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- Herausgeber: StreetLib
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
The book begins by examining in dynamic terms Planck's constant
h as the “
Least Action” to end in the operational logic of quantum gravity. This topic has so far been addressed by physicists with little clarity and too much mathematics. It is useful to recall a famous suggestion that Feynman gave to his students, namely to "
write your equations only when you know the result".
The scenario in which this research takes place is a quantized space formed by areolas,or pixels, with solutions of continuity along their edges. The first question that immediately comes to mind is the following: “
On a quantized space made up of isolated pixels by definition, how does a particle move to pass through non-space?” In this passage, Debroglie's strange hypothesis of wave-matter helps us! Obviously the pixels do not move, it is more efficient to think that the information is translated between pixels by means of links that function as
information channels. Therefore, the particle that is matter on the pixel of space is transformed into waves along the links, conveying the information from one point to another through probabilistic schemes required by the
uncertainty principle. How are these phenomena explained? Here is introduced the Sub-Quantum Mechanism (SQM), a paradigm able to clarify several questions of modern physics and also to provide a logical explanation both for the Inertia of bodies and for Gravity without mathematical subterfuges. Eventually it will be understood that general and special relativity are a corollary of quantum mechanics, nor could it be otherwise .
About a century and a half ago, the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach elaborated new considerations on the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass. Mach hypothesized that the masses attracted each other
by exchanging accelerations, an idea that had interested Einstein helping him to elaborate general relativity theory. However, the exchange of accelerations between masses in space at this time had been explained in an obscure logical framework since quantum mechanics was not yet known.
The paradigm of the Sub-quantic Mechanism, discussed in this book, theorizes that the
masses are nothing more than a set of accelerations. The latter intervene, moment by moment, in the dynamics of the intermittent materialization of bodies on space. The residues of such an intrinsic process of the matter, driven by Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, generate these acceleration exchanges between masses that are the necessary key to understand the quantum gravity, as a whole.
Finally, this paradigm explains the logic on what Einstein himself failed to explain, namely: the profound reason why the presence of mass curves spacetime. In fact, it is precisely the acceleration packets released during the materialization process that stress the spatial structure through an oscillating convexity-concavity process present in the intermittent formation of matter. The result is that matter is intimately an impermanent entity.
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Oskar Valda
The hidden paradigm of the quantum mechanics
Table of contents
Preface
Synthesis
The beginning of Quantum Mechanics
The Sub-Quantum Mechanism (SQM)
Intrinsic Inertia
The motion according to the paradigm of SQM
The curvature of spacetime
The principle of equivalence according to the SQM
Quantum gravity
The nature of time
The nature of motion
Concepts of gravity and motion
The structure of space
ANNEX
Oskar Valda
Original title: Il paradigma nascosto della meccanica quantistica
The hidden paradigm of the quantum mechanics
translated by the author
“Einstein made a beautiful machine, but he didn't exactly leave us a user manual "
Paul Sutter
Preface
A body consumes energy to exist.
This work re-proposes the draft of the SubQuantic Mechanism (SQM) developed by the author in his "Fundamentals of the SubQuantic Mechanism" of 2019-StreetLib. The aim is to clarify its logic within the theory of Quantum Mechanics. This is not a hidden variable object of Bell's inequalities, nor a criticism of the incompleteness of the theory itself. Quantum mechanics is a complete theory but fragmented into a series of laws and paradigms in which everyone goes on their own. The elements to build an SQM are all there, just put them in an order according to a functional logic.
The accidental discovery of Planck's quantum of action was a true revolution perhaps the most important in the history of physics, in which the conception of the world as it appears was completely annulled. Time, space, energy and practically all objects in our universe are composed of equal and indivisible quanta. Accepting this conception means changing the way of defining objects and their changes in time and space. If we simply think of the motion of a particle in a discontinuous universe whose space is formed by an areola, we realize that it becomes a complex mechanism in which the particle will have to move by jumping between one areola and another in space without losing too much direction, the speed and its consistency.
The text is understandable by all those who have a knowledge of physics at school level with basic notions of Quantum Mechanics, and maybe a specific one is interested in understanding how the world could be made.
This paradigm put together in a logical structure everything that already exists of fundamental importance in the theory of quantum mechanics and in the theory of relativity. Those who have a basic preparation in physics can try to enumerate (as Bacon would) some properties recognized in the experiments, which are the following: 1) radiation emission of a black body 1) dynamic concept of quantum as a minimum action, 2) law Hooke's for mass-spring systems and centripetal acceleration; 3) the third law of action-reaction of dynamics; 3) dual wave-particle nature of matter; 4) mass-energy properties of bending space; 5) collapse of the wave function; 6) concept of inertia; 7) gravitational and inertial mass equivalence; 8) slowing of time in gravitational fields; 9) law of universal gravitation; 10) diffraction and Fresnell's law; 11) Feynman's paths; 12)gravitational waves; 13) nature of dark matter energy; 14) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
We obviously start from the Planck's energy quantum as a Minimum Action that runs out in a unit of time. This action that has its own speed of execution by definition, should start from an Energy Field and materialize on a spatial field that we call Ether.
Synthesis
1-The Movement.
The quantization of energy into discrete h indivisible flows enunciated by Planck in 1900 has radically changed the vision of the world. Previously, there was a universe of space and time that could be divided into infinity with a series of misleading conjectures on the matter. After this conception, our world became discrete both in terms of particles and fields, in spite of the classic mathematics for which everything can be divided into infinite parts.
Zeno's paradox about the challenge between Achilles and the turtle finally has a comprehensive explanation in the real world since the distance between the two runners cannot be divided indefinitely.
The quantization process initiated by Planck was a new paradigm taken from the beginning with a sort of reverential fear. The idea that energy, subsequently space, matter and time were formed by indivisible quantities would have created problems and complications for the mathematical description of physics grown in differential calculus, where all the variables of the world must by definition be continuous. This new view of a world made of clods has not yet been consolidated in the mind of scientists both for the past tradition and for revolutionary consequences on the formalization of current physics.
An immediate review of the foundations is up to the dynamics of motion. If the space that can be covered by a particle were formed by many finite areoles, with well-defined contours, it follows that for each of these we should admit boundaries with a solution of continuity in order to safeguard quantization. A crucial problem is to consider an operative form of connection between nodes in order to justify the elastic structure of the space, as a whole. This elastic structure has been used effectively by the theory of general relativity, amply confirmed by astronomical findings. A possible solution to validate the motion of the particle in a discrete space is to translate its information between pixels using spatial links as a sort of power-lines capable of offering a one-to-one connection. This hypothesis must predict a double nature of the particle, fortunately already defined by De Broglie as a wave-matter in 1927: a hypothesis verified the following year in the laboratory. Pixels, together with the entire spatial structure, represent a substrate on which the objects of the world materialize only for moments in the course of their oscillation. The space in this way becomes an independent entity in and of itself.
On the space, thus structured in pixels and links, the movement of a corpuscle becomes possible by exploiting the dual nature of wave-matter. The resulting path, however, is intermittent since the particle must be translated onto the pixels of the intended path using the links not in the form of matter but of energy, transmitting its information to the next pixel. In summary, motion proper is understood as an alternating path of the corpuscle-matter that passes from one spatial quantum (pixel) to another using links as information transmission channels (by-pass). Motion along a path assumes a particle that materializes on the pixel only for a moment, then to collapse into waves reappearing on the next pixel in the form of particle-matter. By repeating this process, we make motion possible in a discrete space. At this point, a crucial problem arises: the nature of the particle when it travels from one pixel to another in a wave form must obey the “Heisenberg uncertainty principle”. This means that the position of the final target is subject to an uncertainty precisely because we are dealing with waves and not particles. The trajectory between pixels, therefore, follows a probabilistic pattern where at the maximum point of the wave amplitude we also have the maximum probability of finding a landing pixel for the materialization of the particle.
Warning! It is not certain that at that point and at that instant there is always a pixel available in the space, so that the particle can materialize on other pixels with ever lower probabilities. By reiterating this process, we obtain a jagged path of the particle, in which the probabilities flow along the wave-particle front. On reflection, this procedure is comparable to the well-known Feynman paths.
In the language of modern physics, we speak of the probability of finding the particle while it would be more accurate to designate the probability that the particle materializes at that point.
The motion diagram, however, is not concluded since we must take into account three important effects of this procedure: i) the non-existence of a uniform rectilinear motion of the particle; ii) the interaction between energy & matter on the structure of discrete space, by means of a Sub-Quantum Mechanism (SQM); iii) the existence of an intrinsic Inertia inside into the matter.
a-Uniform rectilinear motion.
The pattern of the movement of a particle in a discrete space prevents a corpuscle of matter from a continuous motion since the trajectory would have to undergo numerous interruptions between the various pixels of space. This could also have been said by Feynman if he had more faith in his QED diagrams. As will be illustrated in detail in the following chapters, the particle materializes only on the pixels of space in a single moment with zero speed and time: in short, it is a stop attributable to the materialization’s process. The transition from one pixel to another can take place by means of a wave at speed C for another stop on the next pixel. In short, we get a sort of stop & go of the matter. The movement from one pixel to another therefore implies a series of accelerations, which in the case of apparent uniform rectilinear motion, will in any case be constant. Unlike this type of motion happens in an accelerated motion. In this case, more actions (more energy) will intervene on more pixels that will be distributed more in space along a trajectory. In other words, there will be more intermittent images of the particle, or of the body, in the unit of time.
b-Matter-energy Interaction according to the Sub-Quantum Mechanism (SQM)
The previously analysed scheme of what really happens in uniform motion implies a new paradigm of quantum mechanics that provides a logical order to a series of laws and experiments developed by modern physics in the last century. We call this paradigm SubQuantic Mechanism (SQM) capable of giving a dynamic and understandable meaning to a large part of the current quantum mechanics that has remained obscure.
The first step starts precisely from Planck's constant h, which in 1900 laid the foundations for the future theory definitively called Quantum Mechanics. The constant h is the famous number 6.626 • 10-34 J • s. (Joule per second) which allowed Planck to formalize through a mathematical function the law of the energy density in black body radiation as a function of its frequency. The price to pay for this formalization was the quantization of energy i.e., energy emitted in packets that can be broken down into a sum of h: defined as a minimum indivisible energy flow. Another more interesting definition from a dynamic point of view for the SQM paradigm is the Planck constant considered as a minimum action. The representation of h as an action is fundamental if two parallel worlds are hypothesized in which one represents an energy field ( quantum vacuum could be a good candidate), and the other the ether. The latter understood as a granular structure formed by spatial areoles connected to each other by links.
Once the existence of the two communicating worlds has been established, we imagine the action h + as an energy flow in the unit of time that excites the ether from the energy field. In particular, it can be assumed for simplicity that a single action h affects only one pixel.
The dynamic effect of this action is to produce a camber in the structure of the space which in turn causes an equal and opposite reaction h - (3rd principle of dynamics). On the point of maximum curvature, with zero speed and time, the matter is obtained with a 3D thickness. The re-action generated by the elasticity of space will reject this convexity in 3D to normalize a flat space by collapsing the corpuscle into waves (vibrations of space). This wave will re-enter the energy field translating the information of the state-matter, presumably in terms of energy and direction of acceleration. By reiterating the dynamics of these actions, we obtain the SubQuantic Mechanism.
A key point of the SQM is the information that returns on the structure of the ether towards the starting pixel conveyed in a wave form, nor could it be otherwise starting from an energy field. This information will be conveyed by an action h directed towards the emitting pixel. Information traveling as a wave, must obey the Heisenberg principle that once it emerges on the ether. The wave will suffer an interval of uncertainty in reaching the target's position proportional to its wavelength. This uncertainty on the pixel to be hit is also attributable to the granularity of the discontinuous space for which even a minimum interval cannot be less than a certain value that Heisenberg defined with the same constant h by which Planck was able to tabulate his function of black body radiation emission. The original pixel has the highest probability of being activated by the return action h but not certainty. In this way we can see this SQM, comparable to a mass-spring system that follows the well-known Hooke's law. A vibrating position of the particle along a portion of circular space in which half of the associated wavelength represents the radius. In this context, Planck's constant h represents the value within which two or more discrete areoles of space are indistinguishable as a target by a wave that moves and spreads through space.
