasi-Regular Forms through Graded Constraints on Phonological Representations

6. Evaluation of the Distributed Neural Network Models and Comparison to Other Contemporary Approaches

7. Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: The Emergence of Language Comprehension

1. Introduction

2. The Role of Language Statistics in Comprehension Processes

3. The PDC in Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution: Verb Modification Ambiguities

4. Production and Comprehension of Relative Clauses

5. The PDC Approach to Relative Clauses

6. Emergence in Comprehension, and in Production Too

Notes

References

Chapter 4: Anaphora and the Case for Emergentism

1. Introduction

2. Sentence Processing

3. A Processing-Based Approach to Pronoun Interpretation

4. A Deeper Look

5. Language Acquisition

6. Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 5: Morphological Emergence

1. Introduction

2. The Explanandum: What Is Morphology

3. Morphological Learning and Generalization in Individuals

4. Individual and Social Variation

5. Structure through Transmission

6. Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Metaphor and Emergentism

1. Introduction

2. An Emergentist Account of Metaphor

3. The Emergence of Novel Metaphors

4. Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Usage-Based Language Learning

1. Introduction

2. Constructions and Their Acquisition

3. Language Usage as a Complex Adaptive System

4. Further Directions and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part II: Language Change and Typology

Chapter 8: Emergence at the Cross-Linguistic Level: Attractor Dynamics in Language Change

1. Introduction

2. Phonological Inventories and Sound Change

3. Grammatical Morphemes and Grammaticalization: Tense and Aspect

4. How Emergence Applies to Cross-Linguistic Similarities and Differences

5. Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 9: The Diachronic Genesis of Synchronic Syntax

1. Introduction

2. The Diachrony of REL-Clauses

3. Discussion

Notes

References

Chapter 10: Typological Variation and Efficient Processing

1. Introduction

2. The Performance–Grammar Correspondence Hypothesis

3. Efficiency Principles

4. Mechanisms of Emergence

5. Conventionalization and Efficiency

References

Chapter 11: Word Meanings across Languages Support Efficient Communication

1. Introduction

2. Informativeness and Simplicity as Competing Principles

3. Computational Formulation

4. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Part III: Interactional Structures

Chapter 12: Linguistic Emergence on the Ground: A Variationist Paradigm

1. Introduction

2. A Variationist Perspective on Emergentism

3. Community-Based Spontaneous Speech as the Data of Emergence: An Apologia

4. Gauging Emergence in Discourse through the Linguistic Variable

5. Characterizing Emergence in Discourse

6. Linguistic Structure from Linguistic Structure: Mechanisms of Language-Internal Emergence

7. Conclusion: Emergence via the Linguistic Variable

Acknowledgments

Note

References

Chapter 13: The Emergence of Sociophonetic Structure

1. Introduction

2. Emergence of Sociophonetic Associations at the Individual Level

3. Emergence of Sociophonetic Associations at the Group Level

4. Linguistic Consequences of Sociophonetic Associations

5. Discussion

6. Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: An Emergentist Approach to Grammar

1. Introduction

2. Incremental Syntax

3. Conclusion: Grammar and Temporality

Notes

References

Chapter 15: Common Ground

1. Introduction

2. The Ontogenesis of Common Ground

3. Contributing to Conversation

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16: The Role of Culture in the Emergence of Language

1. Introduction

2. Reification of the Field

3. Cultural Knowledge

4. Pirahã Culture and Discourse

5. Culture, Evidentiality, and Recursion

6. Culture and Segmental Phonology

7. Towards Ethnogrammar

8. Conclusion: Culture, Community, and Communication

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Part IV: Language Learning

Chapter 17: Learnability

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Analogy and Distributional Learning

4. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 18: Perceptual Development and Statistical Learning

1. Introduction

2. Statistical Learning: Transitional Probabilities and Beyond

3. Discovering Phonemic Categories

4. The Role of Lexical Forms in Guiding Children's Use of Phonemic Contrasts

5. Discovering Word-Level Phonological Regularities

6. Open Questions and Next Steps

7. Conclusion

References

Chapter 19: Language Emergence in Development: A Computational Perspective

1. Introduction

2. The PUDDLE Model of Word Segmentation

3. The CBL Model of Language Acquisition

4. Complementary Ways of Building a Chunk Inventory: PUDDLE and CBL

5. General Discussion

6. Conclusion

References

Chapter 20: Perception and Production in Phonological Development

1. Introduction

2. What Is “Universal” in Phonological Development?

3. Ambient Language Effects

4. Individual Differences

5. Cross-Linguistic Differences in Word Recognition and Production

6. From Universal to Language- and Child-Specific: The Role of Rhythm

Notes

References

Chapter 21: The Emergence of Gestures

1. Introduction

2. Definitions and Classifications

3. The Emergence of Pointing

4. The Emergence of Representational Gestures

5. Gestures and Speech in Early Development

6. Explaining Speech–Gesture Integration

7. Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 22: A Constructivist Account of Child Language Acquisition

1. Introduction

2. Determiners

3. Inflectional Morphology

4. Basic Word Order

5. More Advanced Constructions

6. Conclusion

Appendix: The “weighted average”

Notes

References

Chapter 23: Bilingualism as a Dynamic Process

1. Introduction

2. Entrenchment and Competition in L1 and L2

3. Individual Differences in Second Language

4. Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Multiple Languages

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 24: Dynamic Systems and Language Development

1. Introduction

2. Development

3. Dynamic and Complex Systems

4. Summary

References

Part V: Language and the Brain

Chapter 25: Models of Language Production in Aphasia

1. Introduction

2. Freud, Spreading Activation, and Interaction in Production

3. Dual-Route Interactive Two-Step Model of Lexical Access

4. The Division of Labor between Semantics and Sequence in Aphasic Lexical Access

5. Lichtheim2: A Learning-Based Approach to Multiple Pathways in Production

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 26: Formulaic Language in an Emergentist Framework

1. Introduction

2. Characteristics of Formulaic Language

3. Emotional and Connotational Meanings

4. Usage Data: How Are Formulaic Expressions Acquired?

5. Second Language Learning

6. Familiarity and Memory

7. Neurological Foundations

8. Summary

Notes

References

Chapter 27: Language Evolution: An Emergentist Perspective

1. Introduction: Locating One Theory Among Many

2. Against Universal Grammar

3. The Mirror System Hypothesis on the Evolution of the Language-Ready Brain

4. Discussion

Notes

References

Index

Access to Companion Website

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Introduction: Language Emergence

Part I: Basic Language Structures

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 3.1

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 21.1

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 23.3

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 25.4

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

Figure 26.3

Figure 26.4

Figure 26.5

List of Tables

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 12.1.

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 14.1

Table 16.1

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

Table 21.1

Table 21.2

Table 25.1

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The Handbook of Language Emergence

Edited by Brian MacWhinney and William O'Grady

The Handbook of Language Emergence

Edited by

Brian MacWhinney and William O'Grady

This edition first published 2015

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The handbook of language emergence / edited by Brian MacWhinney and William O'Grady

pages cm.– (Blackwell handbooks in linguistics)

Includes index.

ISBN 978-1-118-30175-3 (hardback)

1. Language and languages– Origin. 2. Linguistics. I. MacWhinney, Brian, editor. II. O'Grady, William, editor.

P116.H36 2014

400– dc23

2014025095

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: © Jennifer Gottschalk / Shutterstock

Cover design by: Workhaus

Notes on Contributors

Ben Ambridge

is Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Liverpool, and a member of the ESRC-funded International Centre of Language and Communicative Development (LuCiD). His research uses experimental methods to study the acquisition of syntax and morphology by first language learners. Ben is co-author (with Elena Lieven) of

Child Language Acquisition: Contrasting Theoretical Approaches

(2011) and author of

PSY-Q

(2014).

Nathaniel D. Anderson

is a graduate student in cognitive psychology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His interests are in spoken word recognition and production and in measuring their underlying neural processes with optical imaging.

Michael A. Arbib

is University Professor; Fletcher Jones Professor of Computer Science; Professor of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Neuroscience, and Psychology; and Director of the ABLE Project (Action, Brain, Language & Evolution) at the University of Southern California. His recent books include

How the Brain Got Language: The Mirror System Hypothesis

(2012) and

Language, Music, and the Brain: A Mysterious Relationship

(2013). He is also a board member of the Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture ().