The Molecular Life of Plants E-Book

Russell L. Jones

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1680

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

A stunning landmark co-publication between the American Society of Plant Biologists and Wiley-Blackwell. The Molecular Life of Plants presents students with an innovative, integrated approach to plant science. It looks at the processes and mechanisms that underlie each stage of plant life and describes the intricate network of cellular, molecular, biochemical and physiological events through which plants make life on land possible. Richly illustrated, this book follows the life of the plant, starting with the seed, progressing through germination to the seedling and mature plant, and ending with reproduction and senescence. This "seed-to-seed" approach will provide students with a logical framework for acquiring the knowledge needed to fully understand plant growth and development. Written by a highly respected and experienced author team The Molecular Life of Plants will prove invaluable to students needing a comprehensive, integrated introduction to the subject across a variety of disciplines including plant science, biological science, horticulture and agriculture.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Part I: Origins

Chapter 1: Plant life: a primer

1.1 An Introduction to Plant Biology

1.2 Plant Systematics

1.3 The Origin of Land Plants

1.4 Bryophytes

1.5 Vascular Plants

1.6 Gymnosperm Phylogeny and Reproduction

1.7 Angiosperm Phylogeny and Reproduction

1.8 The Seed Plant Body Plan I. Epidermis, Ground Tissue and Vascular System

1.9 The Seed Plant Body Plan II. Form and Function of Organ Systems

1.10 The Seed Plant Body Plan III. Growth and Development of New Organs

Chapter 2: Molecules, metabolism and energy

2.1 Introduction to Biological Chemistry and Energetics

2.2 Biological Molecules

2.3 Energy

2.4 Enzymes

Chapter 3: Genome organization and expression

3.1 Introduction to Genes and Genomes

3.2 Organization of Plant Genomes I. Plastid, Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genomes

3.3 Organization of Plant Genomes II. Chromosomes and Chromatin

3.4 Expression of the Plant Genome I. Transcription of DNA to RNA

3.5 Expression of the Plant Genome II. Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression

3.6 Expression of the Plant Genome III. Translation of RNA to Protein

3.7 Expression of Organellar Genes

Chapter 4: Cell architecture

4.1 Introduction to Cell Structure

4.2 The Cell Wall

4.3 Membranes of the Cell

4.4 The Nucleus

4.5 The Endomembrane System

4.6 Plastids

4.7 Mitochondria and Peroxisomes

4.8 The Cytoskeleton

Part II: Germination

Chapter 5: Membrane transport and intracellular protein trafficking

5.1 Introduction to the Movement of Solutes and Macromolecules

5.2 Physical Principles

5.3 Regulation of Solute Movement by Membranes and their Associated Transporters

5.4 Pumps

5.5 Channels

5.6 Carriers and Co-transporters, Mediators of Diffusion and Secondary Active Transport

5.7 Intracellular Transport of Proteins

5.8 The Protein Secretory Pathway

5.9 Protein Turnover and the Role of the Ubiquitin–proteasome System

Chapter 6: Seed to seedling: germination and mobilization of food reserves

6.1 Introduction to Seeds and their Germination

6.2 Seed Structure

6.3 Use of Seed Storage Reserves by the Germinating Embryo

6.4 Germination and Early Seedling Growth

6.5 Mobilization of Stored Reserves to Support Seedling Growth

Chapter 7: Metabolism of reserves: respiration and gluconeogenesis

7.1 Introduction to Catabolism and Anabolism

7.2 Anaerobic Phase of Carbohydrate Breakdown

7.3 The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

7.4 Mitochondrial Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis

7.5 The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway

7.6 Lipid Breakdown Linked to Carbohydrate Biosynthesis

7.7 Control and Integration of Respiratory Carbon Metabolism

Part III: Emergence

Chapter 8: Light perception and transduction

8.1 Introduction to Light and Life

8.2 Phytochrome

8.3 Physiological Responses to Blue and Ultraviolet Light

8.4 Biosynthesis of Chlorophyll and Other Tetrapyrroles

8.5 Circadian and Photoperiodic Control

Chapter 9: Photosynthesis and photorespiration

9.1 Introduction to Photosynthesis

9.2 Pigments and Photosystems

9.3 Photosystem II and the Oxygen-evolving Complex

9.4 Electron Transport through the Cytochrome b6f Complex

9.5 Photosystem I and the Formation of NADPH

9.6 Photophosphorylation

9.7 Carbon Dioxide Fixation and the Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction Cycle

9.8 Photorespiration

9.9 Variations in Mechanisms of Primary Carbon Dioxide Fixation

Part IV: Growth

Chapter 10: Hormones and other signals

10.1 Introduction to Plant Hormones

10.2 Auxins

10.3 Gibberellins

10.4 Cytokinins

10.5 Ethylene

10.6 Brassinosteroids

10.7 Abscisic Acid

10.8 Strigolactones

10.9 Jasmonates

10.10 Polyamines

10.11 Salicylic Acid

10.12 Nitric Oxide

Chapter 11: The cell cycle and meristems

11.1 Introduction to Cell Division and Meristems

11.2 Molecular Components of the Cell Cycle: Kinases, Cyclins, Phosphatases and Inhibitors

11.3 Control of Progress through the Cell Cycle

11.4 Cell Cycle Control during Development

11.5 The Meiotic Cell Cycle

Chapter 12: Growth and development

12.1 Introduction to Plant Development

12.2 Cell Origins and Growth

12.3 Embryogenesis

12.4 Growth and Differentiation of Roots

12.5 Growth and Differentiation of Leaves

12.6 Shoot Architecture and Stature

Part V: Maturation

Chapter 13: Mineral nutrient acquisition and assimilation

13.1 Introduction to Plant Nutrition

13.2 Nitrogen

13.3 Phosphorus

13.4 Sulfur

13.5 Cationic Macronutrients: Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium

13.6 Micronutrients

Chapter 14: Intercellular and long-distance transport

14.1 Introduction to Transport of Water and Solutes

14.2 The Concept of Water Potential

14.3 Water Uptake by Plant Cells

14.4 The Role of Plasmodesmata in Solute and Water Transport

14.5 Translocation of Photosynthate in the Phloem

14.6 Phloem Loading, Translocation and Unloading

14.7 Water Movement in the Xylem

14.8 The Path of Water from Soil to Atmosphere

Chapter 15: Environmental interactions

15.1 Introduction to Plant–environment Interactions

15.2 General Principles of Plant–environment Interactions

15.3 Metabolic Responses to Stress I. Phenolics

15.4 Metabolic Responses to Stress II. Alkaloids

15.5 Metabolic Responses to Stress III. Terpenoids

15.6 Responses to Abiotic Stresses

15.7 Responses to Biotic Stresses

Part VI: Renewal

Chapter 16: Flowering and sexual reproduction

16.1 Introduction to Flowering

16.2 Induction of Flowering

16.3 Development of Floral Organs

16.4 Development of the Male and Female Gametophytes

16.5 Pollination and Fertilization

16.6 Seed and Fruit Development

Chapter 17: Development and dormancy of resting structures

17.1 Introduction to Resting Structures in the Plant Life Cycle

17.2 Forms and Functions of Resting Organs

17.3 Synthesis and Deposition of Reserves

17.4 Dormancy

17.5 Regulation of Development and Dormancy of Resting Organs

17.6 Adaptive and Evolutionary Significance of the Resting Phase

Chapter 18: Senescence, ripening and cell death

18.1 Introduction to Terminal events in the Life of a Plant and its Parts

18.2 Cell Death during Growth and Morphogenesis

18.3 Leaf Senescence

18.4 Programmed Senescence and Death in the Development of Reproductive Structures and Seeds

18.5 Fruit Ripening

18.6 Environmental Influences on Programmed Senescence and Death

Acknowledgments, Credits and Sources

Index

Access to Companion website

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The molecular life of plants / Russell Jones … [et al.].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-87012-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-470-87011-2 (hardcover: alk. paper)

1. Plant molecular biology — Textbooks. 2. Plant physiology — Textbooks. 3. Botany — Research — Textbooks.

I. Jones, Russell L.

QK728.M634 2012

572.8′2928 — dc23

2012007650

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover design by Dan Jubb

Preface

The Molecular Life of Plants, a textbook designed to introduce undergraduate students to contemporary experimental plant biology, was inspired by Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants published in 2000 by the American Society of Plant Biologists. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants was written with a graduate student readership in mind, its 24 chapters covering key topics at the forefront of plant biochemistry and molecular biology. In addition to presenting advances in plant science research, an outstanding feature of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants is the quality and richness of the artwork, many aspects of which have been emulated by other textbooks. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants has been translated into Chinese, Japanese and Italian and an English language version of the book has been produced for the Indian market.

The success of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants led the American Society of Plant Biologists to collaborate with Wiley-Blackwell to produce other publications in plant biology. The editors of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, Bob Buchanan, Willi Gruissem and Russell Jones, developed the outline of The Molecular Life of Plants, an undergraduate textbook incorporating the strengths of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, especially the outstanding illustrative material. The goal of this new text is to include broader aspects of contemporary experimental plant biology in a typical undergraduate plant physiology curriculum. Thus The Molecular Life of Plants is designed to show how the unifying influence of molecular advances in the fields of biochemistry, physiology, development, adaptation and evolution is revolutionizing the teaching of experimental plant biology.

The Molecular Life of Plants uses the life cycle of a seed plant as a framework to discuss the key aspects of plant function from seed to seed. Helen Ougham and Sid Thomas, both at Aberystwyth University, and Susan Waaland at the University of Washington, joined Russell Jones at the University of California at Berkeley to write this book. Russell Jones, Helen Ougham and Sid Thomas wrote the elements of the 18 chapters and Susan Waaland was the scientific editor ensuring that the whole book read uniformly and was factually accurate.

The teaching of functional plant biology has a long and illustrious history in Europe and North America. Many outstanding textbooks have been devoted to this topic. In the middle to late 19th century this field was dominated by books written in German by authors such as Haberlandt, Sachs and Pfeffer, whose texts were translated into English and were used in English-speaking countries worldwide. It was only in the 1930s that textbooks dealing with the mechanisms of plant growth and development written by North American authors began to be published, the first by Edwin Miller in 1931. Miller's Preface to Plant Physiology stated: ‘The various texts by European investigators and teachers, while summarizing the work that has been done on the continent, have failed to cover adequately the contributions of American and English plant physiologists.’ From the mid-20th century, authorship of textbooks covering the field has had a decidedly North American bias, largely due to the impact that Land Grant Universities in the USA have had on the teaching of this subject so essential to agriculture. Publication of Miller's book was followed by the now famous text Plant Physiology by Bernard Meyer and Donald Anderson, first published in 1938 and surviving in various editions until the 1970s. Two other textbooks have since dominated the field, one by Frank Salisbury and Cleon Ross first published in 1969 and the most recent by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger, first published in 1991 and now in its fifth edition.

The Molecular Life of Plants differs from its predecessors in that it reflects the dramatic changes made possible in biology by the revolution in molecular genetics. The complete genome sequences of a large number of plant species have been published and the ability to generate mutants with unique phenotypes in Arabidopsis, in Zea mays and in many other species has allowed the dissection of biochemical pathways and cell processes and an enhanced understanding of the fundaments of plant growth and development. Following the lead of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, we have incorporated many of these topics into The Molecular Life of Plants. We have also introduced ‘Key points’ as a tool to summarize material and facilitate student learning. Salient aspects within each section of a chapter are summarized in a ‘Key points’ text box that condenses the topic to its essence in 100–150 words.

This book is organized into six parts beginning with Origins which has four chapters, the first providing a primer on plant structure and reproduction, then Chapter 2 presenting the basics of cellular chemistry, followed by Chapter 3 on plant genomes, their organization and expression, and Chapter 4 on cell structure. Part II (Germination) has three chapters. Chapter 5 describes the cellular events crucial for germination including membrane transport and intracellular protein trafficking. The other two chapters in this part discuss germination and the mobilization of stored food reserves (Chapter 6), and how these reserves are metabolized to provide energy and carbon skeletons for the developing plant (Chapter 7).

Part III (Emergence) deals with the roles of light in seedling growth and development. Chapter 8 discusses light perception and the developmental consequences of this, while Chapter 9 addresses photosynthesis and photorespiration. Part IV (Growth) covers hormone synthesis and action (Chapter 10); the cell cycle and meristems (Chapter 11); and cell elongation, embryogenesis and vegetative development (Chapter 12).

Maturation (Part V) and Renewal (Part VI) complete the functional aspects of the plant life cycle. In Part V, Chapter 13 discusses nutrient acquisition, Chapter 14 covers the topics of long-distance transport with a focus on the mature plant, and Chapter 15 deals with interactions of the plant with its environment. In the final part, Chapter 16 describes the development of flowers, seeds and fruits, while Chapter 17 discusses the development of resting structures and dormancy mechanisms. Events in the plant life cycle are completed in Chapter 18 with a detailed treatment of senescence, ripening and death in the final stages in the life of a plant.

A comprehensive list of credits and permissions for the use of the many figures and tables is provided at the end of the book. Special thanks are due to several members of the editorial team at Wiley-Blackwell. Celia Carden our Development Editor deserves particular recognition for moving the project forward and for her good humor under all conditions. In addition to her deep inside knowledge of the publication business, Celia demonstrated her broad knowledge of plant biology, helpful in selecting the anonymous reviewers of the manuscript in its various stages of development. We are indebted to these reviewers. Celia was instrumental in hiring Debbie Maizels as the illustrator for the book. Debbie is an extraordinarily talented artist with the bonus of having a sound background in the biological sciences. We owe Debbie special gratitude for her work on this book. Fiona Seymour, Senior Project Editor at Wiley-Blackwell provided excellent support during the production process. Fiona's knowledge of the intricacies of textbook production was invaluable in ensuring the overall very high quality of The Molecular Life of Plants. Jane Andrew, Project Manager, has helped immensely with the details of production including copy-editing, liaising with the typesetters, proofreading and indexing. Last, but not least thanks are due to Andy Slade at Wiley-Blackwell and Nancy Winchester at ASPB headquarters in Rockville, Maryland. Andy and Nancy were instrumental in the launching of the joint ASPB–Wiley publication venture and they were both very supportive of The Molecular Life of Plants, cheering from the sidelines when needed and making sure that the project did indeed come to fruition.

Russell JonesHelen OughamHoward ThomasSusan Waaland2012

Part I

Origins

Chapter 1

Plant life: a primer

1.1 An Introduction to Plant Biology

We begin our investigation of how genes, proteins, metabolites and environmental signals interact in living plants by recognizing that readers may approach this subject from different backgrounds. To provide a common knowledge base, we have developed this chapter as a plant biology primer. For readers well versed in the evolution, development, anatomy and morphology of plants, this chapter will review familiar topics. For those not yet exposed to these disciplines, the chapter provides grounding in the biology of whole plants and introduces the plant life cycle on which this textbook is structured. Many of the terms and concepts introduced here will be revisited as later chapters delve into the processes and mechanisms that underlie each stage of plant life, describing the intricate network of cellular, molecular, biochemical and physiological events through which plants make life on land possible. We will be discussing the types of evidence used to develop modern classification schemes, and the evolutionary history and relationships among the groups of green plants alive today. These will provide a basis for the discussion of the fundamentals of plant anatomy, development and reproductive biology.

1.2 Plant Systematics

What makes a plant a plant? This seemingly simple question has challenged biologists for centuries. The science of systematics seeks to identify organisms and order them in hierarchical classification schemes based on their evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships. The levels of classification range from the domain, the most inclusive group, to the species, the most exclusive group (Table 1.1). Such schemes have predictive value, making it easier to distinguish individual organisms by name and to recognize groups of close or distant relatives. Members of a group of species at any level of classification are sometimes referred to as a taxon (plural: taxa), and the science of classification is called taxonomy.

Table 1.1 The ranks used in the classification of plants, as illustrated for domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare).

Domain

Eukarya

Kingdom

Viridoplantae (green plant)

Phylum (Division)

Magnoliophyta (flowering plant)

Class

Liliopsida (monocot)

Order

Poales

Family

Poaceae (grass family)

Genus

Hordeum

(barley)

Species

vulgare

1.2.1 Each Species has a Unique Scientific Name that Reflects Its Phylogeny

The scientific name of a plant includes its genus and species names. Carolus Linnaeus developed the genus/species binomial in 1753 as a shorthand version of the long polynomial name he gave each plant in his major taxonomic work, Species Plantarum. Linnaeus's polynomials have fallen out of use, but the binomial system has survived as the cornerstone of all biological classification schemes.

Latin binomials are italicized, with the first letter of the genus name capitalized and the first letter of the species epithet in lower case. Often a specific attribution is added to the binomial. In the case of domesticated barley, Hordeum vulgare, this binomial was used first by Linnaeus, so the abbreviation ‘L.’ is appended in Roman typeface: Hordeum vulgare L. (Figure 1.1). After first use of the full binomial in a document or in a discussion of several barley species, the shortened form H. vulgare can be used.

Figure 1.1 The Latin binomial for this barley plant is Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Galena’.

The value of coupling the binomial system to phylogeny-based classification becomes apparent when considering the muddle of common botanical names. Take ‘beans’, for example. The many plants that are referred to as beans do not belong to the same genus, the same family or even the same order (Figure 1.2). The common edible beans you might find on a dinner plate belong to the bean family, Fabaceae, but the plant that produces the castor bean is Ricinus communis in the family Euphorbiaceae, and the coffee bean comes from Coffea arabica, a member of the Rubiaceae. To make the situation more complex, the beans in the family Fabaceae belong to a number of different genera and often have many different common names. One example is Phaseolus vulgaris, a single species whose cultivated varieties produce adzuki, dry, French, green, pinto, runner, snap and wax beans. Other species in the same genus include lima beans (P. limensis) and butter beans (P. lunatus). Another genus in Fabaceae, Vicia, has 160 separate species, including Vicia faba. As you might guess from the specific epithet faba, Vicia faba is the fava bean, but this species is also called the broad, English, field, horse, pigeon, tick or Windsor bean (Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2 The common name ‘bean’ is used to refer to plants belonging to many different families and genera. These images show four ‘beans’ belonging to three different families and four different genera. This illustrates the importance of using the Latin binomial when identifying plants. (A) French bean (Fabaceae, Phaseolus vulgaris). (B) Fava bean (Fabaceae, Vicia faba). (C) Castor bean (Euphorbiaceae, Ricinus communis). (D) Coffee bean (Rubiaceae, Coffea arabica).

Plant scientists often encounter the term cultivar, which is used to describe the cultivated varieties that plant breeders produce from wild species. When the cultivar is known, it is denoted by single quotation marks and/or the abbreviation ‘cv.’ and follows the Latin binomial. Cultivar names are in a language other than Latin. They are not italicized, and first letter(s) are capitalized: L. ‘Golden Promise’ is the current convention, but the forms L. cv. ‘Golden Promise’ and L. cv. Golden Promise have also been used.