The New Chinese City E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Studies in Urban and Social Change
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 563

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Urbanisation and urban development issues are the focus of this comprehensive account which introduces readers to the far-reaching changes now taking place in Chinese cities.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Contributors

Preface

Part I

1 Three Challenges for the Chinese City: Globalization, Migration, and Market Reform

Something Old, Something New . . .

China’s Urban Pattern

Global Impacts on the Chinese City

Market Reform and the Urban Development Process

Migration and the Floating Population

Urbanization of the Countryside

Urban China as a Research Frontier

2 The Present Situation and Prospective Development of the Shanghai Urban Community

The Basic Trend in Shanghai: Accelerated Urbanization

Rebuilding the Old City Proper

Construction of the New City Proper

Analysis and Prospects

3 The Development of the Chinese Metropolis in the Period of Transition

The Characteristics of Metropolitan Development Since Economic Reform

The Spatial Expansion of Metropolitan Regions

Sources of Metropolitan Development in the Period of Transition

Development Problems during the Period of Transition

Policy Implications

Part II

4 The Prospect of International Cities in China

International Cities: The Necessity and Possibility in China

China’s Future: International Cities Will Emerge in the Eastern Coastal Provinces

Which Cities in China Will Become International?

Some Spatial Relationships in the Formation of China’s International Cities

Conclusions

5 Globalization and Hong Kong's Entrepreneurial City Strategies: Contested Visions and the Remaking of City Governance in (Post-)Crisis Hong Kong

Competing Entrepreneurial City Visions/Strategies: Service versus Manufacturing, Harvard versus MIT

The Asian Crisis and the Contested Visions of Hong Kong's City Governance

Surfing the High Technology Tide

The Remaking of Service Interests Mediated in and through Discourses on Technology

The Reinvention of Technology Discourses and World-Class City Positioning

Conclusions

6 The Hong Kong/Pearl River Delta Urban Region: An Emerging Transnational Mode of Regulation or Just Muddling Through?

Accumulation, Regulation, and Governance

A Transnational Mode of Regulation?

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

7 The State, Capital, and Urban Restructuring in Post-reform Shanghai

Theoretical Framework

Six Periods of Shanghai’s Urban Development: The State and Capital

The State, Capital, and Urban Restructuring in Post-reform Shanghai

The Development of Lujiazui Central Finance District (LCFD): The Project-based Pro-growth Coalition

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

8 The Transformation of Suzhou: The Case of the Collaboration between the China and Singapore Governments and Transnational Corporations (1992–1999)

The Expansion of Industrial Transnational Corporations

Singapore’s Development Strategies, 1965–1990

China’s Developmental Strategies, 1979–1990

Complementary Collaboration in Suzhou

Assessing Intergovernmental Collaboration as a Developmental Strategy

Part III

9 Market Transition and the Commodification of Housing in Urban China

Market Reform in Housing

The Land Market

The Financing of New Housing Construction

The Distribution of Commodified Housing

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

10 Real Estate Development and the Transformation of Urban Space in China’s Transitional Economy, with Special Reference to Shanghai

Hypotheses of Real Estate Development

Dynamics of Real Estate Development

Transformation of Urban Space

Conclusions

11 Social Research and the Localization of Chinese Urban Planning Practice: Some Ideas from Quanzhou, Fujian

Urban Change in Quanzhou

Planning in Quanzhou

Social Research and the Localization of Urban Planning

Acknowledgments

Part IV

12 Migrant Enclaves in Large Chinese Cities

Rural to Urban Migration

Migrants and Urban Bureaucracy

Migrant Enclaves: Development, and Spatial and Functional Structures

Migrants’ Economic Impacts in the Cities

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

13 Social Polarization and Segregation in Beijing

The Social Polarization Phenomenon and Dynamics

New Urban Poverty and Its Causes

Social Segregation

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

14 Temporary Migrants in Shanghai: Housing and Settlement Patterns

Studying Migrants in the Context of China

Migrant Housing Patterns

Geographical Distribution of Migrants

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Part V

15 Return Migration, Entrepreneurship, and State-sponsored Urbanization in the Jiangxi Countryside

Returnee Businesses in Xinfeng and Yudu

Local State Initiatives to Encourage Returnee Entrepreneurs

Returnees and the Local State: Negotiating for Change

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

16 Region-based Urbanization in Post-reform China: Spatial Restructuring in the Pearl River Delta

Market Reform and Economic Restructuring

Spatial Restructuring and Urbanization

Conclusions

Bibliography

Index

Studies in Urban and Social Change

Published by Blackwell in association with the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Series editors: Chris Pickvance, Margit Meyer and John Walton.

Published

Fragmented Societies

Enzo Mingione

Free Markets and Food Riots

John Walton and David Seddon

Post-Fordism

Ash Amin (ed.)

The People’s Home?

Social Rented Housing in Europe and America

Michael Harloe

Cities After Socialism

Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies

Gregory Andrusz, Michael Harloe and Ivan Szelenyi (eds)

Urban Poverty and the Underclass: A Reader

Enzo Mingione

Capital Culture

Gender at Work in the City

Linda McDowell

Contemporary Urban Japan

A Sociology of Consumption

John Clammer

Globalizing Cities

A New Spatial Order?

Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen (eds)

The Social Control of Cities?

A Comparative Perspective

Sophie Body-Gendrot

Cinema and the City

Film and Urban Societies in a Global Context

Mark Shiel and Tony Fitzmaurice (eds)

The New Chinese City

Globalization and Market Reform

John R. Logan (ed.)

Forthcoming

European Cities in a Global Age

A Comparative Perspective

Alan Harding (ed.)

Urban South Africa

Alan Mabin and Susan Parnell

Urban Social Movements and the State

Margit Mayer

Urban Studies

Contemporary Perspectives

John Eade and Chris Mele (eds)

Copyright © Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2002

Editorial matter and arrangement copyright © John R. Logan 2002

The moral right of John R. Logan to be identified as author of the editorial material has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published 2002

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Blackwell Publishers Ltd

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Blackwell Publishers Inc.

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All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The new Chinese city: globalization and market reform/edited by John R. Logan.

p. cm. — (Studies in urban and social change)

ISBN 0–631–22947–7 (hbk: alk. paper) — ISBN 0–631–22948–5 (pbk: alk. paper)

1. Urbanization—China. 2. Urbanization—Economic aspects—China. I. Logan,

John R., 1946– II. Series.

HT147.C6 N483 2002

307.76´0951—dc21

2001002523

Figures

1.1Twelve largest Chinese cities (showing non-agricultural population in 1999)4.1The GDP per capita of each province in China, 19974.2The proportion of imports and exports to GDP in China’s provinces, 199710.1The growth rate of the total investment in fixed assets and its composition between 1991 and 199610.2The urban spatial structure in three historical periods in China12.1Migrant villages in Beijing12.2Location of the “floating population” in Shanghai, 199516.1The Pearl River Delta open economic region

Tables

2.1Proportions of industries in Shanghai (percentages)2.2The adjustment of counties and districts in the 1990s2.3Slums and dilapidated houses in Shanghai’s downtown area2.4Major economic and technical indicators of model residential quarters2.5The change in town and county structure in Shanghai3.1The number of cities and the urban population of Chinese cities, 1980–19973.2The change of industrial structure in Chinese metropolises, 1978–19974.1National economic scale of countries (1997) and their world cities4.2The distribution of the 500 largest foreign-funded industrial corporations in Chinese cities, 19954.3The distribution of the 500 largest import and export value corporations in Chinese cities, 19954.4Amount of foreign capital actually used by city, 1985–1996 (US million)4.5Import and export values of China’s main customs and their main contact directions, 1997 (100 million US)4.6Rankings of Chinese cities on various indexes of internationalization5.1Two contested entrepreneurial city strategies for Hong Kong in 1997: services versus manufacturing5.2New “IT” object of city governance: the Cyberport5.3Major recommendations in the Second and Final Report of the Commission on Innovation and Technology 199910.1Annual housing completion in Shanghai, 1990–1996 (floor space in 1,000m2)13.1Distribution of population density in Beijing, 1993 (number of streets)13.2Residencies and employer units of the floating population in Beijing, 199413.3Spatial distribution of the floating population in Beijing, 199413.4Change of spatial distribution of the floating population in Beijing, 199414.1Migrant housing patterns in Shanghai (percentages)14.2Migrant housing patterns by individual-level factors (percentages)14.3Geographical distribution of Shanghai’s floating population, 1986–1997 (percentages)15.1Returnee business creation in Xinfeng and Yudu15.2Job creation by the returnee enterprises visited by the author16.1Selected economic indicators for the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong Province, and China, 1995

Contributors

Dan Abramson is a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of British Columbia’s Centre for Human Settlements, with degrees in architecture and city planning. He has conducted urban housing and neighborhood research, planning, design, and development projects in China, Poland, and the United States.

Zhengji Fu is finishing his doctorate in geography at King’s College London. He is interested in the urban development of China in the post-reform era, particularly the role of the state and capital in transforming urban patterns in Shanghai.

Chaolin Gu is Professor of Geography and Chair of the Department of Urban and Resource Sciences (Geography), Nanjing University. He has published over 130 papers and ten books about the urban system, planning, and social issues in China.

Li Jia is a postgraduate of regional development and urban planning at Zhongshan University, China. She has published several papers on science parks and population growth in urban China.

Fan Jie is Professor of Geography at the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, and Head of the Department of Geography at the Peking Normal University. He has published many studies of industrial transformation, regional planning, and development in China.

Michael Leaf is an Associate Professor in the UBC School of Community and Regional Planning and a Research Associate of the UBC Centre for Human Settlements, where he is involved in projects on China and elsewhere in Asia. His publications focus on urban change in China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.

Jianping Li is a postgraduate of regional development and urban planning at Zhongshan University, China. He has published several papers on urbanization and commodity housing in urban China.

Taibin Li holds a master’s degree in sociology from East China Normal University. He is a member of the faculty of the Department of Social Work, Shanghai Young Administrative Cadres College. His major fields of study are urban sociology and community work in Shanghai.

George C. S. Lin is Associate Professor, Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong. He is the author of Red Capitalism in South China (1997) and many articles. His research interests include urban and regional development in southern China, China’s changing land system and land market, transnationalism, and the geography of Chinese diaspora.

Haiyong Liu earned his master’s degree at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and he is currently a doctoral student in the Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

John R. Logan is Distinguished Professsor of Sociology at the University at Albany, SUNY, where he directs the Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. He has published numerous studies of housing reform, income inequality, and family relations in urban China.

Rachel Murphy completed her doctorate in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Cambridge, where she is currently a British Academy Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies and Jesus College. She is the author of How Migrant Labour Is Changing Rural China (2001).

Alexius A. Pereira is a Senior Tutor at the Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore. He completed the PhD program in sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His research interests are in the role of foreign direct investment in countries such as Ireland, Singapore, and China.

Alan Smart is Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary. He has been conducting field research in Hong Kong and China since 1982, with a focus on urban issues, housing, foreign investment, and social change. He is the author of Making Room: Squatter Clearance in Hong Kong and many academic articles and book chapters.

Ngai-Ling Sum is Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Lancaster. She has research interests in the international political economy of East Asia, global-city strategies, city identities, and transborder regions. She is currently writing a monograph on the “cultural political economy” of globalization and regionalization in East Asia.

Ying Tan received her doctorate at the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, where she served as Lecturer between 1997 and 2000. She has worked on planning and research projects concerning historic neighborhoods in Beijing and Quanzhou, Fujian, and on related issues of historic conservation, tourism, and participatory urban planning.

Wolfgang Taubmann is Professor of Human Geography at the University of Bremen (Germany). He has been conducting field research in China since 1980 and has published numerous articles and book chapters on migration, and rural and urban development in China.

Jizhuan Weng is a postgraduate of regional development and urban planning at Zhongshan University, China. He has published several papers on the urban modernization of China.

Duo Wu is Professor of Sociology at East China Normal University in Shanghai, where he also serves as director of the Sociology Research Center. He is Vice President of the Sociology Association of China. He has published numerous articles and books on urban sociology and the sociology of community in China.

Fulong Wu is Lecturer in the Department of Geography at the University of Southampton, and previously worked in Cardiff University, the University of Hong Kong, and Nanjing University. He has published papers on housing and land development and urban structures in China. He is currently studying urban governance and social spatial differentiation in Chinese cities.

Weiping Wu teaches urban studies, planning, and geography at Virginia Commonwealth University. Her current research and teaching interests include comparative urban development policy, migrant settlement and adaptation, and urban economic geography. She has published three books and many articles on urban and development issues in China and other developing countries.

Xiaopei Yan is Professor of Urban Geography, the Vice Dean of the College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and the deputy director of the Center for Urban and Regional Studies at Zhongshan University, China. She has published numerous studies of industrial restructuring and spatial transformation, producer services, urbanization, urban land use, and science parks in urban China.

Min Zhou is Professor of Sociology and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. She has published extensively on immigration and immigrant adaptation, ethnic and racial relations, ethnic entrepreneurship, and the immigrant second generation. She has also done work on housing reform in China and intra-Asian migration.

Yixing Zhou is Professor of Urban Geography and chair of the Department of Geography, Peking University. He has published numerous studies on China’s urbanization, urban system, urban policy, statistics, and planning.

Preface

The primary mission of this book is to introduce readers to the far-reaching changes that are now taking place in urban China. The contributors describe cities that are new in many dimensions. They are larger, taller, and more sprawling than those of the socialist era, offering higher standards of housing and consumption, but at the same time more segregated by class and social position and between natives and newcomers. In the best traditions of urban scholarship, these chapters link the visible changes in urban life to changes in the larger political economy of China. Broad notions of the transition from socialism, market reform, and globalization – concepts that are central to understanding this country’s re-emergence on the world stage – are given tangible meaning in terms of more mundane questions about people in the city (like how much tenants pay for rent and where migrants can find a protective niche) and about how cities develop (like why local governments have become growth promoters, how profits are reaped from redevelopment, why new skyscrapers stand empty, or how foreign investors make connections in the Chinese market).

This book marks a step in the development of a mature and self-conscious urban research community in China. Just fifteen years ago the few whose writings on these topics were widely available, such as anthropologist G. William Skinner, sociologist William Parish, and geographer Laurence J. C. Ma, were pioneers, working with incomplete data and typically based in universities in the West. Now there is quite a large and diverse array of scholars studying the processes of urbanization, migration, and urban planning and their impacts on Chinese society, many of whom are employed in universities and research institutes on the mainland. Several of the most senior and productive urbanists in China have contributed to this volume, as have some of the most promising in the new generation of scholars. Many have received training in both China and the West. Better data, more advanced techniques, and a wider range of theoretical ideas are being brought to bear now. Readers will find here sophisticated institutional analyses, survey methods, urban applications of geographic information systems, and ethnographic fieldwork.

It is no longer a novelty to find original research on urban China in the major academic journals. International conferences in this field are now held regularly. Indeed, this book itself is the result of such a conference, one that I organized in Shanghai in 1999 with the cooperation of sociologist Lu Hanlong, Director of the Institute of Sociology at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences. The initial impetus for the conference came from the Research Committee on Urban and Regional Research, a component of the International Sociological Association, whose founders are also responsible for publishing the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. The post-conference activity that brought this volume to fruition is part of a longer-term effort to strengthen this field through the Urban China Research Network. Based in Albany and supported by the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Network offers grants for research by graduate students and young Chinese faculty members and fosters new collaborative projects through international working groups.

I wish to acknowledge the many debts that I have accumulated in the years that I have conducted research in China. My deepest gratitude is to Nan Lin, who created opportunities and connections in China for me and for others, and to the Chinese sociologists whom I first knew as my students but whom I now appreciate as collaborators: Min Zhou, Yanjie Bian, and Fuqin Bian. Lu Hanlong (Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences) and Pan Yunkang (Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences) have been long-term partners in data collection and scholarship. For their financial contributions to the Shanghai conference, I thank the Foundation for Urban and Regional Studies and the American Sociological Association, as well as the Vice President for Research, the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis, and the Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research of the University at Albany.

John R. Logan

Albany, New York

Part I

Introduction to the New Chinese City

1

Three Challenges for the Chinese City: Globalization, Migration, and Market Reform

John R. Logan

China has a special place in the sociological imagination, particularly at this juncture of history. As the clock has ticked into a new millennium, China’s connections to an ancient past remind us of the continuity of time. Our sense that this civilization is poised for a new leading global role turns our thoughts to the future, to transformations that are barely begun, but to which China now seems irrevocably committed. The weight of tradition and the promise of change combine to make this a remarkable moment. A century from today, we suspect, people will take for granted that this nation was being reshaped at this time, that a new, more dynamic society was being forged in the coastal zones of East Asia.

China has set out on a path whose destination is unknown. We certainly can chart the major changes of the past two decades, when the Cultural Revolution was brought to a close (in 1978) and the revolutionary ideology of Chairman Mao’s red book was supplanted by a pragmatic leadership more concerned with economic performance than with political purity. The government’s encouragement of joint ventures with foreign investors, combined with the availability of a vast, low-wage, and underutilized labor force, boosted exports of consumer products to the West to phenomenal levels. Work units, even large enterprises in the state sector, were gradually released from central planning controls and given incentives to increase productivity and to seek profitability. Slowly, the workforce began to shift from the traditional state sector to enterprises that mixed private, cooperative, and state ownership in new combinations. Bonuses, which soon became half or more of workers’ net wages, were instituted to reward successful work units; the days of a standard, low salary for just about everyone were only a memory. Standards of living rose sharply for both rural and urban residents in the coastal zones. And relaxation of a wide variety of restraints on mobility (from controls on work unit recruitment methods to the end of the system of grain rationing that provided for only authorized city residents) made it possible for large numbers of migrants to move into cities and their surrounding hinterlands. China’s cities grew again in tandem with economic expansion: the best estimates show the country evolved from only 12 percent urban in 1950 (and not much more than that at the end of the Cultural Revolution) to close to 30 percent in 1993 (Chen and Parish, 1996).