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Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
Sprache: Englisch

Beschreibung

WINNER OF THE CANTEMIR PRIZE 2012 awarded by the Berendel Foundation

The Map Reader brings together, for the first time, classic and hard-to-find articles on mapping. This book provides a wide-ranging and coherent edited compendium of key scholarly writing about the changing nature of cartography over the last half century. The editorial selection of fifty-four theoretical and thought provoking texts demonstrates how cartography works as a powerful representational form and explores how different mapping practices have been conceptualised in particular scholarly contexts.

Themes covered include paradigms, politics, people, aesthetics and technology. Original interpretative essays set the literature into intellectual context within these themes. Excerpts are drawn from leading scholars and researchers in a range of cognate fields including: Cartography, Geography, Anthropology, Architecture, Engineering, Computer Science and Graphic Design.

The Map Reader provides a new unique single source reference to the essential literature in the cartographic field:

more than fifty specially edited excerpts from key, classic articles and monographs
critical introductions by experienced experts in the field
focused coverage of key mapping practices, techniques and ideas
a valuable resource suited to a broad spectrum of researchers and students working in cartography and GIScience, geography, the social sciences, media studies, and visual arts
full page colour illustrations of significant maps as provocative visual ‘think-pieces’
fully indexed, clearly structured and accessible ways into a fast changing field of cartographic research

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Seitenzahl: 1644

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

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Contents

Cover

Title Page

The Editors

Preface

Delineating Maps and Mapping

Objectives of The Map Reader

Conclusion

References

Acknowledgements

Colour Plate One: Cartographic Production (On the inside front cover)

Section One: Conceptualising Mapping

Chapter 1.1: Introductory Essay: Conceptualising Mapping

References

Chapter 1.2: General Theory, from Semiology of Graphics

Editors' Overview

General Theory

Definition of graphics

Analysis of the Information

The Properties of the Graphic System

The Rules of the Graphic System

The Scope of the Graphic System

References

Chapter 1.3: On Maps and Mapping, from The Nature of Maps: Essays Toward Understanding Maps and Mapping

Editors' Overview

References

Chapter 1.4: The Science of Cartography and its Essential Processes

Editors' Overview

Reality to Cognitive Realms

Formation of the Cartographer's Conception of a Map from his Cognitive Realm

The Cartographic Language

Map Reading and the Cognitive Realm of the Observer

Conclusions

References

Chapter 1.5: Analytical Cartography

Editors' Overview

References

Chapter 1.6: Cartographic Communication

Editors' Overview

Geography, Map Use and Cartographic Communication

Cartography as a Science of Communication

Attempts to Model Cartographic Communication

Cartographic Style and Communication

The Human Factors Approach in Cartographic Communication

Implications for Geography

References

Chapter 1.7: Design on Signs / Myth and Meaning in Maps

Editors' Overview

Legends

Myths

Codes

Intrasignification

Sign Functions

References

Chapter 1.8: Deconstructing the Map

Editors' Overview

The Rules of Cartography

Deconstruction and the Cartographic Text

Maps and the Exercise of Power

Conclusion

References

Chapter 1.9: Drawing Things Together

Editors' Overview

Thinking with Eyes and Hands

On Immutable Mobiles

On Inscriptions

Capitalising Inscriptions to Mobilise Allies

Paperwork

References

Chapter 1.10: Cartography Without ‘Progress’: Reinterpreting the Nature and Historical Development of Mapmaking

Editors' Overview

Cartography's Information Emphasis

Cartographic Modes

The Modes of Formal European cartography, 1500–1850

The Enlightenment Convergence and Mathematical Cosmography

Explaining the Rhetoric of Empiricist Cartography

References

Chapter 1.11: Exploratory Cartographic Visualisation: Advancing the Agenda

Editors' Overview

Introduction

Visualisation in Cartography: Evolution or Revolution?

Exploratory Cartographic Visualisation: Emphasising Map Use

Research Directions for Exploratory Cartographic Visualisation

References

Chapter 1.12 The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention

Editors' Overview

Introduction

The Agency of Mapping

The Efficacy of Technique

Maps and Reality

Space and Time Today

Mapping

Mapping Operations

Conclusion

References

Chapter 1.13: Beyond the ‘Binaries’: A Methodological Intervention for Interrogating Maps as Representational Practices

Editors' Overview

Introduction

On the ‘Critical’ in Critical Cartography (and GIS)

On a Non-Non-Representational Geography of Maps and Mappings

Possible Openings and Methodological Interventions

Conclusion

References

Chapter 1.14: Rethinking Maps

Editors' Overview

Cartography's Ontological Crisis

Maps as Practice – Always Mapping

An Ontogenetic Understanding of Maps

References

Colour Plate Two: Mapping the Internet

Section Two: Technologies of Mapping

Chapter 2.1: Introductory Essay: Technologies of Mapping

Introduction

Characteristics of Digital Cartographies

Cautions and Caveats in Digital Cartographic Developments

References

Chapter 2.2: A Century of Cartographic Change, from Technological Transition in Cartography

Editors' Overview

Mapping and the Rate of Technological Progress

Adapting and Institutions

References

Chapter 2.3: Manufacturing Metaphors: Public Cartography, the Market, and Democracy

Editors' Overview

The Cartographic Labour Process as a State Entity

Cartographic Information + the Market = Democracy?

References

Chapter 2.4: Maps and Mapping Technologies of the Persian Gulf War

Editors' Overview

Introduction

Maps for the Military

GPS and the Gulf War

GIS, remote sensing, and the war

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2.5: Automation and Cartography

Editors' Overview

The Map as a Data Storage Element

The Map as a Computer Input

The Map as Data Processing Output

Other Applications of Data Processing Procedure

The Possibilities for Automation

References

Chapter 2.6: Cartographic Futures on a Digital Earth

Editors' Overview

Introduction

The Digital Transition

The Stuff of Maps

Geographic Information and Maps

The Paradox of Contemporary Cartography

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2.7: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems

Editors' Overview

From Map to Mapping

Computer-assisted Mapping to GIS

One Map of Many

Metacartography

Mappability

Interactive Maps

Map as Interface

GIS – ideal and practice

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2.8: Remote Sensing of Urban/Suburban Infrastructure and Socio-Economic Attributes

Editors' Overview

Introduction

Temporal, Spectral and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Attributes and Remote Sensing Systems

Evaluation of Urban/Suburban Attributes' Spatial and Temporal Requirements and the Availability of Remote Sensing Systems to Provide such Information

Observations

References

Chapter 2.9: Emergence of Map Projections, from Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections

Editors' Overview

Emergence of Map Projections: Classical through Renaissance

Map Projections of the Twentieth Century

Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 2.10: Mobile Mapping: An Emerging Technology for Spatial Data Acquisition

Editors' Overview

Introduction

Mobile Mapping Technology

Extraction of Spatial Information

Application Considerations

A Perspective on Mobile Mapping

References

Chapter 2.11: Extending the Map Metaphor Using Web Delivered Multimedia

Editors' Overview

Introduction

Geographical Information Provision/Depiction Using Complementary Metaphors

Discussion

References

Chapter 2.12: Imaging the World: The State of Online Mapping

Editors' Overview

Online Mapping Comes of Age

Online Maps Enhance Consumer Level Search Sites

3D maps: from the satellite to the street

Layered GIS and Government-Sponsored Mapping Sites

Community-Driven Mapping Projects

Future Directions

Further Reading

Chapter 5.5: First Principles of a Literary Cartography, from Territorial Disputes: Maps and Mapping Strategies in Contemporary Canadian and Australian Fiction

Editors' Overview

Defining the Map

Challenging the Map

Fictionalizing the Map

References

Chapter 5.6: Whose Woods are These? Counter-Mapping Forest Territories in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Editors' Overview

The Politics of Mapping

Indonesian Forests and Forest Mapping

Territorial Claims and Counter-Mapping

Discussion and Conclusion

References

Chapter 5.7: A Map that Roared and an Original Atlas: Canada, Cartography, and the Narration of Nation

Editors' Overview

Geo-graphic Supplements

Contrapuntal Cartographies

The Trial: Pedagogy Performing the Policing of Performance

Negotiating with Maps

The Atlas: from the pedagogic root to performative routes

Teaching and Reading

Chronology and Cartography

Territory and Traditions

Disseminating Conclusions

References

Chapter 5.8: Cartographic Rationality and the Politics of Geosurveillance and Security

Editors' Overview

Introduction

Approach

Maps as Government: Moral Statistics in Early Nineteenth Century Europe

Security: Discipline and Biopower

Geosurveillance Expertise and Techniques in Contemporary Crime Mapping

Conclusion: The Risks of Security

References

Chapter 5.9: Affecting Geospatial Technologies: Toward a Feminist Politics of Emotion

Editors' Overview

Bodies and Emotions Matter

Subject(ive) Mapping with Global Positioning Systems

Collaborative 3D GIS videography

GT art practices as politics of resistance

Toward Embodied Practices and Passionate Politics

References

Chapter 5.10: Queering the Map: The Productive Tensions of Colliding Epistemologies

Editors' Overview

Between Multiple Literatures

To Make a Map: The (Not So) Mundane Story

To Make a Map: Ethnography

References

Chapter 5.11: Mapping the Digital Empire: Google Earth and the Process of Postmodern Cartography

Editors' Overview

Introduction

Digital Mapping and Google Earth

Critiques of Geographic Information Systems

The Digital Empire

The Social Network Intervenes

The Problems of Interactivity and Agency

References

Colour Plate Six: Cartographies of Protest (On the inside back cover)

Index

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley's global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

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111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Efforts were made to contact all copyright holders for material excerpted but this was not possible in all cases. The publisher will correct any omissions in future editions of the book.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The map reader : theories of mapping practice and cartographic representation / edited by Martin Dodge, Rob Kitchin and Chris Perkins.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-74283-9 (cloth)

1. Cartography. 2. Maps. I. Dodge, Martin, 1971- II. Kitchin, Rob. III. Perkins, Chris.

GA101.5.M38 2011

912–dc22

2010049397

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic format: ePDF 9780470979594; Wiley Online Library 9780470979587; ePub 9780470980071

Efforts were made to contact all copyright holders for material excerpted but this was not possible in all cases. The publisher will correct any omissions in future editions of the book.

© Chapter 1.2: “General theory”, from Semiology of Graphics, by Jacques Bertin. Copyright © The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 1983. Reprinted by permission of the University of Wisconsin Press, 2010.

© Chapter 1.3: “On maps and mapping”, from The Nature of Maps: Essays Toward Understanding Maps and Mapping, by Arthur H. Robinson and Barbara B. Petchenik. Copyright © University of Chicago Press, 2010.

© Chapter 1.10: “Cartography without ‘progress’: Reinterpreting the nature and historical development of mapmaking”, by Matthew Edney. Copyright © UTP, 2010. Reprinted by permission of University of Toronto Press, Incorporated.

© Chapter 1.13: “Beyond the ‘binaries’: A methodological intervention for interrogating maps as representational practices”, by Vincent J. Del Casino and Stephen P. Hanna. Copyright © Vincent J. Del Casino and Stephen P. Hanna, 2010. Reprinted by kind permission of the authors.

© Chapter 2.4: “Maps and mapping technologies of the Persian Gulf war”, by Keith C. Clarke. Copyright © CaGIS, 2010. Reprinted by kind permission of the author and the Cartography and Geographic Information Society.

© Chapter 2.8: “Remote sensing of urban/suburban infrastructure and socio-economic attributes”, by John R. Jensen and Dave C. Cowen. Copyright © ASPRS: The Imaging & Geospatial Information Society, 2010.

© Chapter 2.12: “Imaging the world: The state of online mapping”, by Tom Geller. Copyright © The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2010. Reprinted, with permission, from IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

© Chapter 3.9: “Maps, mapping, modernity: Art and cartography in the twentieth century”, by Denis Cosgrove. Copyright © Imago Mundi Ltd, 2010. Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, on behalf of Imago Mundi Ltd.

© Chapter 4.3: “Cognitive maps and spatial behavior: process and products”, by Roger M. Downs and David Stea. Copyright © Aldine Publishers, 2010. Reprinted by permission of AldineTransaction, a division of Transaction Publishers.

© Chapter 4.7: “Mapping reeds and reading maps: The politics of representation in Lake Titicaca”, by Benjamin S. Orlove. Copyright © American Anthropological Association, 2010. Reprinted by permission of the American Anthropological Association from American Ethnologist, 1991, 18(1): 3-38. Not for sale or further reproduction.

© Chapter 5.5: “First principles of a literary cartography”, in Territorial Disputes: Maps and Mapping Strategies in Contemporary Canadian and Australian Fiction, by Graham Huggan. Copyright © Graham Huggan, 2010. Reprinted by kind permission of the author.

© Chapter 5.8: “Cartographic rationality and the politics of geosurveillance and security”, by Jeremy W. Crampton. Copyright © CaGIS, 2010. Reprinted by kind permission of the author and the Cartography and Geographic Information Society.

The Editors

Martin Dodge

Department of Geography, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, UK

Martin is Senior Lecturer in Human Geography in Manchester where his research focuses on conceptualising the socio-spatial power of digital technologies and urban infrastructures, virtual geographies, and the theorisation of visual representations, cartographic knowledge and novel methods of geographic visualisation. He curated the well known Web-based Atlas of Cyberspaces and has co-authored three books covering aspects of spatiality of computer technology: Mapping Cyberspace (Routledge, 2000), Atlas of Cyberspace (Addison-Wesley, 2001) and Code/Space (MIT Press, 2011). He has also co-edited two books, Geographic Visualization (John Wiley & Sons, 2008) and Rethinking Maps (Routledge, 2009), focused on the social and cultural meanings of new kinds of mapping practice.

Rob Kitchin

National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis and Department of Geography, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland

Rob is Professor of Human Geography and Director of the National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA) at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, and Chair of the Management Board of the Irish Social Sciences Platform (ISSP). He has published sixteen books, is editor of the international journal Progress in Human Geography, and co-editor-in-chief of the International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Elsevier, 2009).

Chris Perkins

Department of Geography, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester, UK

Chris is Senior Lecturer in Geography and emeritus University Map Curator. He is the author of four books, including standard texts documenting the changing contexts of map availability (World Mapping Today with R.B. Parry; Bowker-Saur, 2000), and has co-edited the second edition of the Companion Encyclopaedia to Geography (Routledge, 2006) and Rethinking Maps (Routledge 2009). His research interests are centred on the different ways in which mapping may be employed and he is the first Chair of the International Cartographic Association's Commission on Maps in Society.

Preface

Introducing The Map Reader

Martin Dodge, Rob Kitchin and Chris Perkins

Delineating Maps and Mapping

A map is, in its primary conception, a conventionalised picture of the Earth's pattern as seen from above.

Erwin Raisz, General Cartography, 1938.

Mapping provides a uniquely powerful visual means to classify, represent and communicate information about places that are too large and too complex to be seen directly, and cartography is the practice of map making. Importantly, the places that maps are able to represent need not be limited to physical, geographical spaces like continents, rivers, mountain ranges and such like: maps can be used to represent human activities, cultural patterns and economic exchanges, and indeed to construct worlds of the imagination. In this Preface we delineate the nature of maps and mapping, and outline the aims of The Map Reader and the practicalities of its making.

The ability to create and use maps is one of the most basic means of human communication, at least as old as the invention of language and, arguably, as significant as the development of mathematics. The recorded history of cartography clearly demonstrates the practical utility of maps in all aspects of Western society, being most important for organising spatial knowledges, facilitating navigation and controlling territory. They are instrumental in the work of the state, in aiding governance and administration, and in assisting trade and the accumulation of capital. Some have gone further to argue that mapping processes are culturally universal, an innate human activity, evident across all societies (Blaut . 2003), although the visual forms of the resulting cartographic representations are very diverse. At the same time, maps are rhetorically powerful graphic images that frame our understanding of the human and physical world, shaping our mental image of places and constructing our sense of spatial relations. So, in a very real sense, maps make our world.

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